集中水流冲刷条件下土石崩积混合物坡面产沙特征

通过室内人工放水冲刷试验,探究不同流量(2L/min,4L/min,8L/min,16L/min)和砾石含量(0%,20%,40%,60%)条件下,土石混合崩积物坡面产沙特征。结果表明:各条件下产沙过程均呈先增大后减小再趋于稳定的趋势。产沙量随着流量的增大而增大,而含沙量随流量的增大总体呈减小的趋势;在2L/min和4L/min条件下,产沙量及含沙量随着砾石含量的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,存在临界砾石含量(20%~40%);在8L/min和16L/min条件下,产沙量及含沙量随着砾石含量的增大而增大。产沙率与含沙量的关系表明,含石量对产沙的影响存在临界含石量(20%~40%)。砾石含量和流量可以用来很好地预测土石混合崩积物的产沙率,但对含沙量的预测效果较差。流量对产沙率及含沙量的影响均大于砾石含量。     

利用膜吸收技术分离沼气中CO2

为了综合沼气CO2化学吸收法和膜分离法技术的优点,采用疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜接触器作为反应器,以净化气中CH4体积分数、系统CO2传质速率和能耗因子为主要指标,研究了常压下乙醇胺(MEA)、二乙醇胺(DEA)和三乙醇胺(TEA)吸收剂对模拟沼气的CO2分离性能。结果表明,膜CO2吸收技术可应用于沼气CO2分离,当采用MEA作为吸收剂,且沼气流量为120L/h时,净化气中CH4体积分数可达97.8%,而沼气流量为300L/h时,系统CO2传质速率达到最高,为18.03mol/(m2·h),且吸收剂的CO2分离性能排序为:MEA>DEA>TEA>H2O。能耗因子分析结果表明,0.175～0.20mol/mol为较优的MEA贫液CO2负荷,DEA的气液比可选择16.7L/L。膜CO2吸收系统的经济性分析结果显示,膜吸收系统具有较低的CO2分离成本,且当沼气工程规模由1000m3/d增加到12000m3/d时,膜CO2吸收系统的单位沼气CO2分离成本将下降78.6%,达到0.50元/m3。该文研究结果可对沼气的高效提纯提供参考。     

海水源热泵在养殖水体升温与废水余热回收中的应用效果

该文开展了利用鲆鲽鱼类养殖废水作热源、为养殖用水升温的海水源热泵设备试验研究。探讨了养殖废水温度和流量对热泵的制热性能、养殖用水升温和废水余热的回收效果的影响。结果表明,养殖废水温度和流量愈高,热泵的制热性能改善愈明显,当废水温度为8.0~9.0℃、流量为200~700 L/h时,热泵的制热性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)为2.61~3.85,废水温度升至10.5~14.6℃时,在上述流量范围内,热泵的COP值达到3.19~5.12;另外,养殖废水温度愈高或流量愈低,海水源热泵对养殖用水的升温效果愈好。当养殖废水温度低于10℃时,将流量控制在400 L/h以下,海水源热泵可将7℃的养殖用水的温度提升至10.0~12.8℃,如果利用10.5~14.6℃的养殖废水作热源,流量达到700 L/h时,海水源热泵能将养殖用水的温度由7℃升至10.4~13.4℃,利用10℃以上的养殖废水作热源时,废水的最大降温幅度达9.2℃;此外,对比分析发现,利用10.5~14.6℃的养殖废水作热源时,海水源热泵对养殖用水的升温费用比燃煤(油、气)锅炉和电加热分别降低0.36、2.91、5.86和5.68元/t,每年比燃煤锅炉减排二氧化碳2.7~7.3 t。     

海带渣与养殖固体废弃物混合发酵产沼气试验

废弃物的高效和资源化利用是现代渔业发展面临的重要课题。该文以海带渣和养殖固废为原料开展了两相发酵产沼气效果试验研究,探讨了中温条件下(35±1℃)料液TS浓度和接种率对混合水解酸化特性以及厌氧发酵产沼气效果的影响。结果表明,海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化过程启动很快,第2天乙酸浓度即达到峰值,5 d后丙酸和丁酸浓度增幅较快,水解酸化过程中甲酸产量相对较低。不同TS浓度(6%、8%和10%)和不同接种率(10%、20%和30%)的料液水解3 d,乙酸的酸化度分别为42.6%、50.0%、49.8%和50.7%、44.3%、40.3%;主要有机酸(乙酸+丁酸+甲酸)的酸化度分别达到61.7%、68.7%、62.2%和69.4%、57.5%、58.0%。料液TS浓度为8%~10%、接种率为10%~20%和p H值为6.0~7.0时,海带渣与养殖固废在中温条件下混合水解2~3 d,即可获得后期发酵产沼气所需的酸化料液。此外,发酵产沼气结果表明,每天按与产沼气接种污泥质量比为1:7~1:9的比例添加酸化料液,在p H值为7.0~8.0和35±1℃的条件下厌氧发酵产沼气,产气系统启动很快,而且8~13 d即进入稳定产气阶段,产气率保持在489.4~581.5 m L/g VS,所产沼气中的甲烷体积分数达到82.7%~84.9%,而且料液不会出现酸化现象。海带渣与养殖固废混合水解酸化、批量填料发酵产沼气工艺明显提高了产气效率和系统稳定性。     

极大硬毛藻无性系对海水养殖废水中氮盐的去除效果

养殖水体中无机氮的高效去除是开展循环水养殖的重要保障条件之一。该论文研究了极大硬毛藻无性系(简称极大硬毛藻)对循环水养殖水体中无机氮盐的去除效率及特征。结果表明,当藻体密度为(10±1) g/L时,在一定浓度范围(氨氮:0～15 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮:0～3 mg/L,硝酸盐氮:0～15 mg/L),极大硬毛藻对海水中3类无机氮盐的吸收速率随着时间变化即氮盐浓度降低而降低;其中藻类对氨氮的吸收速率变化较大,而对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的吸收速率相对稳定。当3种氮盐质量浓度为3 mg/L,极大硬毛藻首先选择吸收氨氮;当氨氮质量浓度降至1.5 mg/L时,藻开始吸收亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮。极大硬毛藻对人工模拟养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的15 h去除率可达到94.3%、100%、82.2%。该研究可为极大硬毛藻在循环水养殖水体净化的应用、养殖废水资源化利用和无害化处理技术的建立提供科学依据。     

紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙试验研究

采用野外放水冲刷试验法研究紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙规律。结果表明:(1)不同下垫面条件的产流量、产沙量均随放水流量增大而增大;放水流量为5,10,15,20,25L/min时,产流量随时间推移均呈先增加后趋于平稳的变化,产沙量呈先增加后减小的变化,二者均存在波动现象,而产沙过程波动更为剧烈,呈现出多峰多谷特点。(2)土石比对产流量、产沙量的影响随放水流量增大而增强;相同条件下坡度越大,则产流量越大,产沙量亦越大;放水流量从5L/min增加到25L/min时,土质下垫面平均径流率、平均产沙率增加量均达到最大,而土石混合质下垫面增加量最小。(3)在产流量、产沙量与放水流量的经验方程中,25°土质下垫面产流量、产沙量增长率最大,分别为51.883,18.770,而35°土石混合质的增长率最小,分别为7.270,2.325。     

黄土凸型复合坡面产流产沙过程的坡长与植被效应

通过对野外凸型复合坡面进行3种流量(14L/min,18L/min,22L/min)、3种植被覆盖度(剪草裸坡,30%,70%)和2种坡长组合(上坡长5m,下坡长3m;上坡长8m,下坡长5m)的冲刷试验,对坡长和植被对黄土凸型复合坡面的产流产沙特性进行了深入研究。结果表明,(1)剪草裸坡时,在流量为14L/min时,产流量随坡长的增大而减小,产沙量随坡长的增大而增大;在流量为18L/min和22L/min时,产流产沙量均随坡长的增大而增大。当植被覆盖度为30%时,在各流量下,产流产沙量均随坡长的增大而增大;当植被覆盖度为70%时,在流量为14L/min和18L/min时,产流产沙量随坡长的增大而增大,在流量为22L/min时,产流量随坡长的增大反而减小,产沙量随坡长的增大仍呈增大趋势。(2)剪草裸坡时,在流量为14L/min时,复合坡面的产流速率随坡长的增大呈递减趋势,产沙速率随坡长的增大却呈递增的趋势,在流量为18L/min和22L/min时,复合坡面的产流产沙速率均随坡长的增大而增大。当植被覆盖度为30%和70%时,在各冲刷流量下,复合坡面的产流产沙速率均随坡长的增大而增大。(3)不同植被覆盖度、不同冲刷流量和不同坡长组合的复合坡面,累积产沙量和累积产流量间呈递增的函数关系,但函数表达式不统一,即复合坡面的累积产沙量与累积产流量之间的关系不仅与坡长、植被覆盖有关,而且还与冲刷流量有关。     

运行条件对膜生物反应器处理猪场厌氧消化液效果的影响

为探讨膜生物反应器处理猪场厌氧消化液效果和合适的操作条件,该文分别选择了三种不同的水力停留时间(HRT)、间歇曝气区曝/停比和膜出水抽/停比,根据三水平正交表安排试验.结果表明:进水COD为1240～1830 mg/L,BOD5为154～420 mg/L时,出水COD(化学需氧量)为208～811 mg/L,BOD5(生化需氧量)为7～13 mg/L,COD和BOD5去除率分别达到51.7%～83.2%和93.0%～97.1%.试验所选因素中HRT对COD去除效果的影响最大,HRT=24h与20 h、15 h时的COD去除率差异显著(P<0.05),分别平均提高7.3%和13.4%.当水温在24～28℃时NH4 -N去除效果随水温的升高明显提高,但水温上升到28.0～35.8℃时,NH4M; >-N去除效果随水温变化不大.     

高寒区引水渠道抽水融冰水温变化过程模拟

抽水融冰技术能解决中国西北等高寒地区引水式水电站引水渠冰害。该文以新疆红山嘴电站引水渠道为研究对象,对引水渠道抽水融冰水温变化过程进行数值模拟。通过对模拟结果与原型观测结果对比研究,验证数值模型的可靠性。最后分别模拟分析井水流量、渠道流量、井水温度、渠道水温、流量和温度同时变化时,引水渠道水温沿程变化规律。结果表明:1)井水流量和井水温度变化与混合后水温成正比,井水流量越大,水温越高,渠道增温效果越明显;2)渠道流量变化与混合后水温成反比,渠道流量越大,井水的增温效果越不明显;3)渠道水温与混合后水温成正比,渠道水温越低,混合后水温也越低;4)渠道引水温度降低为原来0.25倍,同时井水流量增大至原来4倍,混合后水温比降低渠水温度时高0.14~1.43℃,在实际工程中,增加井水流量是抽水融冰最有效的方法。研究为寒区引水渠道冰害的防治提供科学依据。     

畜牧混合废弃物分选装置运行参数试验研究

为验证一种新型畜牧混合废弃物分选装置的功能并制定合理的运行参数,以混合物料含水率MC、进料流量Q、柔性物分离器转速Nr为试验参数,采用二次正交旋转组合试验设计,建立评价指标与试验参数之间的回归模型,并运用目标优化的方法对模型进行优化。研究结果表明,试验样机能够实现混合物组分的按类分选,试验因素组合为含水率87.8%,物料流量41.6 L/min,柔性物分离器转速64.5 r/min时可获得最高的柔性杂质分离率;在以上因素情况下,以沉降性杂质分离率及物料损失率作为评价指标,试验得出沉降性杂质分离器的最佳转速为6 r/min。研究为提高畜牧混合废弃物分选装置的分离性能及结构优化提供了依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.