S351—1西瓜雄性不育的超微结构研究

在西瓜Ｓ３５１－１雄性不育材料遗传学及细胞分析的基础上，对其超微结构进行了观察，结果表明，次级造孢细胞在败育过程中，除细胞质壁分离、核解体消失外，细胞质中细胞器的形态与结构亦表现异常，尤其是溶酶体及液泡的数目与形态的变化。解体核周期细胞质中长丝状或封闭环状的内质网复合结构出现等，并对次级造孢细胞中液泡系的动态、内质网的结构异常与败育的关系进行了讨论。     

宫川棘口吸虫和似锥低颈吸虫的卵黄细胞发育（复殖目：棘口科）

用透射电镜观察了棘口科（Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｓｔｏｍａｔｉｄａｅ）、棘口属（Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｓｔｏｍａ）的宫川棘口吸虫（Ｅ．ｍｉｙａｇａｗａｉ），低颈属（Ｈｙｐｏｄｅｒａｅｕｍ）的似锥低颈吸虫（Ｈ．ｃｏｎｏｉｄｅｕｍ）的卵黄细胞发育超微结构变化。两种吸虫卵黄细胞发育过程比较相似。卵黄小叶外被覆一层基膜。未发育卵黄细胞含有较少细胞质，大量游离核糖体。发育期卵黄细胞含有较多细胞质，丰富的粗面内质网，高尔基复合体和卵黄球。成熟期卵黄细胞的胞质丰富，粗面内质网减少，位于核周围和细胞边缘，胞质内还出现大量糖原和包涵体。在似锥低颈吸虫的发育期和成熟期卵黄细胞内，还出现脂滴。     

Diurnal rhythm in endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver: electron microscopic study

Electron microscopy of rat hepatocytes revealed a diurnal variation in the relative amounts of endoplasmic reticulum structures and regional differences in their distribution within the hepatic lobule. The diurnal changes in smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum structures were compared with the diurnal changes in the hepatic microsomal enzyme hexobarbital oxidase. In the control group, at the time when enzyme activity was maximum, the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum was also maximum and vice versa. When the enzyme rhythm was abolished, as in blinded rats, the diurnal rhythm in the endoplasmic reticulum was also abolished.     

Stop-transfer regions do not halt translocation of proteins into chloroplasts

Protein targeting in eukaryotic cells is determined by several topogenic signals. Among these are stop-transfer regions, which halt translocation of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Two different stop-transfer regions were incorporated into precursors for a chloroplast protein, the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Both chimeric proteins were imported into chloroplasts and did not accumulate in the envelope membranes. Thus, the stop-transfer signals did not function during chloroplast protein import. These observations support the hypothesis that the mechanism for translocation of proteins across the chloroplast envelope is significantly different from that for translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.     

牛卵母细胞发育的超微结构研究

本实验根据卵细胞的数量及分布、透明带的变化,卵泡大小等把牛卵母细胞的整个发育过程分为六个阶段,在超微结构的水平上进行了研究。随着卵母细胞的发育,高尔基体、线粒体、滑面内质网、皮质颗粒等细胞器数量不断增加,且逐渐迁移到皮质区。卵母细胞成熟时。高尔基体及粗面内质网消失,皮质颗粒开始在质膜下呈线状排列,而线粒体又向胞质中央区扩散。直径2毫米以上卵泡卵母细胞中,少嵴圆形线粒体一律转变为带帽线粒体,核仁发生致密化。此外,牛卵母细胞中有带有界膜的、均匀分布的囊泡。皮质颗粒成团发生和分布也是牛卵母细胞的特点之一。实验事实证明,皮质颗粒的形成与滑面内质网关系更为密切。     

东北梅花鹿卵泡发育过程中卵泡细胞超微结构的观察

为了进一步弄清东北梅花鹿卵泡细胞超微结构的变化规律,本研究用透射电镜、目镜测微尺和显微照相技术对各期卵泡中卵泡细胞的超微结构进行了观察,并按卵泡大小、颗粒细胞层数、透明带状况及卵泡腔是否出现,把卵泡分成4个阶段。结果表明：原始卵泡-卵泡细胞与卵母细胞已开始建立结构上的联系,卵泡细胞的形态变化也是适应卵泡发育的需要;初级卵泡-细胞器数量增加,结构变得清晰,卵泡细胞中出现厚壁小泡,可能是一种早期的脂滴;次级卵泡-卵泡突起穿过透明带,并出现有营养作用的脂滴和支持作用的微丝;三级卵泡-高尔基复合体发达,多与粗面内质网相贴,核糖体丰富,成簇分布,接近排卵的卵泡中卵泡细胞发生扩展等一系列结构上的变化将利于受精。     

Subceliular Localization of Inorganic Ions in Plant Cells by in vivo Precipitation

Uptake of iodide (as a possible tracer of chloride) by barley roots preloaded with thallium (as a tracer of potassium) resulted in in vivo precipitation of the almost insoluble yellow thallium iodide. Electron microscopic observation revealed in several cells a dense precipitate of thallium iodide within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests that this membrane system is involved in intracellular ion transport.     

Tumor necrosis factor signaling requires iRhom2 to promote trafficking and activation of TACE

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the primary trigger of inflammation. Like many extracellular signaling proteins, TNF is synthesized as a transmembrane protein; the active signal is its ectodomain, which is shed from cells after cleavage by an ADAM family metalloprotease, ADAM17 (TNFα-converting enzyme, TACE). We report that iRhom2 (RHBDF2), a proteolytically inactive member of the rhomboid family, is required for TNF release in mice. iRhom2 binds TACE and promotes its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. The failure of TACE to exit the endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of iRhom2 prevents the furin-mediated maturation and trafficking of TACE to the cell surface, the site of TNF cleavage. Given the role of TNF in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, iRhom2 may represent an attractive therapeutic target.     

Setting the standards: quality control in the secretory pathway

A variety of quality control mechanisms operate in the endoplasmic reticulum and in downstream compartments of the secretory pathway to ensure the fidelity and regulation of protein expression during cell life and differentiation. As a rule, only proteins that pass a stringent selection process are transported to their target organelles and compartments. If proper maturation fails, the aberrant products are degraded. Quality control improves folding efficiency by retaining proteins in the special folding environment of the endoplasmic reticulum, and it prevents harmful effects that could be caused by the deployment of incompletely folded or assembled proteins.     

Axonal transport: each major rate component reflects the movement of distinct macromolecular complexes

The proteins of the three major rate components of axonal transport in guinea pig retinal ganglion cells were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Each rate component consisted of a different set of proteins that remained associated with each other during transport. This suggests that each rate component represents a distinct macromolecular complex and that these complexes may be definable organelles such as microtubules, microfilaments, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, the transport of radiolabeled proteins in the axon reflects the movement of complete subcellular rather than the movement of individual proteins.     

Tip20p prohibits back-fusion of COPII vesicles with the endoplasmic reticulum

Directionality in intracellular trafficking is essential to ensure the correct localization of proteins along the secretory pathway. Here, we found evidence for an active mechanism that prohibited back-fusion of de novo-generated vesicles with their donor compartment. Tip20p is a peripheral membrane protein implicated in consumption of COPI vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum. However, a specific mutant of TIP20 did not interfere with COPII vesicle generation but allowed these vesicles to fuse back to the endoplasmic reticulum, a process that does not occur normally in the cell.     

Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice: indentification of the etiologic agent

Electron micrographs of intestinal epithelium of infant mice infected with epizootic diarrhea virus have demonstrated intracellular spherical structures measuring 65 to 75 m(micro) in diameter which have a complex morphology resembling several virus particles. They have ben interpreted as being the etiologic agent of this disease. The particles were present in association with, in some cases within, vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum of intestinal epithelial cells. They were never seen in the nucleus.     

AXR4 is required for localization of the auxin influx facilitator AUX1

The AUX1 and PIN auxin influx and efflux facilitators are key regulators of root growth and development. For root gravitropism to occur, AUX1 and PIN2 must transport auxin via the lateral root cap to elongating epidermal cells. Genetic studies suggest that AXR4 functions in the same pathway as AUX1. Here we show that AXR4 is a previously unidentified accessory protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that regulates localization of AUX1 but not of PIN proteins. Loss of AXR4 resulted in abnormal accumulation of AUX1 in the ER of epidermal cells, indicating that the axr4 agravitropic phenotype is caused by defective AUX1 trafficking in the root epidermis.     

运动、胸腺细胞凋亡与机制研究

主要通过文献资料法,对细胞凋亡的机制及运动与胸腺细胞凋亡的关系等进行了述评,其中细胞凋亡与死亡受体信号转导途径、细胞凋亡与线粒体凋亡途径和细胞凋亡与内质网凋亡途径是本文论述的重点。结果显示,有关胸腺细胞凋亡的死亡受体信号转导途径机制和线粒体机制研究不多,有关胸腺细胞凋亡的内质网机制甚少。现有研究显示运动诱导胸腺细胞凋亡与线粒体凋亡途径关系密切,其他有待进一步研究证实。     

Chaperone activity of protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 promotes notch receptor folding

Notch proteins are receptors for a conserved signaling pathway that affects numerous cell fate decisions. We found that in Drosophila, Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (OFUT1), an enzyme that glycosylates epidermal growth factor-like domains of Notch, also has a distinct Notch chaperone activity. OFUT1 is an endoplasmic reticulum protein, and its localization was essential for function in vivo. OFUT1 could bind to Notch, was required for the trafficking of wild-type Notch out of the endoplasmic reticulum, and could partially rescue defects in secretion and ligand binding associated with Notch point mutations. This ability of OFUT1 to facilitate folding of Notch did not require its fucosyltransferase activity. Thus, a glycosyltransferase can bind its substrate in the endoplasmic reticulum to facilitate normal folding.     

Mammary alveolar epithelial cells: effect of hydrocortisone on ultrastructure

Hydrocortisone is necessary for the formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum in mammary alveolar epithelial cells. This membrane system is required for the synthesis of the milk protein, casein, but it is not required for the synthesis of a nonmilk protein fraction.     

水稻和昆虫细胞自噬期间自噬体发生的细胞学机理

【目的】从细胞学角度研究细胞自噬过程中膜结构细胞器的变化及其与自噬体发生的关系。【方法】以基因互作引起细胞调亡现象发生的水稻爪粳杂种F1和天然化合物印楝素、喜树碱、苦参碱诱导凋亡的昆虫细胞Sf9为材料,通过透射电子显微镜和荧光显微镜技术观察细胞自噬凋亡期间自噬体的特征。【结果】水稻杂种F1花粉母细胞在不同发育时期存在不同程度的退化,部分细胞内线粒体形态发生显著变化,形成长哑铃型或线管状,最后两端弯曲形成双层膜结构的细胞器;绒毡层细胞均出现内质网膨大,且逐渐包裹周围其它细胞器,如线粒体,形成双层膜结构的自噬体,最终引发细胞的自噬性凋亡。喜树碱和苦参碱诱发凋亡的细胞胞内线粒体形态发生拉长、弯曲,最后闭合形成包裹其它细胞器的双层膜结构自噬体;印楝素和喜树碱诱发凋亡的细胞胞内核通过分页和出芽的方式形成双层膜结构自噬体。【结论】动植物细胞自噬凋亡过程中,内质网、线粒体和细胞核3种膜结构细胞器均是自噬体膜结构的直接来源,然而3种膜结构细胞器参与自噬体形成的程度和方式因物种、细胞种类以及自噬诱发因素的变化而不同。     

鸽子亚急性阿维菌素中毒肝脏、肾脏超微结构的观察

为充实阿维菌素(AVM)环境毒理学的数据资料,及为保护生态环境和合理应用阿维菌素类药物提供科学依据,以美国王鸽为试验动物,在日粮中添加一定浓度的AVM,建立了鸽染毒模型,通过对染毒各组鸽肝脏和肾脏的超微结构观察,发现染毒鸽有肝脏和肾脏线粒体肿大、变形、空泡状、嵴不完整等改变,内质网板层结构减少、网膜连续性中断等改变,且具有剂量—效应关系。     

Antimycin A: stimulation of cell division and protein synthesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis

Addition of antimycin A to a culture of Tetrahymena pyriformis caused an increase in cell division and protein synthesis in this ciliated protozoan. The antimycin effect is a function of the time of exposure to the antibiotic as well as of the age of the culture. A large accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum, reflecting increased protein synthesis, was visualized by electron microscopy in cells stimulated by the antimycin A.     

Partitioning of the matrix fraction of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis in animal cells

The Golgi apparatus is partitioned during mitosis in animal cells by a process of fragmentation, dispersal, and reassembly in each daughter cell. We fractionated the Golgi apparatus in vivo using the drug brefeldin A or a dominant-negative mutant of the Sar1p protein. After these treatments, Golgi enzymes moved back to the endoplasmic reticulum, leaving behind a matrix of Golgi structural proteins. Under these conditions, cells still entered and exited mitosis normally, and their Golgi matrix partitioned in a manner very similar to that of the complete organelle. Thus, the matrix may be the partitioning unit of the Golgi apparatus and may carry the Golgi enzyme-containing membranes into the daughter cells.