迪西鹰嘴豆和卡布里鹰嘴豆微量元素含量的分析比较

测定分析迪西类型和卡布里类型鹰嘴豆微量元素含量。采用电感偶合等离子发射光谱仪,分别测定新疆乌什县产的卡布里鹰嘴豆和木垒县产的迪西鹰嘴豆中的17种微量元素的含量,分析比较两种鹰嘴豆微量元素含量的差异。两种类型鹰嘴豆都富含镁、铁、锌、锰、镉等有重要生理功能的微量营养元素,是营养价值极高的豆类作物,但二者的微量元素含量存在一定差异。从微量元素角度分析,两种类型鹰嘴豆均具有极高的开发推广价值。     

Genetic Variations and Adaptations in Chickpea

A total of 329 chickpea lines, comprising 130 kabiili and 199 desi types, originating from six regions, viz., Indian sub-continent, Middle East, North Africa, America, Europe and USSR, were sown in augmented design. The data recorded on agronomic characters on all entries from each region were evaluated in terms of group (region) means. Among the six regions, greater plant height and lateness in flowering were specific to USSR entries. Group means of USSR accessions, both desi and kabuli, differed significantly from those of Indian varieties for a majority of the characters. These observations indicate that the degree of expression of certain characters could be ascribed to specific areas, which led to area-specific adaptations. Furthermore, type-specific differentiating characters, differing in degree of expression, were observed in desi and kabuli types. For example, high mean values of characters, like branches, pods, grain yield and harvest index, were associated with desi types, and 100-seed weight with kabulis. History of cultivation and selection for specific purpose has been cited as cause for area-specific adaptations and type-specific differentiating characters.     

Genetic control of seed weight and calcium concentration in chickpea seed

Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., is a staple protein source in many Asian and Middle Eastern countries. Hence, the mineral content of its seed, especially that of calcium, is of nutritional importance. Calcium is transported through plants and to legume pods almost exclusively via the xylem stream, with Ca accretion in developing seeds resulting primarily from diffusion of Ca from the adjoining pod wall. Thus, for seeds of differing surface‐to‐mass ratios, Ca concentration is expected to correlate inversely with seed weight. The relationship between seed weight and Ca concentration in chickpea seeds was studied using a range of germplasm and derivatives from crosses between types differing in seed Ca concentration. Among the cultivars tested, low seed mass was associated with high Ca concentration. However, the study of hybrid progeny indicated that seed Ca content was mainly determined by genetic factors other than grain weight genes. This finding may assist in future breeding of high nutritional quality chickpea cultivars.     

Effect of the gene for double pod in chickpea on yield, yield components and stability of yield

Five pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) for the gene for single vs. double pod were used to study the effect of this character on yield and its components (seeds per plant, yield per plant and seed weight). The NILs were sown in 2 years at five locations in ihe first year and four locations in the second. Combined analysis of variance was applied to t he data and no significant differences between isolines were found, but there were significant genotype– location interaction effects for yield and seeds per plant. For both characters the double–podded lines were more stable than the single–podded lines. Although there were significant differences between the five genotypes lor yield per planl and seed weight, the differentes between single– and double–podded lines were almost nil. The results indicate that the double–pod gene has a positive effect on the stability of yield and is not linked to any other gene responsible Tor seed size in chickpea     

Salinity Effects on the Growth and Ion Contents of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Varieties

The effect of salinity on seed germination, plant yield parameters, and plant Na, Cl and K concentrations of chickpea and lentil varieties was studied. Results showed that in both crops percentage emergence was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels (0–8dSm^?1). From the plant growth studies it was found that differences existed among chickpea and lentil varieties in their response to NaCl application. In chickpea, the variety Mariye showed the comparatively lowest germination percentage and the lowest seedling shoot dry weight in response to salinity and was also among the two varieties which had the lowest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weight and grain yield at maturity. Similarly, variety DZ-10-16-2, which was the second best in germination percentage and the highest in terms of seedling shoot dry weight, also had the highest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield at maturity. In lentil, however, such relationships were less pronounced. Chloride concentration (mg g^?1) in the plant parts at salt levels other than the control was about 2–5 times that of Na. K concentration in the plants was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels. Chickpea was generally more sensitive to NaCl salinity than lentil. While no seeds were produced at salinity levels beyond 2dSm^?1 in chickpea (no seeds were produced at this salt level in the most sensitive variety, Mariye), most lentil varieties could produce some seeds up to the highest level of NaCl application. Overall, varieties R-186 (lentil) and Mariye (chickpea) were the most sensitive of all varieties. On the other hand, lentil variety NEL-2704 and chickpea variety DZ-10-16-2 gave comparatively higher mean relative shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield, thus showing some degree of superiority over the others. The observed variations among the varieties may be useful indications for screening varieties of both crops for salt tolerance.     

Two new traits - open flower and small leaf in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Two new traits – open flower and small leaf in chickpea are discussed. Open flower, a natural mutant in a good agronomic background is reported for the first time, small leaf trait has been reported earlier, and has now been studied by breeders. Both useful traits were found to be monogenic recessive. The joint F₂ segregation data revealed no linkage between flower colour and flower type, but flower type and leaf size showed some linkage. Open flower could contribute to a higher rate of cross pollination and utilization of heterosis. The small leaf allows light to penetrate the crop canopy, and could be useful in designing a physiologically efficient plant type in chickpea. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Screening of Kabuli chickpea germplasm for resistance to Fusarium wilt

A total of 1915 Kabuli chickpea lines were screened in a wilt sick plot containing Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri race 0 at Béja, Tunisia. Complete resistance was found in 110 lines and this result was confirmed by a laboratory screening method. Principal components analysis showed that > 80% of the variation of the resistant lines was explained by hundred seed weight and days to maturity. Cluster analysis divided the resistant lines into four groups: 21 had high seed weight (48.25 ± 3.81 g) and early maturity (95.09 ± 2.50 d), 24 had high seed weight (46.84 ± 2.10 g) and late maturity (117.00 d), 34 had low seed weight (22.35 ± 4.72 g) and early maturity (92.97 ± 3.97 d) and 31 had low seed weight (19.62 ± 5.37 g) and late maturity (112.09 ± 4.51 d). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Transferability of Chickpea Selection Indices from Normal to Drought-prone Growing Conditions in a Mediterranean Environment*

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is normally grown as a spring-sown rainfed crop in the Mediterranean region in areas receiving more than 400 mm of rainfall annually. Because of large fluctuations in the total amount and distribution of the rainfall, the crop occasionally suffers from extreme terminal drought. Breeders face a dilemma in selecting materials for both normal moisture regimes and drought conditions because it is often difficult to conduct two parallel breeding programmes. This study examines the transferability of the selection indices (developed as a multiple regression of yield on most influential traits) from one environment to another with the objective of selecting an appropriate environment for the development of cultivars adapted to both environments. Experiments were conducted for 3 years (1989-1991) during the spring at two locations with normal moisture regime (hereafter referred to as drought-free) in Syria and Lebanon and one drought-prone location in Syria. Each year, 192-240 newly bred lines were evaluated in replicated trials for seed yield, days to flowering and maturity, plant height and 100-seed weight. Correlation analyses showed that increased seed size, early maturity and reduced plant height at the drought-prone location and early maturity at the drought-free location were of prime importance in increasing seed yield. Regression equations developed to predict seed yield showed that days to flower and maturity accounted from 67-80 % variation in seed yield at the dry location, whereas at the drought-free locations the contribution of days to maturity was smaller except in 1991 in Lebanon. The percent success in the transferability of the selection indices from the drought-free environments to the drought-prone environment was higher than that from the drought-prone environment to the drought-free environment. These results indicate that chickpea breeding material developed under drought-free environments could be useful under drought-prone conditions. Early-maturing lines selected under normal environments would also perform well under drier conditions.     

Associations of some characters with seed yield in chickpea collections

Summary Three thousand two hundred and sixty-seven kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm accessions were grown during the spring season of 1980 at Tel Hadya, the main research station of ICARDA, Syria to determine the components of seed yield. Observations were recorded on seed yield and 14 other characters. Correlation and path coefficient analyses were done to find out associations among characters and to assess the direct and indirect contribution of each character to seed yield.Large variation was observed for all the characters studied except days to flowering, days to maturity and protein content. Correlation and path coefficient analyses showed that biological yield and harvest index were the major direct contributors to seed yield. The 100-seed weight, plant height, days to flowering and maturity, canopy width, and protein content contributed to seed yield mainly through indirect effect via biological yield and harvest index. The 100-seed weight and seed yield were major contributors to biological yield. Major contributor to protein content was days to maturity. Results indicated that selection for high biological yield and harvest index would lead to high seed yield; and selection for large seed size would lead to high biological yield. Therefore, these characters should receive the highest priority in selecting high yielding plants in chickpea breeding.     

Evaluation of Early Generation Testing in Chickpea1)

Inter-generation correlations between F₂-F₃, F₂-F₄ and F₃-F₄ in six crosses of chickpea were calculated by using individual plant/progeny means. In general, correlation values in case of plant height, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight were higher between F₃ and F₄ than those between F₂ and F₃ and F₂ and F₄. However, inter-generation correlations were mostly non-significant in case of pods per plant and grain yield. These results clearly show that selection in F₃ can be fruitful for seeds per pod and 100-seed weight. However, selection for pods per plant and grain yield in early generations may not show any relationship with later generation performance for these traits.