异黄酮植物雌激素在家禽生产中的作用

异黄酮植物雌激素广泛分布于植物界,其生理活性多种多样。它具有促进家禽生长,提高产蛋性能等作用,但对其作用机制目前尚未完全明确。本文综述了近年来有关异黄酮植物雌激素在家禽生产方面的研究概况。     

丁酸梭菌在家禽生产中应用的研究进展

丁酸梭菌作为一种益生菌,存在于人和动物的肠道中,不易受到胃酸、消化酶和胆汁酸等因素的影响,不仅可以通过把营养物质降解成丁酸为动物提供营养与能量,而且可以保护肠道健康,促进营养物质的吸收和动物的生长,以及增强免疫功能等,因此丁酸梭菌可以作为饲料添加剂用于畜禽生产。本文对丁酸梭菌对家禽生理、生产性能的影响及其机制进行综述,以便为丁酸梭菌在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。     

浅析粮食金融化实质

粮食全球化、金融化、能源化的加深引发国际粮价剧烈波动,给全球粮食安全形势带来挑战,粮食金融化成为全球关注焦点。本文从粮食金融化的产生、研究实质、现实特征等方面揭示粮食金融化的根源、表现、背后机理及其影响等。另外,从国家战略层面分析粮食能源化、金融化、美元化等特征,提出粮食金融化是新时期以美国为代表的西方发达国家粮食武器战略的新形势。     

基于粮食生产安全的白银市耕地需求量预测研究

从区域粮食安全角度出发,以白银市1997～2005年社会经济相关数据、耕地变更调查数据为基础,首先,预测未来人口发展规模,确定人均粮食需求标准,然后,从粮食需求量入手,综合考虑粮食自给率、区域粮食生产潜力、复种指数、粮作比等因素,制定了不同自给率、不同人均粮食需求标准情况下的不同预测方案,得出白银市2020年基于粮食安全生产的耕地需求量变化为311 250hm2～374 288hm2。     

Measuring the costs of biosecurity on poultry farms: a case study in broiler production in Finland

Background

Farm-level biosecurity provides the foundation for biosecurity along the entire production chain. Many risk management practices are constantly in place, regardless of whether there is a disease outbreak or not. Nonetheless, the farm-level costs of preventive biosecurity have rarely been assessed. We examined the costs incurred by preventive biosecurity for Finnish poultry farms.

Methods

We used a semi-structured phone interview and obtained results from 17 broiler producers and from 5 hatching egg producers, corresponding to about 10% of all producers in Finland.

Results

Our results indicate that the average cost of biosecurity is some 3.55 eurocent per bird for broiler producers (0.10 eurocent per bird per rearing day) and 75.7 eurocent per bird for hatching egg producers (0.27 eurocent per bird per rearing day). For a batch of 75,000 broilers, the total cost would be €2,700. The total costs per bird are dependent on the annual number of birds: the higher the number of birds, the lower the cost per bird. This impact is primarily due to decreasing labour costs rather than direct monetary costs. Larger farms seem to utilise less labour per bird for biosecurity actions. There are also differences relating to the processor with which the producer is associated, as well as to the gender of the producer, with female producers investing more in biosecurity. Bird density was found to be positively related to the labour costs of biosecurity. This suggests that when the bird density is higher, greater labour resources need to be invested in their health and welfare and hence disease prevention. The use of coccidiostats as a preventive measure to control coccidiosis was found to have the largest cost variance between the producers, contributing to the direct costs.

Conclusions

The redesign of cost-sharing in animal diseases is currently ongoing in the European Union. Before we can assert how the risk should be shared or resort to the ''polluter pays'' principle, we need to understand how the costs are currently distributed. The ongoing study contributes towards understanding these issues. The next challenge is to link the costs of preventive biosecurity to the benefits thus acquired.     

发酵饲料在家禽生产中的应用

饲料原料经过微生物发酵,可以降解抗营养因子和毒素,提高饲料利用率.发酵饲料对提高家禽生产性能、调节肠道菌群、维持肠道微生态平衡及增强机体免疫力具有积极作用.文章对发酵饲料的作用机理及其在家禽生产中的应用研究进行综述,对发酵饲料的应用前景进行展望,对发酵饲料与发酵工艺存在的问题进行探讨,为发酵饲料在家禽中的应用提供参考.     

Effects of days on feed,roughage sources and inclusion levels of grain in concentrate on finishing performance and carcass characteristics in cull beef cows

An experiment was conducted with 16 Japanese Black cows to determine the effects of different days on feed (89, 208, 271 and 341 days), inclusion levels of grain in concentrate (60% vs. 40%; dry matter (DM) basis) and roughage sources (hay vs. rice straw) on finishing performance. Additional four cows were slaughtered at 0 days on feed to obtain non‐fed carcass data. Maximum carcass weights were observed in cows fed for 271 days; an increase in carcass weight of only 14 kg was shown from 208 days to 271 days. The marbling score increased (P < 0.05) with days on feed. The percentage of fat in the subprimal rib linearly increased (P < 0.05) with days on feed. The percentage of lean meat was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed rice straw than for cows fed hay as a roughage source. Increasing the days on feed decreased (P < 0.05) the yellowness of the fat. The effects of the inclusion levels of grain in concentrate on the finishing performance of cows were lower than the other two factors. In conclusion, feeding improves carcass values, but feeding over 208 days is an inefficient system of production in cows.     

霉菌毒素对家禽生产的影响

<正>霉菌毒素是霉菌以饲料为营养源的生长过程中所产生的有毒化学物质。在谷物收割前或贮存、运输、加工和饲喂过程中,霉菌都可在其中生长并产生霉菌毒素。全球每年大约有25%的农作     

Effects of supplementary corn silage on the feed intake and milk production of time-restricted grazing dairy cows

The effects of supplementary corn silage (CS) of either 2 or 4 kg of dry matter (DM; S + 2 and S + 4, respectively) above the energy requirement for milk production and maintenance for grazing dairy cows (S) were determined. Time‐restricted grazing was used to compare the feed intake, milk production, and nitrogen and energy use of lactating cows. The experiment was carried out on two different pastures using a 3 × 3 Latin square design for each pasture. Cows were grazed for 5 h on a rotational grazing system and were fed concentrate (1 kg per 5 kg of milk yield). Herbage intake was measured using a weighing technique. To calculate the energy and nitrogen use, whole feces and urine were collected. There was no statistical effect of the pastures. Herbage intake decreased by the addition of CS (P = 0.02). The reduction of herbage DM intake per unit consumption of supplementary CS towards the S group were 0.80 and 0.45 kg for the S + 2 and S + 4 groups, respectively. The total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that for the S and S + 2 groups (P = 0.02). Milk yield did not differ among treatments, even though the total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that of the S and S + 2 groups. Nitrogen and energy use did not differ with the addition of CS.     

肥育猪饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对其生产性能、消化率及血清指标的影响

本研究目的在于评价在玉米－豆粕型基础饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对肥育猪的利用价值。选取体重约５０ｋｇ的杜×长×大三元杂交猪４０头,采用单因子完全随机设计,分为５个组,每组４个重复,分别在饲粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉,依次为：０（对照组）,１０％（试验Ｉ组）,１５％（试验ＩＩ组）,２０％（试验ＩＩＩ组）,２０％＋０．１％纤维素酶（试验ＩＶ 组）,各组主要营养指标相同。测定肥育猪饲喂含不同水平苜蓿草粉饲粮后主要生产性能、消化率及血清中主要生化指标的变化。结果表明,１）试验ＩＩ、ＩＩＩ、ＩＶ 组平均日增重、采食量较对照组明显提高,而试验ＩＩ、ＩＶ 组的料肉比明显降低,因此,添加１５％的苜蓿草粉或２０％的苜蓿草粉＋０．１％ 纤维素酶有利于提高肥育猪的体重及饲料转化率。２）试验Ｉ、ＩＩ组和对照组相比,其干物质、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均不同程度提高;虽然试验ＩＩＩ、ＩＶ 组上述４项指标的表观消化率和对照组相近或稍高,但试验ＩＶ 组各主要指标优于试验ＩＩＩ组,说明添加１０％和１５％的苜蓿草粉有利于提高营养物质的表观消化率,苜蓿草粉添加至２０％时加纤维素酶对各项指标消化率有改进。３）肥育猪饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉,降低了其血液甘油三酯、胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,升高了高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。试验证明,在肥育猪饲粮中添加１５％紫花苜蓿草粉对肥育猪生产性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的改善有利,苜蓿草粉降低血液胆固醇的功能可能是其中皂苷的作用。     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.     

微生物饲料添加剂在畜禽生产中的应用

微生物饲料添加剂无污染、无残留、安全无毒，在畜禽生产中的应用日益广泛。在使用微生物饲料添加剂的过程中，只有全面了解微生物饲料的作用机理和产品特性，正确对待其作用效果，才能使其发挥更显著的作用。     

不同精粗比全混合颗粒日粮和TMR对湖羊生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同精粗比全混合颗粒日粮和全混合日粮(TMR)对湖羊育肥生产性能及血液生理生化指标的影响,探索湖羊全混合颗粒饲料的配制技术和使用效果。结果表明:全混合颗粒饲料育肥体重约30kg湖羊,平均日增重192~201g/d,精粗比5∶5、4∶6、3∶7的全混合颗粒日粮组间平均日增重差异不显著(P﹥0.05),但均高于TMR组,精粗比3∶7的全混合颗粒日粮组日增重(201g/d)著显高于TMR组(158g/d)(P<0.05);湖羊生理生化指标均处于正常范围内。综上,湖羊全混合颗粒日粮适宜精粗比为3∶7。     

多糖提取及对家禽生长、免疫和产蛋性能影响研究进展

多糖是由多个单糖通过糖苷键结合而成的高分子化合物.食用菌及植物的组织中均存在丰富的天然多糖类物质.多糖具有抗氧化、提高免疫力、改善肠道健康等多种生理功能,作为功能性添加剂在饲料中被广泛应用.文章对多糖的提取方法及对家禽生长、免疫、产蛋性能影响进行综述,为进一步获取优质多糖及在饲料中的应用提供参考.     

妊娠母猪饲粮中不同苜蓿鲜草替代量对其生产性能的影响

在母猪妊娠期用不同比例的紫花苜蓿鲜草代替部分精料,研究其对生产性能及经济效益的影响。试验选用胎次、配种时间、上胎产仔数、体况等基本一致的大长二元母猪30头,采用单因子完全随机设计,共分为6个组,每组5头猪,每头猪1个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别用紫花苜蓿鲜草代替10%,20%,30%,40%的基础日粮(按干物质折算),试验Ⅴ组用紫花苜蓿草粉代替20%的基础日粮。结果表明:1)和对照组相比,在妊娠母猪饲粮中无论是用不同比例的紫花苜蓿鲜草还是用20%的苜蓿草粉代替精料,均提高了饲粮中粗蛋白质、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和总磷的表观消化率,其中试验Ⅲ组的提高幅度最大,极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);随着紫花苜蓿鲜草替代量的增加,粗脂肪的表观消化率依次下降,但苜蓿草粉组和对照组几乎无差别。2)随着紫花苜蓿鲜草替代量的增加,繁殖期母猪体增重和背膘增加量均呈先升后降的趋势,而妊娠期母猪背膘增加量和泌乳期母猪背膘减少量依次下降。和对照组相比,在妊娠期母猪饲粮中以紫花苜蓿鲜草和草粉替代等干物质量的精料,均提高了母猪的采食量,其中试验Ⅲ组的采食量最大,极显著(P＜0.01)高于对照组。紫花苜蓿鲜草和草粉替代精料后,断奶至发情时间间隔有所缩短,但各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。3)随着紫花苜蓿鲜草替代精料量的增加,提高了初生窝产仔猪总数、初生窝产活仔数、断奶仔猪数、断奶窝重和断奶窝平均日增重;鲜草试验组(试验Ⅲ组除外)的断奶仔猪个体重和对照组相似,试验Ⅴ组显著(P＜0.05)高于对照组和其余各试验组,试验Ⅴ组的断奶仔猪日增重也极显著(P＜0.01)高于对照组和其他试验组。综合分析认为,母猪妊娠期饲粮中用30%的紫花苜蓿鲜草代替精料其生产性能和经济效益最佳。     

复合饲料添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

文章旨在探究复合型饲料添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标的影响.采取单因素试验设计,将18头身体健康、体况相近的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,分别为对照组、试验组(添加复合型饲料200?g/d),其中每组设置3个重复,每个重复3头牛,整个试验周期为30?d.于试验期第15和30天采集奶牛乳样及空腹血样,用于测定...     

我国禽肉产业发展现状和对策

HE Yang;LIU Chousheng(National Animal Husbandry Service,Chaoyang,Beijing 100125,China)     

植物性饲料添加剂在畜禽生产中的应用

植物性饲料添加剂（Phytogenic Feed Additives,PFA）随着近年来畜禽养殖现状的发展,使用量与使用范围有较大幅度增加,但在具体应用中由于使用产品品种和方法不同,差异较大。文章就植物性饲料添加剂（Phytogenic Feed Additives,PFA）在畜禽生产中的一些应用效果作简单介绍,为畜禽生产中合理使用PFA提供参考。     

益生元在家禽生产中的应用潜力

益生元是以天然来源的碳水化合物为基础的聚合物,可以被胃肠道中的一些细菌利用,但不被宿主动物消化。益生元作为家禽饲料添加剂,可促进养分消化、吸收,因为它们选择有益的微生物,这些微生物被认为可以促进禽类营养,并可能限制食源性病原体的形成。已经有大量研究来评估其对人类、动物的影响,但只有有限的研究是在非常规生产条件下进行的,同时关于它们对宿主和胃肠道菌群影响的具体机制仍有很多未知。随着对非常规生产系统进行的更详细和精确的研究,结构不同的益生元可能不仅会对胃肠道微生物群产生影响,而且可能以不同的模式与禽类宿主直接或间接地产生相互作用。