Effects of contaminated sediments and standard elutriates on primary production in Lake Ontario

A comparison of elutriate and sediments effects on phytoplankton photosynthesis was undertaken in view of the widespread use of sediment elutriates in bioassays. The logistic problem of measuring ¹⁴C in the presence of sediments was overcome by extracting ¹⁴C labelled photosynthate with DMSO. In Lake Ontario, sediments were more inhibitory than elutriates to photosynthesis, depressing Pmax, the light saturated photosynthesis by up to 50%. The less severe toxicity of elutriates is attributed mainly to binding and removal from solution of metals with phosphate, although phosphate rich elutriates may also allow algae to accumulate polyphosphate which binds, and thus detoxifies metals inside the cells. Also, any hydrophobic organic contaminants present in the sediments and toxic to algae are not likely to be extracted into elutriates. In P deficient phytoplankton populations, the high concentrations of phosphate in elutriates may lead to a temporary depression of photosynthesis.     

Reliming and reacidification effects on lakewater

Long term liming and reacidification effects were studied in SW Sweden. This report is a concentrated summary. Lake liming reduces toxic levels of Al, Cd and Zn so that pH-sensitive species can survive. But it mobilizes nutrients and causes internal eutrophication, which in shallow lakes may give problems as macrophyte expansion. Reacidification kills much of the flora and fauna, that adapted during limed conditions. The reasons are lowered pH and toxic levels: Al 500 ug/1, Cd 0.4 ug/1 and Zn 50 ug/1. Sediments are fragile and temporary refuges for metals and nutrients. Conclusively, surface waters should be limed before they reach lakes.     

Revisiting the fundamentals of phosphorus fractionation of sediments and soils

Introduction  

Sequential fractionation procedures have been an important tool in the study of phosphorus (P) dynamics in soils and sediments for over 50 years. Throughout this period, the various methodologies have been thoroughly reviewed, and several limitations are widely acknowledged, but there are also aspects of P fractionation that have received little or no discussion. As there are few alternatives to fractionation procedures, in order to advance the usefulness of these techniques, we need to explore the undisclosed variables that may falsely bias our interpretation.     

Effect of lake acidification on the adsorption of phosphorus by sediments

The retention properties of acidic and non-acidic lake sediments were determined in order to assess the effects of lake acidification on the immobilization of P from solution by sediments. The adsorption of P by solids was described by the Langmuir model which was used to determine the sorption parameters, e.g. sorption maxima and equilibrium constant of adsorption. The pH of solution and the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of sediments affect mainly the magnitude of adsorption maxima. The binding strength of the adsorbed complex is similar for all the investigated sediments (Δ=?25.3 to ?28.5 kJ mol^?1) and it is affected little by variation in pH or by chemical and mineralogical composition of sediments. The results indicate that the magnitude of P removal is determined more by sediment chemistry and mineralogy (amorphous Al/Fe oxy-hydroxides, carbonate content) than by pH of the water.     

Reactions of phosphorus with sediments in fresh and marine waters

Abstract. The interactions of P with soils and sediments are examined in the context of transport processes from land, through rivers to estuaries and coastal waters. In soil erosion, selective size fractionation and preferential sorption to finer solids is crucial in the transport of P to water courses. Problems in quantifying the sorption affinity and equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPC) of mixtures of different soils and sediments are identified. Riverine transport of P by suspended solids is usually very important and examples of the changes in the amount and composition of particulate P (PP) concentration during storm events are discussed. Increased P content of solids during the first autumn storms, probably reflect the resuspension of accumulated stream bed-deposits. The fate of P in estuaries and their importance as possible long-term sinks of P are discussed. The relatively high concentrations of dissolved P associated with riverine inputs are to some extent buffered by the relatively high concentrations of suspended sediments resulting from tidal flows. Phosphorus may be released during transport to the sea due to decreases in the EPC, increases in salinity and release from bottom sediments as a result of low oxygen conditions.     

Influence of incubation time on phosphorus sorption dynamics in lake sediments

Purpose  

Estimating phosphorus (P) sorption is generally achieved by measuring a decrease in P concentration over a defined period. However, information within the literature has not been able to be widely applied, probably due to the variability in incubation periods and initial P concentrations in reported experiments. The objective of this study was to investigate whether variations in incubation time and initial P concentration might result in differences in measured levels of P sorption in sediments.     

A simple model for phosphorus uptake kinetics of wheat seedlings

A simple model to compare and predict phosphorus (P) uptake behavior of plants may be useful to agronomists. A predictive equation based on Michaelis‐Menten kinetics was developed for this purpose. Kinetic parameters for use in the model were determined in an experiment using two cultivars of winter wheat grown for 21 days in 14 soil treatments, including seven P levels, each in fumigated and unfumigated soil. In another experiment, the same wheat cultivars were grown for 7, 14, or 21 days at one soil P level in both fumigated and unfiimigated soil. Using parameter values developed in the first experiment with multiple P levels and one time period, the model closely (R²=0.966, P<0.001) predicted P uptake in the second experiment with one P level over multiple time periods. The model could be a useful agronomic tool because of its simplicity and because no data need be collected from artificial growing conditions.     

沉积物中重金属铜的解吸动力学模拟

采用DIFS模型模拟了DGT在沉积物中放置过程中,吸附态铜从固相解吸的动力学过程。结果表明,对于模拟的三个样品,R值均小于1,均属于部分补给情况(固相的补给不能使DGT界面处孔隙水浓度维持在初始水平)。对于R值为0.74的M1样品,Kd值较高,解吸速率常数k-1较大,在DGT放置时间T内,吸附态铜可以迅速解吸并补给DGT的消耗,DGT界面处孔隙水Cu浓度基本维持在一个稳定的值,但低于初始浓度,吸附态铜的消耗范围较小(<0.15 cm);对于M2和M3样品,R值、Kd和k-1均小于M1,固相的补给很小,DGT界面处孔隙水浓度随着放置时间的增加而降低,且吸附态铜的消耗范围也较大。由模拟结果可知,沉积物中重金属释放动力学过程受到生物有效态铜的容量和解吸动力学参数共同影响。对于稳定状态部分补给的情况(M1样品),典型特征是较高的Kd和适中的k-1;而对于非稳定态部分补给的情况(M2和M3样品),典型特征是较低的Kd值和适中或者较高的k-1。     

上海郊区河流沉积物N、P释放的初步研究

A laboratory study was conducted to observe the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sedimentsunder both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The samples used were five creek sediments and a fish-pondsediment (as a comparison) obtained from suburban Shanghai. High loads of nitrogen and phosphoruswere found in the creek sediments. Total nitrogen of the sediments ranged from 1.17 to 5.95 g kg^-1; totalphosphorus from 608.63 to 2 033.95 mg kg^-1. Making up more than 90% of the total nitrogen, organicnitrogen was the dominant nitrogen fraction in the sediments; where as inorganic phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus fraction, which made up more than 85 percent of the total phosphorus. Cabound phosphorus fraction dominated inorganic phosphorus, which occupied more than 50% of the total. A large amount of ammonium was released from the sediments under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the anaerobic releases were slightly greater than the aerobic. In addition, ammonium contents in the aerobic waters decreased sharply after reaching the peaks because of strong nitrification, compared with the relatively maintained ammonium peaks in the anaerobic waters. Anaerobic phosphate releases were much greater than the aerobic and the released ortho-phosphate was mainly from Fe-bound phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the sample of the dredged creek were the lowest, showing that creek dredging could effectively remove contaminants from the surface of sediments and weaken the release potentials of nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the fish-pond sediment were greater than those from the creek sediments though its total nitrogen and phosphorus were not the highest, which was probably due to the larger amount of biologically degraded organic matter in the fish-pond sediment.     

Impacts of anthropic pressures on soil phosphorus availability,concentration, and phosphorus forms in sediments in a Southern Brazilian watershed

Purpose  

The transfer of soil sediments and phosphorus from terrestrial to aquatic systems is a common process in agricultural lands. The aims of this paper are to quantify the soil phosphorus availability and to characterize phosphorus forms in soil sediments as contaminant agents of waters as a function of anthropic pressures.     

Dairy manure treatment effects on manure phosphorus fractionation and changes in soil test phosphorus

In this research, a sequential fractionation procedure coupled with enzyme hydrolysis was used to categorize the phosphorus (P) forms of 18 manure samples collected from in-barn composted bedded pack (beef manure), anaerobic digestion with liquid–solid separation (dairy manure), and liquid–solid separation systems (dairy manure). This research also determined the effects of those P forms on the increase in soil test P (STP) of five soil series. The soils used had initial Bray-1 P ranging from 16 to 43 mg P kg^?1. Total dry-ash P (P_t) of the manures ranged from 1.4 to 15.0 g P kg^?1; total inorganic P (P_it) accounted for 20 to 81 % of P_t; and enzymatically hydrolysable P (P_et) accounted for 5 to 26 % of P_t. Liquid–solid separation tended to concentrate the manure P in the liquid fractions. In contrast, anaerobic digestion did not affect the manure P distribution compared with the undigested raw manure from the same system. No differences in P distribution were found for the compost bedded pack manure. In the soil incubation study, manure and fertilizer were applied at 40 mg total P kg^?1. Separated liquid manure from two systems tended to increase STP more than the separated solid manures from the same systems. Although anaerobic digestion modified some of the physical and chemical properties of the treated manures, it did not clearly impact how digested manure increased STP compared with the raw manures. Overall, the increase in STP after treated manure application was found to be a function of soil clay content and manure P_it?+?P_et applied.     

Low phosphorus effects on the metabolism of rice seedlings

Abstract

Phosphorus‐stress‐induced (Psi) changes in shoot and root phosphorus (P) content (SPC and RPC) and use efficiency (SPUE and RPUE) defined as dry biomass production per unit of absorbed P, root acid phosphatase activity (RAPA), and excreted acid phosphatase activity (EAPA), were investigated for 5 rice genotypes under P‐sufficient (10 ppm Pi) and P‐stressed (0.5 ppm Pi) solution culture conditions. Genotypic tolerance to P‐stress was assessed based on less decrease in shoots and roots P content and larger increase in shoots and roots P use efficiency with decreasing P concentration from 10 ppm to 0.5 ppm in the culture solution. Plants were harvested 2 and 4 weeks after growing, respectively, for the parameter measurements. Significant (#0.01) genotypic differences in SPC and RPC were observed under P‐sufficient and P‐stressed conditions with the differences decreasing with length of growing period. On the contrary, significant (#0.01) genotypic differences in SPUE and RPUE were only found under P‐stress condition, but not under P‐sufficient condition, suggesting that genotypic variation in tolerance to P‐stress in terms of PUE could be screened under P‐stress conditions. More than 2‐fold genotypic differences in Psi‐RAPA and Psi‐EAPA were obtained after 2 weeks, followed by a decrease in Psi‐EAPA, but not in Psi‐RAPA. After 2 weeks, Psi‐EAPA was highly correlated to decrease in SPC and decrease in RPC measured after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Significant negative correlations were also found between decrease in SPC and increase in RPUE, and between decrease in SPC and decrease in RPC. The implications of these results in evaluating rice genotypic tolerance to P‐stress is discussed.     

Land-use effects on phosphorus fractions in Cerrado oxisols

 Differently managed oxisols from Central Brazil were studied using a sequential P fractionation procedure because the effects of land use on the distribution of P forms in these soils are barely known. Therefore levels of labile and recalcitrant P forms in the natural Cerrado savanna were compared with those of crop, pasture and reforestation sites on differently textured oxisols. Under natural conditions of strong P deficiency, >60% of labile P was organic P (P_o), reflecting the high contribution of P_o to plant nutrition. Fertilisation after land-use change only increased levels of inorganic P (P_i) forms, the increase being most accentuated in the labile P_i fraction. At the crop and the pasture sites P tended to accumulate as recalcitrant P forms in the clayey soils, while in the loamy soils there was only a minor enrichment, probably due to the lower amounts of Fe- and Al-(hydr)oxides. In the reforestation sites, labile P was maintained at high levels, most likely through efficient recycling of the litter. The P fractionation procedure was also applied to particle-size fractions which reflected P transformations along an organic and mineralogical gradient. The clay fraction corresponded to 69–87% of total P and appeared to be both a sink for highly recalcitrant P and a source for labile P, especially labile P_o. The sequential P fractionation procedure was also an effective method with which to detect the presence of fertiliser-P residues in the coarse-silt fraction. Received: 18 June 1999     

Zinc desorption kinetics as influenced by pH and phosphorus in soils

Abstract

The rate of zinc (Zn) desorption from soil surfaces into soil solution is a dynamic factor that regulates its continuous supply to growing plants. To ascertain the pattern of Zn desorption as a function of phosphorus (P) application rate and pH, kinetics of Zn desorption from three surface soils representative of three major benchmark soil series were investigated using four equations. Zinc desorption decreased continuously with increase in pH from 4.25 to 8.00 in Oxisol. By contrast, Alfisol and Vertisol exhibited maximum Zn desorption at pH 5.50. Thereafter, Zn desorption decreased abruptly at pH 6.75 and finally steady state condition was obtained in both sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) medium. The Elovich equation described Zn desorption kinetics much better at pH 4.25 and 5.50 followed by Parabolic diffusion equation at pH 6.75 and 8.00 for all the soils in NaCl medium. Whereas in the CaCl₂ medium, the Elovich equation was superior in fitting the Zn desorption data irrespective of P level, pH, and soil. The Elovich constant (β) indicated that P affects Zn desorption inversely up to pH values 6.75.     

Geochemistry and mineralogy of southwestern Lake Superior sediments with an emphasis on phosphorus lability

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The lability of phosphorus (P) in Lake Superior sediments and its relationship with sediment mineralogy and geochemistry remains poorly understood. The purpose of...     

A comparison of wet oxidation methods for determination of total phosphorus in soils

For 15 soils with widely different extractability of phosphorus (P) two newly introduced digestion techniques for determining total P (P_t) were compared with the standard perchloric acid digestion procedure. The two digestion techniques were: (1) concentrated H₂SO₄ plus 30 % H₂O₂ at 360 °C, (2) concentrated HCl plus concentrated HNO₃ in the ratio 3:1 (aqua regia) at 140 °C. Almost equal amounts of P_t were extracted by the two methods (mean = 188.7 mg kg^—1 for H₂SO₄/H₂O₂ and 188.4 mg kg^—1 for aqua regia) which were slightly higher than the standard method (mean = 183.8 mg kg^—1). However, there is no statistical difference among the three digestion methods, suggesting that the tested methods should be useful for estimating P_t in soils with high content of organic C, eliminating the danger of explosion when hot concentrated HClO₄ is used.     

Management effects on forms of phosphorus in soil and leaching losses

We should know the effects of soil use and management on the contents and forms of soil phosphorus (P) and the resulting potential for leaching losses of P to prevent eutrophication of surface water. We determined P test values, amounts of sequentially extracted forms of P, P sorption capacities and degrees of P saturation in 20 differently treated soils and compared these data with leaching losses in lysimeters. One-way analyses of variance indicated that most fractions of P were significantly influenced by soil texture, land use (grassland, arable or fallow or reafforestation), mineral fertilization and intensity of soil management. Generally, sandy soils under grass and given large amounts of P fertilizer contained the most labile P and showed the largest P test values. Fallow and reafforestation led to smallest labile P fractions and relative increases of P extractable by H₂SO₄ and residual P. Arable soils with organic and mineral P fertilization given to crop rotations had the largest amounts of total P, labile P fractions and P test values. The mean annual concentrations of P in the lysimeter leachates varied from 0 to 0.81 mg l^–1 (mean 0.16 mg l^–1) and the corresponding leaching losses of P from < 0.01 to 3.2 kg ha^–1 year^–1 (mean 0.3 kg P ha^–1 year^–1). These two sets of data were correlated and a significant exponential function (R² = 0.676) described this relation. Different soil textures, land uses and management practices resulted in similar values for P leaching losses as those for the amounts of labile P fractions. Surprisingly, larger rates of mineral P fertilizer did not necessarily result in greater leaching losses. The contents of P extracted by NaHCO₃ and acid oxalate and the degrees of P saturation were positively correlated with the concentrations of P in leachates and leaching losses. As the P sorption capacity and degree of P saturation predicted leaching losses of P better than did routinely determined soil P tests, they possibly can be developed as novel P tests that meet the requirements of plant nutrition and of water protection.     

无机肥料中有效磷含量的测定国际标准制定研究

为统一全球无机肥料中有效磷含量的测定方法,对国际上现有的3种主要检测方法进行了分析研究,比较了我国现行仲裁方法(GB/T 8573)、欧盟标准方法(EN 15959)以及传统国际标准方法(ISO 6598)的差异性,研究表明上述3种方法对测定结果没有显著差异.ISO/TC 134推荐了以GB/T 8573为基础,制订新...     

国标土样在土壤有效磷含量检测和质控中的应用

定期使用有证标准物质可验证试验数据准确性,以发现操作者、仪器、材料、方法、环境中出现的超限现象,能有效地监控试验过程,提高检测质量。本试验研究了国标土壤对土壤有效磷测定数据进行控制,保证试验数据可靠性。结果表明,除2010月4月27日结果不稳外,其余测定值在16.4～19.8 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.20%;质控图有93%试验点在上下辅助线内,未发现连续7个点位于中心线同一侧,质控图可靠;同时期相比2011年上半年测得国标土壤有效磷含量高于2010年,数值多稳定在18.3 mg/kg以上,精确度和准确度均以2011年较好。