Domestication potential and marketing of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Canarium indicum</Emphasis> nuts in the Pacific: 1. A literature review

Canarium indicum is an indigenous tree of the lowland forests of Melanesia (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu) and parts of Indonesia producing edible nuts, commercial timber and some minor products. For thousands of years the nuts have been culturally important and a traditional food. Since the early 1990s there have been a number of projects aimed at the wider commercialization of the species, with mixed success. This review evaluates the biophysical and socio-economic literature and suggests how the domestication and commercialization processes could be taken forwards to improve the livelihoods of rural households in Melanesia. Many of the issues facing the domestication and commercialization of C. indicum nuts as an Agroforestry Tree Product (AFTP) are similar to those that will be important for the development of other AFTPs. Thus there are lessons that can be learnt from this species which make it a model for other agroforestry tree species.     

Pre- and post-dispersal damage to the nuts of two beech species (Fagus crenata blume andF. japonica Maxim.) that masted simultaneously at the same site

A study of pre- and post-dispersal damage to the nuts of two beeches,Fagus crenata Blume andF. japonica Maxim., which masted simultaneously, was performed on a single site in Japan. Most insect damage to the nuts before dispersal resulted from boring by lepidopteran larvae, and the level of attack was markedly higher onF. crenata than onF. japonica. Early nut growth ofF. crenata allowed these borers to act as the first attackers on the nuts. Conversely, late nut growth ofF. japonica delayed the attack of borers, and foliage feeders acted as the first attackers instead, chewing on nuts from the outside. The low level of borer attacks on the nuts ofF. japonica in mast years was thought to have been caused by foliage feeders decreasing the amount of food resource available for later attack by borers in lean years. This could then lead to a subsequent depression of the population of borers in mast years. The proportion of nuts damaged by moth larvae was independent of the density of nuts for both beech species. Caching by vertebrates was thought to be the most important factor in post-dispersal damage because the density of nuts of both beech species on the forest floor in March was half the level measured using seed traps in the previous year. However, post-germination damage caused by a fungus was also an important factor. The survival rate of the nuts (including current-year seedlings) in the year after dispersal was independent of the density of dispersed sound nuts in the previous year for both beech species, with the exception of one set of observations (forF. japonica in July). This research was supported in part by a grant from the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.     

Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from Henry chestnuts (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanea henryi</Emphasis>)

Polyphenol oxidase from Castanea henryi nuts was partially purified. Some characteristics of the enzyme were then determined to help devise measures for the prevention of undesirable enzymatic browning during storage and processing of the nuts. Preparation of acetone powder extracts of the nuts, ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and gel filtration resulted in 37-fold purification of the enzyme with a yield of 13%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the excitation spectrum confirmed the enzyme preparation to be homogeneous. The approximate molecular weight of the enzyme was determined by gel filtration to be 69kD. The enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of catechol and pyrogallic acid as substrates but did not affect cresol or tyrosine. Using catechol as substrate, p-nitrophenol, thiourea, orcinol, and naphthol showed strong inhibition. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme were pH 5.0 and 40°C, respectively. The enzyme proved heat labile. When the enzyme was incubated at 70°C for 30min, the remaining activity of the enzyme was only 8%. Possible approaches to applying the results of this study to the prevention of enzymatic browning in the production of C. henryi nuts is also discussed.     

世界食用松资源及其开发利用现状

松树一般指松科松属树种,具有多种功能,其中一项重要功能就是为人类提供食用种子。但全世界100多个松树树种并非均能提供适合于食用的松籽,能够提供适合于人类食用种子的松树统称为食用松。文中对世界范围内食用松的食用价值、主要种类、分布、利用状况等进行了简要概述,并对红松、西伯利亚红松、意大利石松等几种重要食用松的研究开发现状进行了总结分析,以期为我国食用松开发利用提供参考。     

Domestication potential of Marula (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerocarya birrea</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">caffra</Emphasis>) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0–4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel ‘ideotypes’ are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.     

9种壳斗科树种坚果3种矿质元素及Vc含量分析

壳斗科(Fagaceae)主要分布在亚洲东南部,全球约900种。我国大多数地区通常把壳斗科植物的坚果都称为橡实,有些省区仅将栎属(Qucercus L.)树种的坚果称之为橡实,而李世华等认为橡实又叫橡子;显然,橡实或橡子均指壳斗科植物的坚果。     

Growth and nut production of black walnut in relation to site, tree type and stand conditions in south-central United States

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a prime tree species for agroforestry practices in the United States providing highly prized wood and nuts for human consumption and wildlife. In 54 black walnut stands in south central United States, the site index (i.e., mean dominant height [DH], at age 25 years) ranged between 5.2 and 21.4 m, and was independent of stand density. There were no differences in height and stem diameter (DBH) growth rates between stands with improved varieties and native stock. Most stands were in a “free growth” stage because of either early age or wide spacing. Mean annual increments in DBH and height were positively related both for improved varieties and native stock. Understory competition had a substantial detrimental effect on DH. In a 26 year-old stand, trees growing within Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis) had a site index 5 m greater than trees growing within tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Predicted nut yields in 2002 varied between 0 and 1370 kg of hulled nuts per ha. Improved varieties had, in general, higher nut yields than predicted from a nut yield-DBH equation developed for individual trees. Nut yields were highly variable both within and among stands, and were related to DBH in native stock but not in improved varieties.     

Factors affecting the dynamics of the population of Fagus crenata in the Takakuma Mountains, the southern limit of its distribution area

The refugee population of Fagus crenata in the Takakuma Mountains, Kyushu, Japan, represents the southern limit of this species' distribution area. Because this population is the most exposed to the global warming effect, records of this population are likely to provide useful information on the response of this species to global warming. The aim of this study was to record the present status of this valuable population, enabling judgment of its sustainability. The density of successive F. crenata trees and saplings was low regardless of the coverage of dwarf bamboo. Moreover, the proportion of empty nuts observed was considerably high, suggesting to be the likely major factor limiting recruitment of saplings or successors in this population. Radial growth of F. crenata was shown to have been decreasing for the past 50 years, and there was a significantly negative correlation with the warmth index. The decreasing growth rate and poor regenerative ability caused by the high proportion of empty nuts suggest the possibility that this population will degrade further in the future, possibly being replaced by shrubs and small tree species.     

Yield and Nutrient Content of Chestnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Castanopsis piriformis</Emphasis>) in Natural Central Highlands Forests,Vietnam

Chestnuts have historical importance as a food source worldwide. Planting of chestnuts has focused on a few species, including Castanea dentata, Castanea sativa, Castanea mollissima, and Castanea crenata, although others species are also edible. Castanea species are members of the beech family (Fagaceae) and are native to tropical and temperate areas. In this study, the yield and nut quality of Castanopsis piriformis in natural forests of the Central Highlands of Vietnam were investigated to provide evidence that C. piriformis is worth growing as a food species. Data were collected from 12 plots of 50 m × 50 m size located in four altitude zones. Nuts were collected from three to five chestnut trees in each plot judged to be of typical sized based on diameter at breast height and crown diameter. Average dry yield of nuts was found to be elevation-dependent, being highest at 500–1000 m (1152 kg/ha/year), decreasing to 815 kg/ha/year below 500 m, and to 770 kg/ha/year at 1000–1500 m. The lowest yield was observed at above 1500 m (252 kg/ha/year). Protein and lipid contents in the kernels of C. piriformis chestnut were 4.4 and 0.1 %, respectively. Glucose accounted for 73.1 % and was significantly higher than that of commercially grown Castanopsis boisii chestnuts in Northern Vietnam. With the current price of 0.6 US$/kg nuts, collecting nuts growing in natural forest can bring at least 480 US$/ha/year to local people. These results indicate the possibility of growing and consuming C. piriformis chestnut as a crop to decrease poverty. However, governmental support is required for the sustainable development of C. piriformis.     

世界松籽资源生产利用现状及我国松籽发展对策探讨

松籽是一种美味的非木质林产品, 全球有30多个松属物种可以生产可食用松籽, 但目前只有5个物种的松籽被用于商业生产。近年来, 国际松籽市场规模在不断扩大, 产品供不应求, 价格居高不下。我国是松籽生产及进出口大国, 年产量在2万t左右, 出口量占世界松籽贸易量的40%以上, 居首位, 但出口的松籽多数原产于俄罗斯。近几年俄罗斯国内消费量在不断增长, 加之俄罗斯远东及西伯利亚生产松籽的森林被大面积地砍伐破坏, 我国不可能长期依赖进口满足国内消费及出口需求。因此, 建议对我国果用松林的经济与生态重要性进行再评估, 并考虑起动相关研究, 挖掘潜力, 对生产松籽的松林实施园艺式高效经营或作为专门产业来管理。     

锥栗干制研究Ⅰ.锥栗鲜果中坏粒剔除研究

对锥栗干制品制作中所产生的原料坏粒剔除进行了研究。实验结果表明 ,通过对原料抽样比较 ,测定坏果率的含量 ,得出最佳抽样数量 ,使样品的检测结果具有代表性 ;通过对个体坏果比重的测定 ,得出总体坏果的比重 ,能最大限度剔除坏果 ;通过盐水浓度的选择 ,剔除鲜果中的坏果 ,从而保证了成品的质量。     

A review of suitable companion crops for black walnut

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is a temperate tree grown for nuts and wood, but it is allelopathic to certain plants and animals. We compiled reports of valuable black walnut companion crops which may be grown in the short term (<15 years after planting walnut trees), medium term (15–30 years), and long term (>30 years). There are many black walnut companion cropping systems for the short and medium term, but there are few for the long term. Companion crops for black walnut serve multiple functions, including nitrogen fixation, added yields, the development of straight walnut stems, and added protection from forest pests such as deer. Black walnut polyculture is a viable alternative worthy of further development and implementation.     

包装对香榧坚果贮藏中的油脂酸败和抗氧化能力的影响

以香榧坚果为材料,研究不同包装方式对香榧原料和加工后成品的酸价、过氧化值、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和和抑制脂质过氧化作用的影响,以期了解真空包装对香榧坚果贮藏过程中脂肪氧化和抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明:香榧原料和成品在贮藏过程中均发生油脂的氧化酸败,表现出过氧化值和酸价上升,总酚含量下降.采用真空包装可显著降低香榧成品贮藏过程中酸价和过氧化值的增加幅度,减轻脂肪的氧化酸败,保持较高的总酚含量,减缓DPPH自由基清除能力的下降,抑制亚油酸脂质的氧化,相对较好地维持组织的抗氧化能力.     

风吸式多功能坚果脱壳机的研制

阐述了开展坚果脱壳机研制的目的和重要意义,介绍了我国坚果脱壳机研究的现状和存在的问题,论述了风吸式多功能坚果脱壳机的结构、工作原理和主要技术指标,供有关科研、工程技术人员和果仁生产企业参考。     

Characterization of tree-to-tree variation in morphological,nutritional and medicinal properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Canarium indicum</Emphasis> nuts

As part of a feasibility study of the commercialization potential of C. indicum nuts as Agroforestry Tree Products in Papua New Guinea, preliminary characterization studies have examined the tree-to-tree variation in morphological traits (nut and kernel mass and kernel:nut ratio), as well as nutritional (carbohydrate, fat, protein, sodium, vitamin E) and medicinal traits (anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity and phenolic content) of kernels from 18 to 72 trees in a small number of different villages of Papua New Guinea (East New Britain Province). There was continuous variation in these traits indicating opportunities for multiple trait cultivar development targeted at food and pharmaceutical markets. Certain traits, for example anti-inflammatory activity, in which tree-to-tree variation was highly significant, present greater opportunities than others, such as saturated:unsaturated fatty acid ratio. This intraspecific variation was greater within populations than between populations. The data presented has allowed the development of a strategy to domesticate C. indicum for cultivation in homegardens and cocoa–coconut agroforests, using a participatory approach aimed at the production of agroforestry tree products (AFTPs) to empower small-holders and enhance their livelihoods and income.     

自动润滑装置在数控无卡轴旋切机上的应用

数控无卡轴旋切机的刀台进给系统通过丝杠螺母的传动可实现刀体座的进退,传动丝杠螺母都是依靠人工润滑,如果润滑不及时就会出现粘牙现象而导致整个设备不能工作。介绍了一种自动润滑装置,其可实现对丝杠螺母的自动润滑。     

Traditional knowledge and practices on utilisation and marketing of Yeheb (Cordeauxia edulis) in Ethiopia

Cordeauxia edulis (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), commonly called Yeheb, is a small nitrogen-fixing tree/shrub species endemic to Ethiopia and Somalia. The tree produces nuts that are consumed as a staple food by the local people and are sold in local markets. Recent reports indicate that Yeheb has vanished from many locations noted by earlier travellers and, as a result, it is considered threatened (Vulnerable A2cd) by IUCN. The present study was conducted in Boh district, in the Somali region of Ethiopia to assess local people’s knowledge and practices on the use and marketing of the species and its products. A total of 182 households and 32 traders were interviewed from ten villages where the remnant populations of Yeheb are currently found. The results of the study suggest that Yeheb plays a significant role in the livelihoods of the local community. Consumption of nuts as a staple food is the major use of Yeheb. The nuts are also sold, generating a significant household income for the local people. The foliage of Yeheb is a major browse for camels and goats, and 90 % of the houses are built from the wood of Yeheb. It is recommended that conservation measures be put in place to protect this important species from extinction.     

The economic potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gevuina avellana</Emphasis> in New Zealand planted forests

Gevuina avellana (gevuina) is a South American tree that produces edible nuts. This study conceptualizes the transformation of a planted radiata forest into an agroforestry system that integrates radiata and gevuina trees to produce timber and Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). This study assesses the economic potential of growing gevuina nuts in a New Zealand planted forest case study. Findings suggest that planted forests offer the potential for commercial scale using land use opportunities created around road infrastructure, and in pocket areas connected by roads. The economic returns determined in this study were significant, even in small areas. The key to realising this potential will be in the identification and use of the production strategies to handle the complex system.     

多效唑对核桃生长发育的影响及其生理基础*

对８年生晚实嫁接核桃树，于春季新梢长１５ｃｍ左右时进行多效唑叶面喷施处理，试验结果表明，１０００－２０００ｐｐｍ浓度的多效唑可显著抑制核桃树营养生长，以２００ｐｐｍ处理树于８月２７日调查结果为例，新梢长度，节间长度、新梢粗度、干径和叶面积分别分别比对照低６１．５、２１．４、２９．１、２８．２和５９．９％。单株坚果数和产量分别比对照增加５７．９和６４．９％。多效唑对核桃的生理效应包括；降低ＧＡ３、Ｉ