秸秆覆盖及保水剂对砖红壤山地芒果果实的影响

采用80 g/株的丙烯酰胺型保水剂施用在芒果树冠层内和秸秆覆盖树盘的处理,测定对芒果果实生长的影响。结果表明:施用保水剂和秸秆覆盖的处理,果实的纵横径、产量及品质均高于对照,其中单株平均产量分别较对照提高7.81%、9.03%,并达到极显著差异水平,但保水剂和秸秆覆盖处理的产量差异不显著;保水剂处理的芒果品质优于秸秆覆盖处理。在海南冬春旱季,施用保水剂和进行秸秆覆盖均可以提高山地芒果的产量和品质。     

不同土壤管理方式对苹果园土壤养分含量的影响

为研究不同土壤管理方式对苹果园土壤养分含量的影响,选择庆阳市不同区域生草覆盖、黑膜覆盖和清耕(对照)3种管理方式,对90个苹果园土壤进行养分分析。结果表明:生草覆盖和黑膜覆盖0~30、30~60cm土层中土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、速效钾的含量均高于清耕(对照),提高了果园土壤的基础肥力,增加了土壤的养分含量,其中生草覆盖对增加土壤养分更为显著,在苹果园管理上应大力推广。     

覆盖对梨园土壤微生物、梨树生长及果实品质的影响

以地膜、秸秆为覆盖材料,设置地膜、秸秆、秸秆+地膜、秸秆+菌肥覆盖和清耕(对照)5个处理,研究不同覆盖处理对梨园土壤微生物、梨树生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,秸秆、秸秆+地膜、秸秆+菌肥覆盖在各个物候期均能提高土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和纤维素分解菌的数量;地膜覆盖在果实膨大期和果实成熟期出现降低土壤细菌数量,在新梢生长期和果实膨大期出现降低土壤真菌数量的现象,对土壤放线菌和纤维素分解菌数量的影响同其他覆盖处理一致。覆盖处理可以促进梨树树体生长,改善果实品质。通过Topsis评价法排名,覆盖效果排名依次为秸秆+菌肥、秸秆+地膜、秸秆、地膜覆盖处理。     

鸡嘴荔树盘铺肥与覆盖试验研究

研究了不同树盘覆盖模式对果园土壤和鸡嘴荔生长的影响。试验结果表明:树盘铺肥+盖草和树盘铺肥+盖膜均能提高早春树盘土壤温度;树盘铺肥+盖草在夏季高温季节能有效降低树盘土壤温度,而树盘铺肥+盖膜夏季降温不明显。树盘铺肥+盖草能有效增加土壤有机质含量。树盘铺肥+盖膜有效提高了土壤有效氮、有效磷和有效钾的含量。树盘铺肥+盖草和树盘铺肥+盖膜均对鸡嘴荔树体营养生长和产量起促进作用。     

种植苜蓿及苜蓿覆盖对核桃园土壤性质的影响

为明确核桃园生草、覆盖效果,研究了核桃园行间种植苜蓿及苜蓿刈割后覆盖行内对土壤含水量、有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P等土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:经过1年试验处理后,各处理0~20cm土层土壤全磷、速效氮、20~40cm土层的速效磷含量均存在极显著差异,0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤全氮、0~20cm土层土壤速效磷含量均存在显著差异。经过连续2年试验处理后,0~20cm土壤有机质,3个土层土壤全磷、速效磷、速效氮和0~20cm、20~40cm土层土壤全氮含量均存在极显著差异。与对照相比,经过连续2年苜蓿覆盖后,苜蓿覆盖区不同土层的土壤含水量提高了2.22~4.08个百分比点,苜蓿覆盖区0~20cm土层土壤有机质含量为14.67g/kg,提高了77.8%,土壤全磷含量为0.53g/kg,提高了55.9%;苜蓿种植区20~40cm土层土壤速效磷含量为17.17mg/kg,提高了22.4%。表明核桃园种植苜蓿和用苜蓿覆盖能有效地提高土壤含水量和养分含量,增强土壤养分供给能力。     

山旱塬区苹果园不同覆盖措施对土壤水分运动及产量的影响

为了探清不同地表覆盖措施(黑膜覆盖、白膜覆盖、行间生草、清耕对照)对苹果园土壤水文状况的影响,于2014—2015年采用HL20土壤墒情监测仪对山旱塬区花牛苹果园土壤水分状况进行定位监测,采用SF-L树干径流仪和Watch Dog 2900ET自动气象站对树干径流及环境因子进行了连续观测,并同时调查苹果产量。结果表明:不同覆盖措施下土壤水分补偿效果显现的时间均比降水量最大值出现的时间滞后1个月左右,处理的前2个月黑膜覆盖的土壤含水量最低,2个月之后不同覆盖措施的土壤贮水量均表现为黑膜覆盖白膜覆盖行间生草清耕对照;不同物候期不同覆盖措施的土壤剖面平均含水量均表现为黑膜覆盖行间生草白膜覆盖清耕对照;不同覆盖措施中白膜覆盖处理的667 m~2产量最高,达1 848.37 kg,黑膜覆盖的水分利用率最高,为143.59 kg·mm~(-1)·hm~(-2)。综合来看,不同覆盖措施均使苹果树产量及水分利用率有明显提高,地膜覆盖对苹果园土壤保墒效果更好,覆膜时间以春季2—3月较好。     

树盘覆草对砂地梨园幼树根际土壤含水量的影响

以"红早酥梨"当年栽植幼树为试材,设土壤质地(A)、覆草种类(B)、覆草量3因素3水平正交实验,在砂地新建梨园进行了幼树树盘覆草保水试验,以期为干旱区砂地果园建植节水培肥措施的应用提供参考。结果表明:树盘覆草对保持幼树距树干50cm范围0~60cm土层土壤水分有积极保水作用;树盘覆盖苦豆子、紫花苜蓿、混合杂草,单株覆盖2.5、5.0、7.5kg鲜草,根际土壤含水量相近,处理间无显著差异;在2012年8月11日灌水后的第16天,受树盘覆草作用的影响,根际土壤0~60cm含水量为6.23%,幼树生长正常,可继续延长灌水间隔期;在灌水后的第70天,树盘覆草处理3个土层土壤含水量20~40cm40~60cm0~20cm,幼树根际土壤水分的这种分布格局有利于幼树根系对水分的需求;生产中,砂地梨园幼树树盘覆盖5.0kg左右苦豆子或混合杂草,具有保持幼树根际土壤水分的效果。     

不同地面覆盖对沙糖桔园土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响

为了弄清不同地面覆盖对桂林沙糖桔园土壤温湿度、土壤养分及果实品质的影响,2017年6月至2018年1月在荔浦县大塘镇万家兴果疏专业合作社4年生沙糖桔园,采用黑色地布与黑色塑料薄膜进行不同覆盖(地面全覆盖黑色地布,树盘行间1.5 m内和株间全部树盘覆盖黑色地布,树盘覆盖1.5 m×1.5 m黑色地布,树盘覆盖1.5 m×1.5 m黑色塑料薄膜)试验,以不覆盖为对照。结果表明,遇高温天气时,黑色地布覆盖均使树冠滴水线处土壤平均温度(0～25 cm深土层)升高,覆盖黑色塑料薄膜未对土壤温度产生显著影响;一般天气时,覆盖黑色地布和黑色塑料薄膜均未对土壤温度产生显著影响。地面覆盖后沙糖桔树冠滴水线处40 cm深处的土壤湿度均高于对照。不同地面覆盖对沙糖桔园土壤养分变化的影响不同,其中,黑色地布全园覆盖的土壤各营养元素流失较少。不同地面覆盖对沙糖桔果实内在品质有显著影响,但对果面色差无显著影响,其中,黑色地布全园覆盖可提高果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及维生素C含量。桂林沙糖桔园地面管理宜选黑色地布全园覆盖。     

桔园旱期管护技术要点

1　全园灌水柑、橙、柚果树叶片稍见向内卷曲时即需灌水 ,干旱期过长 ( 1 0 d以上 )的果园灌水时不能一次性灌足 ,须灌淋一次跑马水 ,3～ 4d后再灌淋一次透土 ,这样可避免裂果的产生。2　树盘覆盖用稻草、木叶、白尼龙膜等材料对树盘进行覆盖 ,能保持树盘泥土水分。果园的杂草不影响果树生长的可暂不杀 (铲 )除 ,旱期过后再铲除覆盖到树盘上。3　科学用肥果实膨大期和秋梢期遇干旱时 ,壮果肥、攻梢肥及壮梢肥须勤施簿施。可把所需施入的复合肥、钾肥溶于水中淋施。为健树壮果并可多次进行叶面追肥 ,可采用 0 .1 %尿素 + 0 .2 %磷酸二氢钾混…     

树盘覆黑膜对梨树生长及矿质营养含量的影响

对梨树树盘覆黑膜后树体营养生长和果实生长指标、叶片及果实矿质营养含量的测定。结果表明,树盘覆黑膜梨树叶片相对含水量、叶绿素相对含量和果实可溶性固形物含量显著提高;影响叶片和果实中矿质营养含量。为梨树树盘覆黑膜能促进生长和提高果实品质提供理论依据。     

苗床覆盖和播种密度对福建山樱花苗木生长的影响

采用苗床不同覆盖方式和不同播种密度进行福建山樱花播种育苗效果比较试验。结果表明：以塑料小拱棚＋碎草覆盖苗床的发芽率最高,达88.5%;苗木密度以株行距10 cm×10 cm的生长量最大,平均苗高为153.7 cm,平均地径为0.82 cm,平均主根长度为30.4cm,≥5 cm长Ⅰ级侧根平均条数为11.0条。     

不同覆盖方式西瓜土壤水分变化规律及利用效率

通过宁夏中卫市香山乡红圈子8队西瓜地不同覆盖方式的田间试验,研究了土壤水分动态变化。结果表明:在补水与不补水条件下,砂石+地膜覆盖和砂石覆盖都具有良好的保墒和集水作用,并且砂石+地膜覆盖水分利用率最高,而单一的地膜覆盖也有一定保墒作用。     

牡丹江市城市广场绿化及植物配置多样性调查研究

调查分析了牡丹江市7个广场的绿化现状、绿地覆盖率和植物配置多样性。结果表明:明珠广场的绿化景观最好;东光立交桥下的绿地覆盖率最高,为81.5%,文化广场的绿地覆盖率最低,为21.9%;广场绿化中应用频度和配置多样性最高的树种为红皮云杉,总结广场绿化的基调树种为红皮云杉、水蜡和丹东桧。     

对环境友好型小区景观设计的几点思考

针对环境友好型小区景观建设的绿化指标、地面保水指标、节水指标以及污水、垃圾处理指标,指出了环境友好型小区景观设计应以植物材料的设计为基础,有效进行垃圾分类和有机垃圾的再利用,建立集雨园,进行地表覆盖、特种绿地的绿化,建立乔灌草的复层立体绿化模式替代单一的草坪绿化模式,同时倡导室内绿化。     

利用简易设施防止果树冻害的栽培模式

对果树越冬提出了适应棚膜式覆盖的栽培模式方法。提出了匍匐式栽培的果树或葡萄,可以直接用棚膜式覆盖越冬代替土埋法。矮化密植栽培模式的果树,可以利用支柱或支架棚膜覆盖越冬。传统乔化栽培模式的果树,可以利用套罩的方法越冬;最好改造为矮化密植的栽培模式,便于棚膜覆盖越冬。设施栽培方法是安全越冬的最佳模式,也是现代农业的趋势。从防止冻害技术入手,改变栽培模式以适应棚膜覆盖是防止果树冻害的关键。     

Performance of native succulents,forbs, and grasses on an extensive green roof over four years in subtropical Australia

To achieve enduring low-maintenance green roofs that provide maximum benefit in the subtropics, plants need to be well adapted to the local climate with extensive green coverage. The use of native plants contributes to ecological restoration, yet there is very limited information available on their performance in the subtropics. This study aimed to determine the performance of nine species of Australian native forbs, succulents, and grasses in monofunctional and functionally-mixed plant communities on an extensive green roof in Brisbane over four years. Green coverage and survival were monitored via image analysis and observational visits. Forbs established slowly, but successfully (82 % green coverage, 67 % survival after four years) with species Hibbertia scandens (100 % survival) and Dianella brevipedunculata (58 % survival and extensive recruitment) performing the best. Grasses, including Themeda triandra, Poa labillardieri and Cymbopogon refractus, achieved a fast initial green coverage (47 % after 10 months), but showed high seasonal variability and declined to 2 %. Contrary to expectations, succulents performed poorly (<5 % green coverage, 14 % survival). Green coverage had an inverse trend to plant survival in successful plots (forbs, functionally-mixed) indicating a gap-filling effect by high performing species. Survival was more strongly linked to individual species than to functional type or plant community arrangement. Based on the results of this study, we recommend consideration of functionally-mixed green roof plantings with a variety of indigenous plants including forbs for low maintenance and resilient green coverage in the subtropics. Habitats that provided suitable plant species for this study were coastal headlands, dunes, montane areas, and open eucalypt forests. Analogous habitats in other regions can be explored to find new native plant species to increase the plant palette of potentially suitable species. It would be beneficial to trial more plants from these habitats over multiple years to increase the knowledge of suitable species available to green roof designers.     

Bad nature: Newspaper representations of ecosystem disservices

Public perceptions and expectations towards ecosystems are an important part of environmental management and planning. This article focuses on the media representations that disseminate information, create framings and influence public attitudes. More specifically, the focus is on print media representations of ecosystem disservices. Ecosystem disservices are functions or properties of ecosystems that cause negative effects on human well-being or that are perceived as harmful, unpleasant or unwanted. Results from a case study focusing on the Finnish newspaper coverage of ecosystem disservices are presented. The results show that a wide variety of harms and nuisances related to ecosystems are brought up and discussed by the media. Implications for environmental management are discussed. The key claim is that taking into account the full repertoire of media representations of ecosystem functions is vital for preventing, anticipating and solving controversies related to environmental management and planning.     

Spatial disparities in neighborhood public tree coverage: Do modes of transportation matter?

Urban green space has various environmental and ecological benefits, and uneven access to such amenities has drawn substantial attention from policy makers in developing sustainable community planning. In this study, we illustrate the spatial distribution of publicly owned and maintained trees in Edmonton, Canada and assess neighborhoods’ heterogeneous tree availability by using the container approach. Through spatial regression models, we further investigate the association of neighborhood public tree availability with socio-economic status (SES). We contribute to the existing literature by taking resident modes of transportation into consideration, in addition to many other commonly examined SES such as household income and ethnicity. Another unique contribution of this study is that we distinguish trees planted on different location types (i.e., boulevard, park, and buffer areas) when exploring the unequal coverage across neighborhoods and among different SES groups. Key results include: (1) a general examination without differentiating location types can lead to misleading results and thus provide inappropriate policy recommendations; (2) resident modes of transportation is a critical factor associated with a neighborhood’s public tree coverage; and (3) there exists evident spatial dependence on public tree availability between neighborhoods. The results from this study provide important information to better understand the issue and to allocate public resource (such as tree coverage) more efficiently and effectively to support sustainable community development.     

Subjective perception of noise exposure in relation to urban green space availability

Noise pollution has been recognized as one of major threats to the health of urban residents. Increasing green space availability can create a natural buffer to the adverse effects of living in an urban environment. These positive effects of urban green space can be directly related to an objective reduction of noise levels and – indirectly – to the subjective perception of noise exposure. In our study carried out in Lodz, Poland, we explored the relationship between objective noise levels and the subjective perception of noise exposure by urban residents in relation to urban green space availability. We refer to objective noise exposure expressed as GIS modelled L_den derived from noise maps (compliant with the Environmental Noise Directive, 2002/49/EC), and subjective (self-reported) perception of noise exposure as declared in a questionnaire-based survey. We compared the percentage of green space in a buffer, the objectively measured noise level, and the perceived exposure to noise to find the most appropriate radius of the green space buffer. We decided to choose the green space coverage which is not correlated with an objective noise level to avoid potential multicollinearity in regression models. This contrasts with most studies, in which the radius of the buffer is set a priori. We thus compared the selected buffer of green space coverage – 300 m (representing green space availability) – with perceived noise exposure. We used the spatial error probit model to differentiate the impacts of objective and subjective noise indicators, at the same time including also the factor of green space availability. We found out that the direct effect of objectively measured noise levels, education, the presence of noisy neighbours, and building characteristics were the most important variables influencing the self-reported perception of noise by urban residents. The indirect effect of green space availability on noise perception was not strong, yet statistically significant. Although our study does not provide clear-cut evidence, it indicates that the indirect, psychological effects of urban green spaces can positively affect the life satisfaction of urban residents.     

Spatio-temporal monitoring of urban street-side vegetation greenery using Baidu Street View images

Street-side vegetation greenery contributes substantial health benefits for pedestrians. Multi-year street view images are expected to enable the monitoring of dynamic street-side vegetation greenery changes and the development of targeted urban landscape plans. However, the potential of multi-year street view images used for the assessment of street-side vegetation greenery has not been evaluated yet. Besides, complicated urban landscapes may make it difficult to accurately quantify vegetation greenery. This study developed a framework to assess the spatio-temporal variation of street-side vegetation greenery using the Baidu Street View images and a new Vegetation Greenery Index (VGI). The proposed analytical framework was applied to Tai’an city, a highly populated city where urbanization has been rapid in China. The level of vegetation greenery estimated using the proposed framework was compared with ground truths randomly collected at sampling sites along the road networks in 2014 and 2019 to assess the applicability. Results demonstrated that the proposed VGI method could accurately quantify street-side vegetation greenery. The comparison of multi-year VGI layers could identify locations where vegetation greenery substantially changed and quantify the overall change in urban greenery. Vegetation greenery estimates were well agreed with the ground truths. Spatio-temporal variations in the urban vegetation greenery were attributed to trees that were newly planted or removed, the natural growth of the existing vegetation, and new building construction. The proposed framework is expected to be a useful tool to evaluate urban vegetation greenery and help urban landscape planning.