作物杂种优势群的研究及在水稻杂种优势中的应用

遗传差异是杂种优势形成的基础。因此将亲本按遗传差异分群就有可能配出强优势的组合。目前,作物杂种优势群已在玉米、小麦上有了一些研究,水稻方面也开始了优势生态型的研究。本文简述了几种以遗传差异为标准和杂种优势群的构建方法,如根据系谱关系、形态形状、分子标记等来评价亲本间的遗传差异,并认为分子标记是一种更有效的工具,水稻生产迫切要求在杂种优势利用途径上有所突破,水稻优势生态型值得进一步研究。     

玉米的杂种优势群和杂种优势模式

划分玉米育种材料的杂种优势群和构建杂种优势模式表明,杂交育种技术向理论思维方式的靠近,反映出指导思想与观念的飞跃。尽管至今还不了解杂种优势的形成原因,但杂种优势群的划分具有重要的指导意义,使自交系选育、尤其是二环系的选育技术,群体合成与改良技术和杂交种选配技术及育种研究管理技术等在一定程度上摆脱盲目性。数量遗传学方法与分子生物学技术的结合,将促进对杂种优势群的划分研究,同时也推动了相关学科的研究进展。     

利用热带种质资源构建温带玉米杂群和杂种优势模式的商榷

概括分析了热带玉米种质的遗传组成,地理起源,配合力效应以及热带地区或国家主要应用的种质类群和杂种优势模式,结合我国主要利用的杂种优势群和杂种优势模式,就如何充分利用热带种质,拓宽我国玉米育种的种质基础,构建我国新型杂种优势群和杂种优势模式等进行了讨论。     

春播早熟区高粱杂种优势群及杂种优势模式分析

杂种优势群的划分对于拓宽亲本间遗传基础、提高育种效率,培育突破性新品种具有重要的指导作用。本研究利用全基因组重测序技术对55份春播早熟区40余年生产中主推杂交种亲本系进行全基因组扫描,分析其群体结构,估算遗传距离,划分杂种优势群,分析主推杂交种的杂种优势模式。结果表明,利用全基因组5×测序,过滤到1,304,623个高质量SNP标记用于群体结构分析和杂种优势类群划分。55份高粱亲本系平均遗传距离为0.704,变幅0.627～0.927。多态信息含量(polymorphism information content, PIC)平均为0.2935,变幅为0.1～0.5。群体结构和主成分分析将55份亲本系划分为4个杂种优势群:都拉群(Durra, D群)、卡佛尔/都拉群(Kafir/Durra, KD群)、俄罗斯/卡佛尔群(Russia/Kafir,RK群)、中国高粱群(Kaoliang,K群)。25个主推杂交种中76%的杂交种杂种优势模式为Kafir/Durra×Kaoliang模式,主推高粱杂交种的不育系主要来源于引自国外的Kafir和Durra群,恢复系多来源于我国自产的Kaolian...     

作物杂种优势遗传基础研究进展

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象,可以大幅度提高作物产量和改良作物品质,具有巨大的商用价值。杂种优势遗传基础的研究一直是近百年来遗传和育种学家研究的热点和难点问题。笔者综述了杂种优势遗传基础的两个经典假说－显性假说和超显性假说的基本观点、不足之处。同时概括了利用分子生物学手段解释杂种优势遗传基础的一些新的学术见解,如：上位性效应与杂种优势、基因网络系统与杂种优势、遗传平衡与杂种优势、活性基因效应与杂种优势、遗传差异与杂种优势、QTL效应与杂种优势、基因表达调控与杂种优势,并列举了部分学说的分子证据。以期使人们能够了解杂种优势遗传基础的发展历程和最新研究动态。     

植物杂种优势研究进展

杂种优势是广泛存在的遗传学现象,并在多种动植物中得到成功的利用,但对于杂种优势产生的遗传学机理尚未十分清楚.本文对植物杂种优势机理研究进行了较为详尽地评述,在综述了杂种优势遗传基础经典理论和假说的基础上,概括了利用分子生物学手段解释杂种优势遗传基础的一些新见解.探讨了杂种优势群和分子标记与杂种优势的关系.最后对杂种优势研究的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

植物杂种优势固定问题

在目前许多作物常规杂交育种处于“爬坡”的形势下,利用植物杂种优势,是改良作物最有潜力的育种途径。在这方面已取得举世瞩目的成就。从本世纪20年代第一个玉米杂交种开始,相继实现了近40个食用作物的杂种优势利用。长期以来,育种家在设想种种杂种优势固定的方法,但至今只有少数作物在个     

分子标记预测作物杂种优势的研究进展

杂种优势育种是蔬菜作物的一种重要育种技术。国内外利用RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR等分子标记技术开展了作物杂种优势预测的方法研究,取得了富有启示性的研究结果。本文分析和述评了国内外作物杂种优势分子预测的遗传距离法、杂种优势类群法、QTL法认为基于QTL的杂种优势类群和遗传距离相结合的方法将是作物杂种优势预测研究今后的研究重点和热点,并最有可能在育种实践中得以应用。     

小麦杂种优势利用研究进展

杂种优势是生物界的一种普遍现象,利用杂种优势大幅度提高作物产量是现代农业科学技术的一项重大成就。小麦是重要的粮食作物,也是唯一尚未实现大面积利用杂种优势的粮食作物,推进小麦杂种优势利用技术研究对保障国家粮食安全具有重大意义。本文综述了小麦杂种优势的表现、论述了小麦杂种优势利用途径、研究进展和取得的成就,并对杂交小麦研究应用中存在的问题与对策进行了探讨。     

作物杂种优势利用国际学术大会

为了更好地总结作物杂种优势研究与利用的成果与经验,由中国工程院、国家外国专家局和陕西省人民政府主办,西北农林科技大学承办的"作物杂种优势利用国际学术大会"将于2012年8月20～22日在陕西西安召开。会议宗旨:积极促进作物杂种优势利用领域国际间的学术交流与合作,着力推动作物杂种优势利用科     

On the optimum mutation rate and optimum dose for practical mutation breeding

Summary Optimum mutation rates for practical purpose were discussed based on the theoretically derived formulae, and mutagen doses giving the optimum mutation rates were estimated from the experiments reported hitherto. It was suggested that in cereal crops such as rice and barley, considerably low mutation rates as with the mutagen doses lower than 5 kR of or X rays and 2%·h of EMS are appropriate for obtaining directly applicable mutants. High mutation rates seem to be limited to the production of some rare breeding stocks.     

糯玉米优化施肥研究

采用3因子5水平最优设计,建立了N、P、K施肥与糯玉米产量、利润的数学模型。由模型得知：⑴ 3个因子对产量、利润的影响顺序氮肥﹥磷肥﹥钾肥;⑵ 产量﹥950㎏／667㎡、利润﹥1000元／667㎡的优化施肥方案为施N 6. 98～10.35㎏、P2O5 3.69～4.95㎏、K2O 5.81～8.22㎏。     

On the optimum grid size in field experiments without replications

Summary In unreplicated field trials a correction for soil heterogeneity is easily achieved by gridding, i.e. by expressing the observations as deviations from a local average. This paper investigates the problem of determining the optimum size of such a neighbourhood to be used in a moving average. The optimum grid size depends on two parameters, i.e. the coarseness of the spatial variation of the trial field and the ratio of genotypic vs. non-genotypic variance. In general these parameters are not known to the breeder. We introduce a method for estimating these parameters from the data. From these estimates the optimum grid size can be obtained using tables presented in this paper.The method has been evaluated by applying it to a series of simulated data. It turned out that the agreement between estimated and true optimum grid size was satisfactory in these simulations.Some theoretical aspects of the results are discussed.     

Dark induced senescence as a tool in breeding wheat for optimum senescence pattern

Senescence can influence: (1) leaf area duration, (2) area of transpiringtissue and (3) translocation of nutrients – mainly nitrogen to grain.Therefore, selection for optimum senescence pattern might be efficient forimproving performance of wheat in a given environment. This study wasconducted to investigate the feasibility of a seedling test for estimatinggenotypic differences in senescence rate of wheat. We studied the responseof several wheat genotypes to dark exposure of seedlings, by measuring therate of chlorophyll loss in the first leaf. The rate of chlorophyll loss variedsignificantly among genotypes, the highest rate being more than double ofthe lowest. Linear regression accounted for most of the chlorophyll contentvariation during dark treatment in all cultivars. Significant correlation wasfound between the rate of chlorophyll loss following exposure to darknessand chlorophyll loss during aging in an environment relatively free ofdiseases and stresses. A good correlation was also found between theresponse of several genotypes to dark exposure and chlorophyll loss ofseedlings following starvation. We conclude that a seedling test for darkinduced senescence might allow an easy characterization of senescencepattern, allowing increased genetic progress in its optimization.     

Analysis on the optimum dynamic quality of wireless mesh network

In order to procure the optimum quality of control for full-controlled wireless mesh network, the primary influencing factor network time delay is analyzed. In order to get the optimum quality of control,the minimum network time delay should be acquired,and the algorithm of branch and bound is given to solve this problem. According to the numerical simulation, the quality of control for the whole network system with decreasing the delay time can be optimized by adjusting the number of nodes, the average transmission hop counts, and the probability of successful channel access and transmission for random nodes.     

对北方旱地覆膜玉米高产栽培最佳播期的研究

最佳播期，是北方旱地覆膜玉米高产栽培中关键技术措施之一。通过对北方干旱、半干旱生态类型区自然资源的分析，提出了综合应用地膜的增温、保墒效应，对覆膜玉米适时早播的理论基础和生产实践进行了分析研究，进一步明确了适时早播的标准。     

Environmental influences on optimum nitrogen fertiliser rates for temperate dairy pastures

Considerable variability in the yield response of temperate dairy pastures to the strategic use of nitrogen (N) fertiliser has been observed previously. Some of this variation could potentially be attributed to environmental effects on the available N (soil mineral N plus fertiliser N) concentration required to optimise pasture growth. Five nitrogen application rate response field experiments were undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the environmental influence on pasture mineral N requirements. A significant response to N fertiliser application rate was detected in four out of the five experiments. The absence of a significant response in one experiment can be attributed to limited water availability. Across the experiments where a significant response to N fertiliser rate was detected the available N that was required to achieve 90% of maximum yield ranged between 60 and 81 kg N/ha. It is concluded that when water availability, soil temperatures and air temperatures are conducive to pasture growth an available N level of between 60 and 81 kg N/ha should be targeted when N fertiliser is used strategically to optimise pasture growth. Soil N testing results should be interpreted in light of the prevailing climatic and edaphic conditions if they are to be used to guide N fertiliser rate decisions within intensively managed temperate pastures.     

无架豇豆种子高产栽培技术方案研究

采用二次回归正交旋转设计方法，经过计算机计算，建立了播期、密度和矮壮素施用量等3项栽培技术与美国无架豇豆产量的数学模型并通过模拟寻优，筛选出每公顷产量2140～2650kg的综合技术优化组合方案。