珍稀濒危植物夏蜡梅总生物碱含量分析

对不同海拔高度、不同居群的夏蜡梅营养器官总生物碱含量进行测定,并分析了与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:①不同海拔高度夏蜡梅不同营养器官均含有生物碱,总生物碱含量以叶片最高,其余器官的含量均较低,叶片的总生物碱含量均显著高于其它营养器官,而其它营养器官之间差异均不显著。②阳坡的夏蜡梅叶片总生物碱含量显著高于阴坡,其余器官在阴、阳坡之间的含量差异不显著。③7个居群夏蜡梅叶片总生物碱含量存在较大差异,变化范围在1.468 1%~2.557 6%之间,平均为2.158 0%。④通径分析显示,土壤氮含量对夏蜡梅叶片总生物碱含量起正相关作用,土壤磷含量起负相关作用。而有机质、海拔、土壤pH值均可以间接通过土壤氮含量对叶片总生物碱含量起正相关作用。     

不同复合铁肥对黄化三角梅的复绿效果分析

研究不同复合铁肥对三角梅黄化病的复绿效果影响,开展了4种不同复合铁肥的处理实验,采用硫酸亚铁、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)螯合铁、氨基酸、尿素的不同组合,测定三角梅叶片的叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数、光合特性相关的净光合速率及胞间二氧化碳浓度。结果发现四种复合铁肥的处理方式均能提高三角梅叶片的叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率Fv/Fm以及净光合速率Pn,其中C4(Fe-AA:0.3%硫酸亚铁+0.15%氨基酸)的复绿效果最佳。     

水杨酸和吲哚丁酸对冬季山椒子幼苗生长及抗逆生理的影响

【目的】探讨植物生长调节剂水杨酸(SA)和吲哚丁酸(IBA)对山椒子Uvaria grandiflora幼苗生长及生理特性的影响,为山椒子的人工栽培及壮苗生长提供理论基础。【方法】以山椒子1年生实生苗为供试材料,采用盆栽试验方法,叶面分别喷施不同质量浓度(0、50、100、150、200 mg/L)的SA和IBA,研究SA和IBA对其生长指标、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片MDA含量、叶片抗氧化酶活性和叶片渗透调节物质含量的影响。【结果】与对照相比,各质量浓度的SA、IBA溶液处理均使山椒子幼苗高和地径显著增加,且除MDA含量以外,叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量均显著增加,其中分别以150 mg/L的SA溶液处理和100 mg/L的IBA溶液处理的效果最佳。150 mg/L的SA溶液处理和100 mg/L的IBA溶液处理下,山椒子苗高和地径显著高于对照组,苗高分别达到对照的143%和153%,地径分别达到对照的144%和138%;叶片叶绿素含量分别提高至对照的150%和108%;叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD、APX)活性显著增强,SOD活性分别为对照的164%和125%,CAT活性分别为对照的129%和127%,POD活性分别为对照的317%和347%,APX活性分别为对照的125%和106%;叶片渗透调节物质游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量显著升高,游离脯氨酸含量分别高出对照37%和42%,可溶性蛋白含量分别高出对照113%和19%;叶片MDA含量分别下降至对照的61%和48%。【结论】叶面喷施SA和IBA溶液可明显促进山椒子幼苗生长并诱导其抗逆性增强,其中分别以150 mg/L的SA溶液处理和100 mg/L的IBA溶液处理时效果最佳,且SA处理效果略优于IBA处理。     

生物炭施用下亚热带红壤铁还原及磷形态转化关系研究

[目的 ]研究降雨丰沛，土壤水分长期饱和条件下生物炭对杉木人工林土壤铁还原的影响，分析土壤铁还原菌、解磷菌群落结构变化规律，最终明确生物炭对土壤铁还原的影响及与磷形态转化的关系。[方法 ]以杉木人工林红壤为供试土壤，收集林下杉木叶烧制成300℃和500℃生物炭，以0、1%、3%占比添加生物炭进行40 d的室内培养。测定土壤基本化学养分，采用修正后的Hedley方法测定土壤中不同磷素形态含量，利用高通量测序技术分析土壤解磷菌与铁还原菌群落结构。[结果 ]淹水处理后土壤活性磷含量增多，并且随生物炭添加量的增加而增加，其中水溶态有机磷和碳酸氢钠态无机磷占比较大；残渣态磷含量随生物炭添加量的增加而减少。淹水处理组的铁还原菌基因拷贝数高于非淹水处理组，且同一水分条件下随生物炭烧制温度的增加而增加，淹水处理组的亚铁离子含量远高于非淹水处理，且随生物炭添加量的增加而降低，淹水处理组的土壤化学性质例如pH、全碳、全磷含量高于非淹水处理组，且随生物炭添加量的增加而上升。在淹水处理中土壤解磷菌群落丰富度随烧制温度的升高而增加，并且解磷菌群落结构和多样性增强。[结论 ]厌氧条件促进Fe(Ⅲ)还原，生物炭的添...     

樟树苗木的缺铁及其矫正

碱性土壤中的樟树苗木，因缺铁而黄化，成活率低，叶面喷施铁混合液矫治结果并不好，使用铁混合液与腐烂猪粪混合根施，复绿效果最佳，叶绿素及可溶性糖含量增加，抗旱、抗寒性均高。     

自配果树铁肥

果树缺铁,轻者叶片变黄、生长迟缓,重则造成产量和品质下降,甚至引起树冠焦梢、整株死亡。下面介绍两种自配铁肥的方法。 1.叶施铁肥。(1)配制。0.25％硫酸亚铁 0.05％柠檬酸 0.1％尿素。先在100公斤的水中加入50克柠檬酸,溶解后加入250克硫酸亚     

盐胁迫对雷竹生理生化特性的影响

应用盆栽法,研究了在不同NaCl浓度(0、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)梯度胁迫下雷竹叶片内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明:①不同盐胁迫下雷竹都保持了较高的SOD活性成分,且在胁迫后期SOD活性成分高于对照或与对照持平;②高盐胁迫后期叶片中POD活性成分和对照相比略有下降,但在初期持平,甚至在中期显著高于对照,中盐胁迫下的叶片中POD活性成分在中期高于对照,后期和对照持平,而低盐胁迫和对照相比变化不是很明显;③盐胁迫下MDA的含量与对照差异不显著,其中在后期低盐胁迫下MDA的含量较对照低;④不同处理条件下,各项生理生化指标间的相关性不显著。综合来看,中盐胁迫下SOD和POD活性均保持较高水平,能抑制膜脂质过氧化作用,并使MDA含量保持在较低水平,表明雷竹能在短期内忍受Na~+浓度在0.3%的胁迫。     

印度梨形孢内生真菌对元宝枫扦插苗生长的影响

研究了印度梨形孢（Piriformospora indica）内生真菌对元宝枫扦插苗生长的影响。结果表明：印度梨形孢菌剂能促进元宝枫扦插苗的生长,提高其叶片叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性。其中,200 m L的印度梨形孢菌剂对元宝枫扦插苗的生长、叶片叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性的增益效果最大,其株高、茎粗、冠幅、新梢数量和新梢长度分别比对照提高了40.38%、55.42%、32.09%、147.33%和93.23%,叶片总叶绿素、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别比对照增加了56.00%、33.80%和106.25%,叶片抗氧化酶SOD、PPO、APX和CAT活性分别比对照提高了158.61%、88.00%、95.62%和111.86%。     

冀东地区铁尾矿库人工植被恢复效果

通过对冀东地区铁尾矿库不同树种造林的植被恢复效果的调查,结果表明紫穗槐、刺槐是铁尾矿库造林的适宜树种,在人工覆土和密植的情况下短期内可取得良好的植被恢复效果;沙棘是裸尾矿砂直接造林的优良树种;人工植被尤其是豆科植物对土壤有机质和氮元素含量的改善能力较强,但对土壤磷元素含量的改善能力较弱。     

缺铁胁迫对3种梨砧木幼苗生理特性的影响

为了筛选出适用于库尔勒香梨高效抗缺铁栽培的理想砧木品种,以大杜梨、杜梨和棉梨为试验试材,通过溶液培养,比较了缺铁胁迫对这3种梨砧木幼苗生理特性的影响情况。结果表明:在缺铁胁迫处理下,杜梨幼苗的根际酸化能力大于大杜梨和棉梨。缺铁处理的杜梨幼苗根系的Fe3+的还原酶活性分别是相同处理下大杜梨和棉梨的2.0和4.7倍。棉梨对缺铁处理的反应最为敏感,其叶片在缺铁处理后的黄化程度最高;各处理下大杜梨和杜梨叶片的全铁含量(均在500 mg·kg-1·DW以上)均高于棉梨(450 mg·kg-1·DW以下)。缺铁处理不同程度地降低了各品种叶片的总铁含量,其中缺铁处理对棉梨的效应最为明显,其下降幅度达6 3 mg·kg-1·DW,达到显著水平。综合分析各个指标测定值后认为,3种供试梨砧木品种中,在水培条件下其抗缺铁性的大小顺序为:杜梨大杜梨棉梨。     

有机肥替代不同比例化肥对麻竹笋产量的影响

在福建省南靖县开展了麻竹笋用林有机肥替代化肥的田间试验,采取氮总量控制,设置有机氮替代不同比例无机氮的试验处理,分析了各处理之间出笋数量和竹笋产量的差异性。结果表明,在总氮施入量一定的情况下,不同比例的有机氮施入量对增加出笋数量和竹笋产量的影响排序表现为67%>0%>100%>50%>CK>33%;当有机氮施入量占67%时出笋的数量和产量分别比单施化肥增加6.1%和10.3%,对促进麻竹笋生长和产量提升最明显。     

Performance of mango based agri-horticultural models under rainfed situation of Western Himalaya, India

A total of 15 years of experimentation period (1995–2010) was divided into two phases. In the first phase (1995–2005), five mango based agri-horticultural models (AHM) viz. Mango + cowpea–toria, mango + cluster bean/okra–toria, mango + sesame–toria, mango + black gram–toria and mango + pigeon pea in addition to sole mango plantation (no intercrop) and in second phase (2005–2010), two mango based AHM (mango + colocasia and mango + turmeric) in addition to sole mango (no intercrop) were studied. The mean maximum cowpea equivalent yield (t ha^?1) was harvested from cowpea (1.84) followed by okra (1.21), black gram (1.11), sesame (0.68) and mean minimum with pigeon pea (0.58). The crop yield reduction among the mango based AHM was observed from third year to tenth year. The positive correlation was found between light transmission and intercrops yields amongst all models during both phases. However, the correlation between mango canopy spread and intercrop yields shown negative trends. The yield reduction in intercrops varied from 37.0–52.6 % during first phase and 20.6–23.5 % during second phase of experimentation compared to sole crop. The results revealed that the fruit based AHM were effective in improving fruit yields of the mango. The mean maximum fruit yield of mango (7.02 t ha^?1) was harvested with cowpea–toria crop rotation followed by black gram–toria (6.59 t ha^?1) and minimum fruit yield (5.76 t ha^?1) realized with sole mango tree during first phase (1999–2005). Likewise, mean maximum fruit yield (13.71 t ha^?1) from mango tree was obtained in the turmeric block followed by (13.00 t ha^?1) in colocasia block and minimum fruit yield with sole mango tree (11.86 t ha^?1). All the treatments of AHM recorded higher soil moisture as compared to sole mango plantation during both phases. The moisture retention under different AHM was in the order of cowpea (13.32 cm) > black gram (13.29 cm) > pigeon pea (13.27 cm) > okra (12.42 cm) > sesame (12.17 cm) > sole mango (11.62 cm) during first phase, whereas moisture retention was observed in the order of turmeric (14.20 cm) > colocasia (14.01 cm) > sole mango (12.60 cm) during second phase. The cowpea–toria crop rotation with mango gave maximum benefit: cost ratio followed by okra–toria under rainfed conditions. Besides economic viability of cowpea–toria with mango, this system had improved tree growth as well as fruit yield of mango. In the second phase, mango + turmeric yielded more benefit than mango + colocasia system. In the first phase, the mango + cowpea–toria system improved organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and reduced pH by 49.0, 56.3, 48.6, 58.5 and 11.6 %, respectively as compared to initial values whereas mango + turmeric system increased organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and reduction in pH by 51.0, 45.0, 29.7, 29.0 and 3.4 %, respectively over initial values within soil depths of 0–30 cm during second phased. Mango based AHM is recommended for adoption with selective intercrops up to 15 years of age of mango plantation for multiple outputs and good economic viability without impairing site fertility.     

Soil organic carbon stocks and fractions in different orchards of eastern plateau and hill region of India

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in soil fertility and productivity. It occurs in soil in labile and non-labile forms that help in maintaining the soil health. An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the dynamics of total soil organic carbon (C _tot), oxidisable organic carbon (C _oc), very labile carbon (C frac ₁), labile carbon (C frac ₂), less labile carbon (C frac ₃), non-labile carbon (C frac ₄), microbial biomass carbon (C _mic) and SOC sequestration in a 6-year-old fruit orchards. The mango, guava and litchi orchards caused an enrichment of C _tot by 17.2, 12.6 and 11 %, respectively, over the control. The mango orchard registered highest significant increase of 20.7, 13.5 and 17.4 % in C frac ₁, C frac ₂ and C frac ₄, respectively, over control. There is greater accumulation of all the C fractions in the surface soil (0–0.30 m). The maximum total active carbon pool was 36.2 Mg C ha^?1 in mango orchard and resulted in 1.2 times higher than control. The passive pool of carbon constituted about 42.4 % of C _tot and registered maximum in the mango orchard. The maximum C _mic was 370 mg C kg^?1 in guava orchard and constituted 4.2 % of C _tot. The carbon management index registered 1.2 (mango orchard)- and 1.13 (guava and litchi orchard)-fold increase over control. The mango orchard registered highest carbon build rate of 1.53 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 and resulted in 17.3 % carbon build-up over control. Among the carbon fractions, C frac ₁ was highly correlated (r = 0.567**) with C _mic.     

Efficacy of neem oil against thrips (Thysanoptera) on mango panicles and its compatibility with mango pollinators

A field trial was conducted in a mango (Mangifera indica L.) orchard located on Penang Island, Malaysia, to determine the efficacy of neem oil at 1, 2 and 3% concentrations and imidacloprid, a commonly used synthetic insecticide, on populations of thrips and their toxicities to mango pollinators. Daily periodicities of several pollinators that frequently visited mango panicles were studied prior to the insecticide trial to determine the appropriate time of insecticide application. Pollinators were collected at 2-h intervals for 2?months in the dry season and 1?month in the wet season of 2009. Mean numbers of all pollinators were greater in the morning (0800?h) and peaked in the late afternoon, but remained low during other times of the day. After two consecutive applications at 7-day interval, both neem oil and imidacloprid effectively reduced thrips populations compared to an untreated plot. Imidacloprid was the most effective insecticide reducing 68.7% thrips adult and 80.7% larval populations, respectively. However, it caused 92.5% mortality in pollinator populations. Neem oil at 2% was effective against adult thrips 96?h after the second application (59.8% reduction) and caused only 24.9% mortality of pollinators. Proper timing of neem oil application such as at midday when pollinators are least active would control thrips populations satisfactorily but less detrimental to mango pollinators. Future improvement of neem oil formulation should be aimed at improving its efficacy against thrips and further reducing toxicity to pollinators.     

不同施肥处理对黄瓜土壤速效养分变化的影响研究

对黄瓜菜地进行了不同施肥处理,通过测定土壤养分,研究了化肥减量及增施有机肥对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:按当地化肥施用量的处理在成熟期土壤速效磷、铵态氮、速效钾含量均比其他处理高,但养分利用率较低;化肥施用量减少20%的处理次之;化肥施用量减少40%+20%有机肥的处理养分全量较高,并且速效养分不高,其养分流失量少,肥料利用率高;而化肥用量减60%+40%有机肥的处理养分全量及速效养分含量都较低,其肥料利用率比化肥施用量减少40%+20%有机肥的处理差。化肥施用量减少40%+20%有机肥能很好地提高土壤各种养分含量,且供肥平稳,能满足黄瓜生长需要,为最合理施肥处理。     

不同Fe处理对油松幼苗叶绿素的影响

为探讨不同供铁水平对油松幼苗叶绿素含量的响应规律,采用砂培方法设置了7种供铁浓度(0、30、60、75、90、120、150μmol.L-1),对生长在不同供铁水平下油松(Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.)2年生幼苗针叶4～9月份的叶绿素及活性铁含量进行了测定。结果显示,CK、60、90、120、150μmol.L-1供铁处理的叶绿素及活性铁含量在4～9月份呈先升后降的趋势,8月份达到峰值;0μmol.L-1和30μmol.L-1供铁处理在4～9月份均呈单峰曲线,6月份达到高峰。不同处理间各指标的大小都存在很大的差异,且变化趋势存在一致性,均表现为90μmol.L-1CK120μmol.L-160μmol.L-1150μmol.L-130μmol.L-10μmol.L-1。结果证实供铁过量或供铁不足都引起叶绿素及活性铁含量的降低。     

闽南沿海石矿区植物配置模式对水土保持的影响

闽南沿海石材开采区不同植物配置模式造林试验结果表明:采用厚荚相思与马尾松单行混交,林下套种葛藤;巨尾桉与马尾松单行混交,林下套种葛藤;以及芒果纯林,林下套种类芦3种模式造林土壤侵蚀量小,与未造林地相比,土壤侵蚀量分别减少了65.57%、59.02%和55.74%,而且这3种模式地上部分持水能力和土壤渗水能力较大;而夹竹桃纯林和马尾松纯林2种模式造林土壤侵蚀量较大,与未造林地相比,仅分别减少37.70%和49.18%,且这2种模式地上持水能力和土壤渗水能力较小。石矿区采用针阔树种混交,林下套种草本或藤本植物有利于保持水土,涵养水源。     

柿饼加工过程中的有效成分分离与分析

在柿饼制作过程中,本研究目的在于监测不同条件下柿皮和柿果中有效成分的变化。结果表明,柿果加工成柿饼后,含糖量从1.31 mg·g^-1增加到2.65 mg·g^-1,增加102.14%。而对于鲜柿中的单宁、总黄酮、总酚、Vc等成分,在柿饼中的含量则大幅下降,分别降低了94.06%、83.30%、37.26%、99.92%。同时,通过对柿子皮提取物进行分离分析,发现柿皮中Vc含量达到165.71 mg·(100g)^-1,是果肉的2倍多;总糖、总酮和多酚的总含量约占柿皮提取物的65%,使得柿皮提取物具备明显的体外抗氧化活性。     

云南栽培玛咖的营养成分分析与评价

对云南栽培的玛咖营养成分进行了分析,并与文献报道的秘鲁产玛咖进行了比较.结果表明:云南栽培玛咖含有16.7×104mg·kg-1的蛋白质、21.5×104·mg·kg-1粗纤维、9.30%氨基酸、多种无机元素、多种维生素等营养成分,脂肪含量低;所含营养成分的种类与秘鲁产玛咖类似,其中对人体有益的蛋白质、粗纤维、钙、铁、锌、VC等成分的含量较高,表明云南栽培玛咖的营养丰富,具有开发利用价值.     

Note on radiation processed wood-plastic materials

Summary Specimens ofAbies sp. (fir),Pinus longifolia (chir),Vateria indica (vellapine),Dichopsis elliptica (pali) andMangifera indica (mango) were impregnated with monomers of styrene and methylmethacrylate and irradiated under different conditions. The treated specimens were tested as to their crushing strength, their bending strength and their water absorption. The results first indicate and increase in density due to impregnation. A reduction in moisture absorption and volumetric swelling as compared with untreated controls and increase in crushing strength were observed. The properties varied due to a non-uniform penetration of the polymer. Further experiments on the resistance against degradation by fungi were carried out and respective results are listed and discussed.