中国驯鹿主要疫病综合防治措施

中国驯鹿目前主要被放养在根河、金河和阿龙山等地,目前存栏约1000余只.由于半野生半驯化的特殊饲养方式和山林恶劣的生存环境,我国驯鹿正面临着严重的疫病威胁,防疫工作稍有不慎将可能对中国驯鹿物种造成毁灭性的打击.特殊的生活方式、特殊的生活习性,导致中国驯鹿存栏过于稀少,且在全国其他地区无法生存,所以中国驯鹿疫病防治方面没...     

中蒙驯鹿产业经济的比较研究

世界上以牧养驯鹿为主要生产方式的人数不多,分布在欧亚大陆和北美洲北部等地。在中国,驯鹿主要分布在呼伦贝尔大兴安岭林区东北部,被鄂温克族人当做主要的生产资料和生活资料而广泛利用。在蒙古国,驯鹿分布于蒙古国库苏古尔省西北部的原始森林中,由查坦族人牧养,既是他们狩猎生产的交通和役力工具,又是他们主要的经济来源。同时,驯鹿驯化史和部落的民族史紧密地联系在一起。本文从中蒙两国驯鹿养殖产业的现状、存在的问题及驯鹿产业的发展进行了论述,旨在比较中蒙两国驯鹿产业的优缺点,进而为促进两国驯鹿产业的发展献计献策。     

中国驯鹿资源状况及其保护对策

驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus)是我国重要的具有浓郁民族特色的动物,同时也是我国鄂温克族人民独有的经济动物,具有较高的经济价值、观赏价值和学术研究价值。受栖息地、种群和管理等因素的影响,中国驯鹿种群发展持续不前。笔者通过实地调查,详细掌握了我国驯鹿种群的现状,对造成我国驯鹿种群发展缓慢的原因进行了归纳分析,并提出了相应的保护策略。     

驯鹿狂蝇蛆Ⅲ期幼虫羽化的发育起点温度及有效积温

驯鹿狂蝇蛆病是驯鹿狂蝇的各期（Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期）幼虫寄生于驯鹿鼻腔、咽喉等部位所引起的一种驯鹿疾病,该病在驯鹿群中流行严重,感染率在95％左右,对驯鹿的危害较大。试验对驯鹿狂蝇蛆Ⅲ期幼虫羽化的发育起点温度及有效积温进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。     

中国驯鹿的现状

内蒙古大兴安岭北部敖鲁古雅民族自治乡,是驯鹿在中国的唯一栖息地。在这里,鄂温克人散养驯鹿已有数百年历史。由于种群闭锁,现有的904头驯鹿繁殖缓慢,活动范围缩小,近交衰退严重。     

我国驯鹿起源、历史变迁与现状

简要概述了我国驯鹿起源、驯鹿种群的历史变迁和现状,并提出了开发利用驯鹿文化、经济的若干建议。     

驯鹿狂蝇病的研究进展

驯鹿狂蝇病是驯鹿的一种主要寄生虫病,感染驯鹿狂蝇的驯鹿会出现消瘦和抗病性差等特征.目前,该病呈蔓延趋势,给我国驯鹿养殖业带来很大的经济损失.     

驯鹿种质资源及其生态分布的研究

驯鹿,环北极分布,广泛分布于北美洲北部、欧亚大陆以及一些大型岛屿上的寒带、亚寒带针叶林地区和冻土苔原地区。对由于侧重点的不一致,不同学者不同时期,驯鹿亚种的划分也大不相同,世界上对驯鹿亚种的划分一直未有比较权威说法。本文根据Valerius Geist学者在1998年提出的划分方法,又结合其他学者的方法,将世界上的驯鹿划分为17个亚种,其中有两个亚种灭绝。对每个亚种的生态分布做了大致介绍,搜集和统计了各个亚种的数量变化情况,从而对世界上驯鹿亚种的分布和数量有一个比较直观的了解。对驯鹿大幅度减少的原因,并提出了几点意见,以期为今后的驯鹿保护工作奠定一些理论基础。     

驯鹿狂蝇幼虫感染前后体内血清酶的变化

驯鹿狂蝇幼虫寄生于驯鹿的鼻腔、咽喉,致使驯鹿的鼻腔黏膜大面积损伤、发炎、坏死,形成寄生虫性鼻咽炎和额窦蓄脓.病鹿免疫力下降,体内清除自由基能力下降.     

圈养驯鹿粪便中免疫球蛋白含量测定与相关性分析

为了研究圈养条件下驯鹿免疫生理状态,试验采用酶联免疫法对敖鲁古雅原始部落景区驯鹿粪便中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量进行测定,并对不同年龄和不同性别驯鹿粪便中三种免疫球蛋白的含量及相关性进行了比较分析。结果表明:驯鹿粪便中IgA含量最高,其次是IgG和IgM;三种免疫球蛋白含量随年龄增长出现先升后降的变化趋势,IgA和IgG在各年龄组间的变化较明显;不同性别间,雌驯鹿粪便中IgA、IgG和IgM含量在不同年龄段均高于雄鹿,其中IgA含量在青年组和成年组雌、雄驯鹿间差异显著(P0.05);驯鹿粪便中IgA和IgG之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),IgA与IgM、IgG与IgM之间相关性不显著(P0.05)。说明粪便IgA可以作为探测驯鹿免疫生理状态的重要指标,为驯鹿圈养种群的监测和健康评价提供科学依据。     

Effect of Food Availability on the Physiological Responses to Water Deprivation in Ponies

Six ponies were deprived of drinking water and food and compared over 24 hours with nondeprived ponies, ponies deprived of water but with food available, and ponies deprived of food but with water available. When food was eaten during water deprivation, plasma osmolality rose 4% from 284 mOsm/kg to 295 mOsm/kg. During water and food deprivation, plasma osmolality failed to rise, even over 24 hours, and usually fell. Packed cell volume was higher when food but not water was available. Food and/or water deprivation had no significant effect on plasma protein concentration. When food was available, the ponies drank three times more water (13.1 ± 2.1 kg) than when water but not food was available (3.5 ± 1.4 kg). Blood volume changes were calculated from packed cell volume and plasma protein data, and it was found that blood volume did not change significantly with deprivation. Urine volume did not vary with deprivation, but free water clearance changed significantly, falling when food but not water was available. Under these conditions, blood volume is maintained, but the mechanisms are not clear. When deprived of both drinking water and food, ponies failed to develop the hyperosmolality expected under these conditions. Water deprivation while food is available is a more powerful challenge to water and electrolyte homeostasis than deprivation of both food and water.     

Dietary protein and the reproductive performance of cows

Increasing a cow's intake of dietary protein intake can increase its milk production, but can also reduce its fertility. This paper reviews the effects of increasing dietary protein on the fertility of the dairy cow, and the mechanisms that may produce them. The effects vary widely, but all stages of the reproductive cycle from the return to cyclicity after parturition, to the survival of the embryo, may be affected. However, the underlying cause of the link between protein intake and fertility is unclear. Fertility could be reduced by a direct toxic effect of protein breakdown products, but alternatively the increased energy demand for their metabolism could be responsible. The effect of protein degradability is also uncertain. Excess rumen degradable protein is commonly associated with reduced fertility, but similar effects are produced by diets that contain excess rumen undegradable protein. Increasing the intake of protein of all degradabilities has significantly different effects on blood biochemistry than a reduction in the intake of energy, suggesting that not all the effects of protein are due to energy imbalance. The primary site of action of the effect is also unclear. Limited evidence suggests that it is localised to the reproductive system, but effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus, as well as the ovary and uterus, have all been postulated. It is also uncertain what toxic principle is involved. Ammonia, nitrate and urea have all been suggested, but there is no conclusive evidence. Although a high protein intake has been postulated to have an effect on fertility for over 30 years, the evidence remains inconclusive, and the aetiology and pathogenesis of the effect remain obscure.     

Hydranencephaly in a foal

Hydranencephaly is well recognised in several domestic animals, especially ruminants, but is virtually unknown in the horse. This case report describes a premature filly foal that on the day of delivery was found with a severe neurological disorder that initially improved but then progressively worsened. The foal was subjected to euthanasia on humane grounds and post mortem examination revealed somewhat asymmetric but bilateral destruction of the telencephalon identified as hydranencephaly. The possible causes of hydranencephaly in foals are discussed.     

Ringworm in dogs and cats

Ringworm is an uncommon disease of dogs, but cats, especially the longhaired breeds, are more frequently infected. Of the several dermatophytes involved, Microsporum canis causes 94 per cent of ringworm in cats and 65 per cent in dogs. This species is highly contagious for man but the true incidence of human infection is unknown. Ringworm caused by M canis usually responds readily to treatment, but when the infection establishes in a colony of cats, eradication can be difficult and expensive. Other forms of ringworm in dogs and cats are caused by dermatophytes acquired from wild animals, mainly small rodents such as mice and voles. This is an uncommon and trivial disease of cats, but some infections in dogs can be remarkably persistent and difficult to resolve.     

Atherosclerosis in parrots. A review

Atherosclerosis is a common disease in parrots. The disease is found in all common parrot species, but especially in African Grey parrots and Amazons. It is a disease of older birds that is seen in both males and females. The most common sign is sudden death, but clinical symptoms that can be found include dyspnea, lethargy and nervous signs, such as paresis and collapses. Because the clinical signs are seldomly seen, it is difficult to diagnose atherosclerosis and therefore it is mostly an unexpected finding at necropsy. Age and species are determinants of atherosclerosis in parrots. Suggested risk factors include an elevated plasma cholesterol level, diet composition, social stress and inactivity, but research is needed to confirm this.     

添加混合油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及CLA的影响

选取年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳期及泌乳量基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛8头,随机分为2组,每组4头牛,进行为期45d的饲养试验。本试验预试期为15d,正试期为30d。试验组为添加整粒胡麻籽与整粒棉籽的混合物,胡麻的添加量为972g/(d·头),棉籽的添加量为2169g/(d·头);对照组不添加任何油料籽实。胡麻与棉籽的添加用以研究添加油料籽实对奶牛生产性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。研究结果表明:本试验条件下,加入胡麻籽与棉籽的混合物能提高奶牛产奶量,其中非校正产奶量比对照组提高4.7%,4?M产奶量比对照组提高7.3%,但与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05);乳脂率提高了3.5%,乳脂产量提高了7.4%,与对照组之间差异也不显著(P>0.05);对于乳蛋白率,试验组比对照组提高了2.7%,乳蛋白产量提高了9.0%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);对于乳糖率,试验组比对照组下降了3.7%,乳糖产量比对照组提高了3.6%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳中总干物质率比对照组提高了0.17%,无脂干物质率比对照组降低了0.96%,但与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组总的短链脂肪酸比对照组减少了16.8%,总的中链脂肪酸比对照组减少了11.6%,而长链脂肪酸比对照组增加了17.5%。其中试验组短链脂肪酸中的C14比对照组降低了21.5%,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),其它短链及中链脂肪酸均与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),长链脂肪酸中的CLA含量比对照!组提高了14.3%,但差异也不显著(P>0.05)。     

兽药与饲料等”同源不同用“农业投入品使用风险与监管研究

根据部分农业投入品来源相同而功用不同的特点，提出“同源不同用”概念。在分析饲料（添加剂）与兽药、农药与兽药、水质改良剂与渔药应用现状及谬用风险的基础上，提出对“同源不同用”农业投入品依法界定、严格监管，积极防范相关产品跨界谬用带来的安全风险；建议加强交叉地带农业投入品的管理，拓展功能性饲料（添加剂）、水质改良剂管理空间。     

Involvement of protein in scrapie agent infectivity

The nature of the causative agent of scrapie is not known. Previous work has demonstrated that nuclease digestion does not inactivate scrapie infectivity, but there are conflicting reports about the effects of proteases. It is shown here that the broad range protease, proteinase K, reduces scrapie infectivity under all conditions tested. Control experiments demonstrated that the loss of infectivity is not artefactual and results from protein breakdown. Proteolytic digestion in the presence of detergent greatly increases proteolysis, but does not lead to a further loss of infectivity. This suggests that the protein involved may be a surface component, but whether the component is an integral or secondary part of the agent is not known.     

Classical swine fever--an update

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a serious and contagious viral disease of pigs and wild boar with a widespread worldwide distribution. The immunopathology of the disease is poorly understood, but the ability of the CSF virus to infect cells without triggering apoptosis and to kill uninfected cells is probably highly significant. The virus may be spread by various direct and indirect methods, but in most cases the exact mechanisms involved in local spread between farms are not known. Excellent diagnostic tools and typing methods are available, but tests that could be performed on-farm, in pre-clinically infected pigs or on meat would also be advantageous. A more complete picture of the viruses circulating in different parts of the world is needed. There is great interest to develop and use marker vaccines for the control of CSF in domestic pigs and in wild boar. Epidemiological modelling is increasingly used to evaluate control options.     

A simple method of gonioscopy for the dog and cat

A simple but often adequate technique of gonioscopy utilizing a condensing lens is described. This technique is not used in preference to the more established methods but, in the absence of a goniolens and gonioscope, it does provide the practitioner with a diagnostic facility that is an essential part of glaucoma management.