中国驯鹿的现状

内蒙古大兴安岭北部敖鲁古雅民族自治乡,是驯鹿在中国的唯一栖息地。在这里,鄂温克人散养驯鹿已有数百年历史。由于种群闭锁,现有的904头驯鹿繁殖缓慢,活动范围缩小,近交衰退严重。     

驯鹿狂蝇生活习性的观察

对感染驯鹿狂蝇幼虫驯鹿进行了剖检观察，证实狂蝇幼虫主要寄生于驯鹿鼻腔及咽喉黏膜，在当年的7月到翌年1月主要以一期幼虫为主，从翌年2～3月开始快速生长发育，在4～6月多为二、三期幼虫。从翌年5月开始，成熟的三期幼虫随驯鹿打喷嚏排出体外羽化为成蝇。通过对驯鹿狂蝇生活史的观察，表明在大兴安岭地区，驯鹿狂蝇三期幼虫在50％～70％的湿度、21．5℃的平均温度及21．5℃下的451．5～666．5℃总积温下，经21～31d羽化为成蝇，羽化率为59．6％。成蝇出现于6～9月份，在7～8月份达高峰期。驯鹿狂蝇1年发生一个世代，在驯鹿体内的寄生生活长达9～10个月；雌性成蝇每次产胎蚴30-80条，一生共产800～1000条；雌蝇寿命比雄蝇长，约为1～3周。     

驯鹿的饲养及繁殖

驯鹿（Kangifertarandus）属偶蹄目．鹿科．是产于北极和近北极地区的动物。在我国驯鹿主要栖息于大兴安岭西北坡的密林里．活动范围在东经120°15’～123°35’．北纬51°15’～53°15’的地区．具有很强的耐寒性．驯鹿的经济价值很高．其茸、皮、肉、乳均可利用、同时又因其长相奇特、十分驯良．在动物园中具有较高的观赏价值。驯鹿在哈尔滨动物园已有近20年的饲养历史．以前由于各种原因饲养繁殖效果不理想。自1995年以来．对其饲养繁殖．采用科学的管理方法．取得了显著成效。1995～1998年间共繁殖驯鹿11只．具有繁殖能力的成年母鹿繁…     

中国驯鹿主要疫病综合防治措施

中国驯鹿目前主要被放养在根河、金河和阿龙山等地,目前存栏约1000余只.由于半野生半驯化的特殊饲养方式和山林恶劣的生存环境,我国驯鹿正面临着严重的疫病威胁,防疫工作稍有不慎将可能对中国驯鹿物种造成毁灭性的打击.特殊的生活方式、特殊的生活习性,导致中国驯鹿存栏过于稀少,且在全国其他地区无法生存,所以中国驯鹿疫病防治方面没...     

驯鹿消化道的组织学观察

本实验采用常规H.E染色法对驯鹿消化道的组织结构进行观察，结果发现驯鹿消化道的组织结构与牛的基本相似。但驯鹿有以下特点：食管的粘膜下层未见有食管腺分布，食管肌层的横纹肌横纹非常明显，前胃的粘膜肌较牛的发达，小肠绒毛较牛的细长；十二指肠的粘膜下层未见有十十指肠腺，小肠腺主要由柱状细胞构成，还有少量的杯状细胞，无潘氏细胞。     

中国驯鹿鼻、咽、喉的解剖学观察

采用大体解剖学的方法对驯鹿上呼吸道的形态结构进行了观察,结果如下驯鹿鼻部较长,鼻翼内有内、外鼻翼软骨.固有鼻腔发达,每侧鼻腔内含一大的下鼻甲和一小的上鼻甲.鼻泪管开口于鼻前庭腹外侧壁.咽部的软腭长而厚,鼻咽部的后壁上形成咽隐窝,内含一杯状粘膜褶.喉前庭深陷,会厌大而弹性较弱,喉室平坦,不形成喉小囊,但具有喉中室,位于喉前庭底壁上,环状软骨板宽.     

驯鹿的养殖技术

驯鹿属偶蹄目,鹿科,是产于北极和近北极地区的动物。在我国驯鹿主要栖息于大兴安岭西北坡的密林里,具有很强的耐寒性。驯鹿的经济价值很高,其茸、皮、肉、乳均可利用,同时因其长相奇特,十分驯良,在动物园中具有较高的观赏价值。现将养殖技术介绍如下:     

驯鹿肾上腺组织学研究

驯鹿肾上腺的组织结构分为被膜、皮质和髓质。被膜下分布有类似未分化细胞。皮质最厚,明显分为3个带,其中,球状带占皮质厚的3．5％,束状带厚占皮质的93．4％,网状带占皮质厚的3．1％,各带均见少量体积略小、着色深的细胞。髓质分为内、外区,外区细胞呈高柱状,双行排列成索状者多见。     

狂蝇蛆病对驯鹿体内抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨驯鹿狂蝇蛆病与机体氧自由基代谢的关系，分别对感染驯鹿和健康驯鹿血清中的微量元素硒（Se）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（CuZnSOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和脂质过氧化终末产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量进行了测定。结果表明，感染组驯鹿血清Se含量极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），而血清Zn、Cu含量差异不显著；感染组驯鹿血清GSH-Px活性极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）；SOD活性显著低于对照组（P〈0．05），CuZn-SOD显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）；CAT活性差异不显著；MDA含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。表明机体患病后产生大量氧自由基，导致抗氧化能力降低，引发脂质过氧化损伤。     

世界驯鹿亚种分布与现状

全世界的驯鹿可以分为11个亚种,现存9个亚种,灭绝2个亚种。文中对这11个驯鹿亚种的分布和现状进行了介绍。     

Functional anatomy of the omasum in high Arctic Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and Norwegian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

The structure and fill of the omasum was investigated in summer and in winter in adult female reindeer living on the polar desert and tundra of the high Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and in sub-Arctic mountain habitats in northern Norway. The mean total mass of the omasum in non-lactating adult female Svalbard reindeer was 467 g (0.65 g per 100 g live body mass (BM)) in September and 477 g (1.03 g per 100 g BM) in April. By contrast, the mean mass of the omasum in non-lactating adult reindeer in northern Norway was 534 g (0.83 g per 100 g BM) in September but only 205 g (0.35 g per 100 g BM p < 0.05) in late March, owing to a decrease in both tissue mass and the wet mass of the contents of the organ. The mean absorptive surface of the omasum in Svalbard reindeer was 2300 cm2 in September and 2023 cm2 in April. In Norwegian reindeer, by contrast, the absorptive surface area decreased from 2201 cm2 in September to 1181 cm2 (p < 0.05) in late March. The marked seasonal decline of omasal tissue and contents in Norwegian reindeer probably results from intake of highly digestible forage plants, including lichens, in winter. Svalbard reindeer, a non-migratory sub-species, survive eating poor quality fibrous vascular plants in winter. The absence of any marked seasonal change in the mass, total absorptive surface area or filling of the omasum in Svalbard reindeer in winter despite a substantial decline in body mass presumably reflects their need to maintain maximum absorption of nutrients, including volatile fatty acids, when feeding on such poorly fermentable forage.     

Seroprevalence of Salmonella spp. in Wild Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Iceland

Veterinary Research Communications -     

Ultrastructure of the cysts of Sarcocystis tarandivulpes from skeletal muscle of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

The cysts of S. tarandivulpes were found to be limited by a unit membrane which has been called the cyst membrane. The surface of the cysts was covered by closely packed and hexagonally arranged knob-like protrusions. The protrusions were 0.6–1.2 μm long and had an elliptical cross section. At the base of and between the bases of the protrusions the cyst mem brane was raised into low anastomosing folds which delineated shallow compartments. Between the folds the cyst membrane formed small vesicle-like invaginations into the cyst. On the apical part of the protrusions the cyst membrane had a smooth contour and was underlined by 2 layers of electron-dense material. Cyst ground substance divided the interior of the cyst into compartments containing either metrocytes or cystozoites. Cystozoites undergoing endodyogeny were present among the nondividing cystozoites. Some new terms were introduced to denote structures at the border of the cyst. The old terms are reviewed and the structural resemblance between S. tarandivulpes and S. odocoileocanis from Odocoileus virginianus is discussed.     

Wintertime pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered meloxicam in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)

ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously (IV) administered meloxicam in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).Study designA crossover design with an 11 day washout period.AnimalsA total of eight young male reindeer, aged 1.5–2.5 years and weighing 74.3 ± 6.3 kg, mean ± standard deviation.MethodsThe reindeer were administered meloxicam (0.5 mg kg^–1 IV or orally). Blood samples were repeatedly collected from the jugular vein for up to 72 hours post administration. Plasma samples were analysed for meloxicam concentrations with ultraperformance liquid chromatography combined with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental analysis for determination of pharmacokinetic variables was performed.ResultsThe pharmacokinetic values, median (range), were determined. Elimination half-life (t_½) with the IV route (n = 4) was 15.2 (13.2–16.8) hours, the volume of distribution at steady state was 133 (113–151) mL kg^?1 and clearance was 3.98 (2.63–5.29) mL hour^–1 kg^–1. After oral administration (n = 7), the peak plasma concentration (C_max) was detected at 6 hours, t_½ was 19.3 (16.7–20.5) hours, C_max 1.82 (1.17–2.78) μg mL^–1 and bioavailability (n = 3) 49 (46–73)%. No evident adverse effects were detected after either administration route.Conclusions and clinical relevanceA single dose of meloxicam (0.5 mg kg^–1 IV or orally) has the potential to maintain the therapeutic concentration determined in other species for up to 3 days in reindeer plasma.     

Reversal of medetomidine-induced sedation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) with atipamezole increases the medetomidine concentration in plasma

The pharmacokinetics of two potent α₂-adrenoceptor agents that can be used for immobilization (medetomidine) and reversal (atipamezole) of the sedation in mammals, were studied in three reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in winter and again in summer. Medetomidine (60 μg/kg) was injected intravenously (i.v.), followed by atipamezole (300 μg/kg) intravenously 60 min later. Drug concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC. The administration of atipamezole resulted in an immediate 2.5–3.5 fold increase in the medetomidine concentration in plasma. Clearance for medetomidine (median 19.3 mL/min·kg) was lower than clearance for atipamezole (median 31.0 mL/min·kg). The median elimination half-lives of medetomidine and atipamezole in plasma were 76.1 and 59.9 min, respectively. The animals became resedated 0.5–1 h after the reversal with atipamezole. Resedation may be explained by the longer elimination half-life of medetomidine compared to atipamezole.     

An SEM Study of the Morphology of the Lower Respiratory-tract Surface of the Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)

The morphological features of the surface of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, bronchiolus, distal airways, and alveoli) from 10 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), differing in age and sex, were studied using scanning-electron microscopy. The respiratory surface of the reindeer generally resembles that reported previously in similar studies for other mammalian species. Ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, microvillous cells, Clara cells, alveolar epithelial cells of type 1 and type 2, and alveolar macrophages could be distinguished by their universally characteristic surface morphologies. The rarity of Kohn pores in the alveolar walls of reindeer was considered to be the most striking difference in comparison to most other species.     

Prevalence of echinococcosis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Sweden

In Sweden echinococcosis is uncommon in domestic animals. In reindeer in the most northern part of the country echinococcosis was found. Of 1453 pairs of lungs, 23 pairs (1.6 %) were infected with hydatid cysts. These were of two types: typical well-developed hydatid cysts, which were found in nine of the 23 infected lungs, and collapsed hydatid cysts, which were found in 13 of the lungs. In only one lung pair both types of cysts were seen.