仙游县油菜籽新品种引种试验总结

为提高仙游县冬种油菜的生产水平,于2008年引进“双低”甘蓝型油菜新品种19个,分别在仙游县游洋镇、钟山镇、石苍乡进行品比试验,初步筛选出华油杂10号、湘油杂5号、中双9号、胡油1号、丰油701等5个产量在200kg/667m^2以上高产优质、抗逆性强的油菜新品种。     

双低杂交油菜新品种湘杂油6号的选育

湘杂油6号是利用化学杀雄技术育成的双低高产杂交油菜新品种,母本为湘油15号,父本为742.在湖南省和国家油菜区域试验中,平均产量分别为2 305.35kg/hm2和2 309.1kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产9.54%和21.53%,均居参试品种(系)第1位;种子含油量为42.37%,粗蛋白含量23.33%,油中芥酸含量0.46%、饼中硫苷含量24.16μmol/g.2003年分别通过国家和湖南省农作物品种审定,适宜在长江中游及邻近油菜产区种植.     

湘杂油1号的高产栽培技术

1　特征特性湘杂油 1号为中熟甘蓝型油菜杂种 ,株高 170 cm左右 ,一次有效分枝 8～ 10个 ,二次有效分枝 5个以上 ,单株角果数多 ,果枝粗长 ,每果 2 0～ 2 2粒 ,种子黑褐色 ,千粒重 3.5～ 4 .0 g。主要特点有 :一是品质好。芥酸含量 0 .0 6 % ,硫代葡萄糖苷含量18.33μmol/ g,含油量 39% ,是我国目前育成的优质油菜中品质性状较好的品种之一。二是丰产性好。 1987～ 1988年度参加湖南省杂交油菜区域试验 ,每公顷产量 1772 .7kg,平均比对照湘油 10号增产 6 .12 % ,居参试杂种第二位 (仅次于秦油 2号 )。1989～ 1990年区试中比湘油 10号增产 19…     

湘油15号

1　选育过程由湖南农业大学采用杂交育种法选育而成 ,母本为双低油菜品种湘油 11号 ,父本为湘油 10号。 1997年通过湖南省审定 ,2 0 0 1年 3月通过江西省审定 ,同年 4月通过国家品种审定 ,1999年获国家重大农作物新品种后补助 ,2 0 0 2年获湖南省科技进步一等奖 ,是国家重点推广油菜品种。2　特征特性芥酸含量仅 0 .5 8% ,硫代葡萄糖苷含量为 2 0 .2 9μmol/ g;种子含油量 4 1.11%。生育期中熟偏早 ,长沙地区 9月中、下旬播种 ,翌年 5月 5日左右成熟。在湖南省优质油菜区域试验中 ,平均产量为 2 2 83kg/ hm2 ,比对照中油 82 1增产 15 .7% ,…     

双低抗(耐)病杂交油菜新品种华油2790的选育

华油2790是利用陕2A不育系等材料,经测交、诱变、杂交和回交等方法选育的甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育三系杂交种,具有品质优、抗(耐)病性强、产量高、稳产性好、适应性广等特征.河南省区试平均产量2 853.8kg/hm2,比第一对照豫油2号增产19.4%,比第二对照秦油2号增产8.7%;全国(黄淮区)油菜区试平均产量2 677.5kg/hm2,比对照秦油2号增产5.76%.种子芥酸含量0.10%,商品籽饼粕硫甙含量19.67μmol/g.     

栽培因子对高油酸油菜品质的影响

以湘油708为材料,设置施肥类型、施肥量和种植密度为栽培因子,利用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸含量,探究栽培因子对高油酸油菜脂肪酸含量的影响.结果表明:不同处理间油菜油酸和芥酸含量均存在显著性差异,施加75 kg/hm^2有机肥、种植密度为45万株/公顷条件下品质最好,油酸含量79.6%、芥酸含量0.058%.本研究证明了适当施肥和合理的种植密度,对油菜品质具有一定调控作用,可为高油酸油菜种植方法提供参考.     

杂交油菜新品系“杂3”

1　品种来源及选育经过原名“化杀 3号”,母本为双低油菜品种湘油 15号 ,父本为双低油菜新品系 74 2。 1997年春配制组合 ,同年秋进行产量鉴定 ,比湘油 13号增产 16 .7% ,1998～ 1999进行品比试验 ,产量比湘油 15号增产 14 .3% ,生育期长2 d。2　区域试验情况(1)国家 (长江中游区 )油菜区域试验。 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年度 ,平均产量 2 5 6 8kg/hm2 ,比对照增产 17.5 3% ,增产极显著 ,居参试品种 (系 )第一位。2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年度 ,产量比对照增产 2 6 .93% ,达极显著水平 ,居参试品种 (系 )第一位。(2 )湖南省区域试验。 1999～ 2 0 0 0年…     

适应机械收获的双低油菜新品种沪油17的选育

甘蓝型双低油菜新品种沪油17系采用品种(系)间杂交和回交方法育成的.种子含油量42.64%.芥酸含量0.68%,硫苷含量26.46μmol/g.该品种抗落粒性强,适合于机械收获.上海市油菜区生产试验平均产量2 346.0kg/hm2,比对照汇油50增产21.8%,达极显著水平.     

高含油量黄籽杂交油菜品种湘杂油631的选育

湘杂油631是湖南农业大学油料作物研究所育成的黄籽高产高含油量双低杂交油菜新品种,黄籽率稳定在90％以上.试验表明,湘杂油631平均产量达2 468.4 kg/h m2,比对照增产13.84％,种子含油量为45.8％,比生产上大面积推广的品种高3％～5％.介绍了湘杂油631在湖南省油菜区域试验中的选育经过、特征特性和栽培技术.     

湘中地区油菜新品种适应性研究

为筛选适合湘中地区种植的双低油菜品种,2011～2012年引进了5个油菜品种在娄底进行比较试验.结果表明:兴地油1号、湘杂油763、湘杂油5号抗病性强、丰产性好,可在湘中地区示范推广；湘杂油591、沣油792产量较低,宜进一步试验示范.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).