木薯种植机切秆试验台的设计

针对木薯机械化种植的茎秆实时切断环节,设计了1种木薯种植机切秆试验台,该试验台采用弹性夹持、挤切的方式实现木薯茎秆的切断作业,可为其他相似高粗茎秆作物机械化种植设备的研制提供试验支持。为验证该试验台工作性能,以充分成熟的木薯茎秆作为试验材料进行切断性能试验。验证结果表明,该试验台性能稳定,工作可靠,可根据试验要求调整工作参数,并对功率消耗进行测试。     

玉米根茬根土分离方式的试验研究

为确定较优的玉米根茬根土分离作业方式与作业参数,在根茎类作物根土分离试验台上进行了碾压、击打和抖动的单独及组合作业方式的根土分离效果对比试验。结果表明,采用碾压+击打组合方式对低含水率(10%~15%)的玉米根茬样品进行根土分离优于其他作业方式。为优化碾压+击打组合作业方式的作业参数,根据Box–Behnken试验设计原理,以根土分离率和作业功耗为性能指标,以轧距、飞锤转速和飞锤质量为试验因素进行试验,建立了根土分离率以及作业功耗的回归模型,通过响应曲面法分析指标与因素间的相互作用,并对回归模型进行多目标优化。优化获得的最佳作业参数为:轧距22 mm,飞锤转速200 r/min,飞锤质量0.3 kg,试验验证根土分离率为95.44%,作业功耗为0.72 k W,试验值与理论预测值基本一致,表明采用碾压+击打组合方式具有良好的根土分离效果。     

草地点线式破土切根机工作原理及性能测试

为了改良退化草场,提高草场综合生产能力,实现环境保护和畜牧业发展的良性互动,研制了一种牧草切根机具。该切根机具在草地高板结的情况下可以顺利入土切根,切断根茎型或根茎疏丛型牧草的横走根茎,促进牧草复壮和自我繁殖。介绍了该机的工作原理及主要工作部件结构特点,并对该机进行了性能试验,试验结果表明该机达到了预期的研制目标。     

太子参联合收获机挖掘铲的设计与试验

【目的】对太子参联合收获机挖掘铲进行理论计算,解决根茎类收获机挖掘铲在工作中普遍存在的阻力大、易壅土的问题.【方法】采用EDEM软件结合三因素三水平正交设计,选取最优参数组合,对仿真结果最大阻力值与土槽试验得到的最大阻力值进行对比.【结果】EDEM仿真得出的结果,经正交试验得到挖掘铲最佳工作参数组合为:工作速度0.8 m/s,入土深度200 mm,入土角度20°时,工作性能较优异.在该参数组合下,土槽试验表明挖掘铲工作阻力与仿真结果相差16.8%.【结论】采用EDEM对挖掘铲的仿真分析得出最佳的工作参数组合,通过土槽试验验证了仿真结果的可靠性,研究结果可为相关根茎类收获机挖掘铲的设计提供参考.     

智能土槽测试系统的研制

智能土槽测试系统的研制对实现田间工况模拟具有非常重要的意义,为我国耕种机械高端技术的研究、产品部件和整机性能试验研究提供先进的试验平台和检测手段。本文介绍了土槽试验台整机结构、工作原理、液压系统和重要工作部件的设计,通过测验表明研制的土槽试验设备不仅可以进行土壤工作部件的性能试验研究(如犁、耙、开沟、旋耕、起垄、深松等常规机具),也可以为其他需要进行田间试验的试验装置提供平台,进行搭载试验。     

振动式三七根土分离装置的运动学分析及优化设计

【目的】设计一种振动式三七根土分离装置,以实现三七根土复合体的根土分离。【方法】将三七根土分离装置简化为曲柄双摇杆机构,并对振动筛上的物料进行运动学分析,确定物料运动的影响因素,验证其运动参数设计的合理性;利用ADAMS对该装置进行运动学仿真,选取振动筛前后端点及质心作为研究对象,得到各点的合位移、合速度曲线并分析各曲线的变化规律,验证结构设计的合理性;以人工采挖的三七根土复合体作为试验材料,采用三因素三水平正交组合试验设计,分析各因素对根土分离率及三七损伤率的影响。【结果】在试验参数范围内,通过Design-Expert软件得到了最佳的工作组合为:曲柄转速295r/min、筛面倾角8°、筛面长度620mm。验证试验表明,最佳组合条件下根土分离率为95.7%,三七损伤率为1.9%。【结论】所设计的三七根土分离装置满足设计要求,为后续三七收获机的设计提供了依据。     

牛蒡根结线虫病的发生规律与防治技术

牛蒡,又名大力子,属菊科2a生草本根茎类作物,其地下根茎为菜,肉质根营养丰实,具有滋阴壮阳补肾强身功效,是一种药食两用的蔬菜.栽培上以种子种植,当种子萌发后,在营养生长初期胚轴和直根均未膨大,生有许多侧根用以吸收土中的营养,直根开始膨大后叶片制造的养分就逐渐贮存到根部而形成肥大的肉质根.牛蒡作为根茎类作物,其肉质根可下扎1m以上.     

梳齿式亚麻蒴果梳刷试验台的设计与试验

[目的]探索解决亚麻(胡麻)脱粒机存在的植株缠绕脱粒滚筒问题的有效方案,提升亚麻(胡麻)的机械化收获水平.[方法]为研究不同工作参数对亚麻(胡麻)机械化收获的影响,设计了梳齿式亚麻(胡麻)蒴果梳刷试验台.阐述该试验台的工作原理与组成结构,对关键零部件偏心摆动机构和梳刷装置进行了结构设计与动力学分析,并进行台架试验.以蓝...     

螺旋叶片带板齿式轴流脱粒与分离装置试验台的研制

针对轴流脱粒机在实际生产中的广泛应用和人们对于脱粒机理的研究还不深入的现状,结合国内外同类技术研究经验,研制了螺旋叶片带板齿式轴流脱粒与分离装置试验台。该试验台可进行轴流脱粒与分离装置工作性能和结构参数的试验与研究,可用于科研、教学和生产等部门。     

农作物根外肥金满利在大豆上应用效果

金满利(GEMARI)是印度尼西亚采用本国特有的动植物自然资源为原料研制生产的高浓缩、多元素、有机复合速效根外肥.以下试验是通过对作物根外肥金满利不同剂量分别在大豆初花期和盛花期进行喷施,验证其增产效果,从而对大田应用提供技术指导.     

玉米马铃薯高密度通透栽培技术研究初报

充分利用早熟马铃薯与晚熟玉米生育期一长一短的时间差和植株一高一矮的空间差,通过田间科学巧妙的栽培方式,形成了作物生育前期马铃薯玉米2∶1的间作格局;可实现玉米的高密度种植。在肥、水条件充足时,玉米的密度与清种比可增加300%。这样在单位面积土地上,可得到一季早熟马铃薯,又可得到一季玉米,实现了北方高寒地区一季双作,大大提高了土地利用率和光能利用率。     

Border effects of the main and ratoon crops in the rice ratooning system

The border effect (BE) is widely observed in crop field experiments, and it has been extensively studied in many crops.  However, only limited attention has been paid to the BE of ratoon rice.  We conducted field experiments on ratoon rice in Qichun County, Hubei Province, Central China in 2018 and 2019 to compare the BE in the main and ratoon crops, and to quantify the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.  The BE of two hybrid varieties was measured for the outermost, second outermost, and third outermost rows in each plot of both crops.  To determine the contribution of BE between the two crops, portions of hills in the outermost and second outermost rows were uprooted during the harvest of the main crop so that the second and third outermost rows then became the outermost rows in the ratoon crop.  Overall, the BE on grain yield was greater in the main crop than in the ratoon crop.  In the main crop, the BE on grain yield was 98.3% in the outermost row, which was explained by the BE on panicles m^–2, spikelets/panicle, spikelets m^–2, and total dry weight.  In the ratoon crop, the BE on grain yield was reduced to 60.9 and 27.6% with and without the contribution of the BE in the main crop, respectively.  Consequently, 55.1% of the BE on grain yield in the ratoon crop was contributed from the main crop.  High stubble dry weight and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation at the harvest of the main crop were responsible for the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.  Our results suggest that increases in stubble dry weight and NSC accumulation at the harvest of the main crop could be important strategies for developing high-yielding cropping practices in the rice ratooning system.     

云南南亚热带地区农业种植模式研究

 1997～1999年在蒙自县草坝镇对水田、旱地的多种种植模式进行比较研究,指出在云南南亚热带气候类型地区种植模式安排的基本原则：水田大春雨养种植为主,着重粮食生产,小春灌溉种植为主,种植经济作物,着重于经济效益;旱地大春雨养种植,以获取经济效益为主,小春采用节水栽培,着重生产粮食。中稻—大棚辣椒、中稻—冬玉米间黄豆、中稻—秋洋芋—冬玉米(鲜食)是水田的较好模式,而旱地以烤烟—秋小麦模式较好。     

以作物残茬为生物篱在裸露农田营建防风带技术的研究

根据农田防护林等生物篱网防治农田风蚀的原理,把作物残茬作为生物篱间隔插入马铃薯裸露农田,形成以残茬为生物篱的农田防护篱网,可以解决北方旱作马铃薯生产基地农田严重风蚀问题,核心技术是利用残茬把连片的裸露农田间隔分成宽7.2m以下的带田,形成留茬带与裸露带间作的农田,不仅使留茬带的风蚀量降低80%以上,其裸露带的风蚀量也降低50%以上,取得防治马铃薯裸露农田的风蚀沙化,保护和提高耕地质量的实效。总结提出在北方旱作区采用麦类/油菜等条播作物留茬与马铃薯等根茎类作物间作轮作营建裸露农田防风篱网的保护性耕作技术。     

沈阳东陵区作物生长季热量资源趋势变化研究

对沈阳东陵区≥10℃初日、初霜日、作物生长季活动积温的历年趋势变化进行了分析。结果表明,1951～2008年,沈阳东陵区作物的适宜播期可提前5～6d,收获期初霜冻日期有后延趋势,作物生长季活动积温趋势增加290℃。     

中国作物的收获指数

本文对中国300个农业气象试验站各种作物的收获资料进行统计分析,计算了收获指数、谷草比和有关的统计参数。结果指出：1.各作物的平均收获指数差别较大,主要粮食作物的收获指数在0.35—0.45之间,谷草比在0.55—0.80之间。2.收获指数和谷草比的变动范围较大,对于同一作物,绝大多数样本的谷草比都分布在平均值附近,而少数的可以偏离平均值较远。3.由粮食产量推算秸秆量,对于大面积的估算有较满意的结果,而对于个别地块,其误差可能较大。4.一些主要作物谷草比的频率分布曲线接近正态分布,而多数则属正偏类型。5.同一作物在丰、平、歉年的平均谷草比各不相同,一般丰年大,歉年小,平年介于其间。6.谷草比与产量水平有关,随着产量的提高而增加,其关系可用一元回归方程表示。     

Early-season crop type mapping using 30-m reference time series

Early-season crop type mapping could provide important information for crop growth monitoring and yield prediction, but the lack of ground-surveyed training samples is the main challenge for crop type identification. Although reference time series based method(RBM) has been proposed to identify crop types without the use of ground-surveyed training samples, the methods are not suitable for study regions with small field size because the reference time series are mainly generated using data set with low spatial resolution. As the combination of Landsat data and Sentinel-2 data could increase the temporal resolution of 30-m image time series, we improved the RBM by generating reference normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)/enhanced vegetation index(EVI) time series at 30-m resolution(30-m RBM) using both Landsat and Sentinel-2 data, then tried to estimate the potential of the reference NDVI/EVI time series for crop identification at early season. As a test case, we tried to use the 30-m RBM to identify major crop types in Hengshui, China at early season of 2018, the results showed that when the time series of the entire growing season were used for classification, overall classification accuracies of the 30-m RBM were higher than 95%, which were similar to the accuracies acquired using the ground-surveyed training samples. In addition, cotton, spring maize and summer maize distribution could be accurately generated 8, 6 and 8 weeks before their harvest using the 30-m RBM; but winter wheat can only be accurately identified around the harvest time phase. Finally, NDVI outperformed EVI for crop type classification as NDVI had better separability for distinguishing crops at the green-up time phases. Comparing with the previous RBM, advantage of 30-m RBM is that the method could use the samples of the small fields to generate reference time series and process image time series with missing value for early-season crop classification; while, samples collected from multiple years should be further used so that the reference time series could contain more crop growth conditions.     

Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach

In recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farak?-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum-fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

作物水分高效利用的技术和理论研究进展

从作物水分高效利用的技术依据、作物吸水的土壤有效水分含量范围、水分对作物生理生态特性的影响、作物和品种耗水特性差异、作物亏水后的补偿效应、水分利用效率与耗水量非同步性等理论领域对国内外研究成果进行了综述,为生物节水和管理节水提供理论依据。     

阿旗草用燕麦生产调查及种植前景分析

阿鲁科尔沁旗有广阔的草场面积,是国内重要的肉牛肉羊生产基地,气候资源适宜燕麦生长,近年来苜蓿和燕麦草人工草场发展迅速。本文为了更好服务阿旗草用燕麦生产,准确掌握阿旗燕麦种植水平及种植收益情况,通过对阿旗人工草地燕麦的生产调查及综合各地研究结果的方法对草用燕麦种植结果进行总结,结果表明：（1）燕麦可作为沙地保护作物种植。在严重沙化草地上利用燕麦留下的根茬可以防风固沙,燕麦根茬地种植紫花苜蓿,避免风沙侵蚀苜蓿种子,确保紫花苜蓿苗全、苗齐、苗壮;也可以使用燕麦作为保护作物与苜蓿混播,紫花苜蓿播种时间也因此可以提前两个月,可以当年收割一次燕麦草和苜蓿草,提高了总体收益。（2）燕麦用于草地苜蓿倒茬作物。人工草地多种植紫花苜蓿,当苜蓿草地进入高产期后,苜蓿草地产草量开始下降,需要及时应用燕麦进行倒茬轮作。（3）燕麦与苜蓿等牧草混播建立放牧型草地。燕麦与苜蓿混播是国内外成型的技术措施,与苜蓿混播或与苜蓿、无芒雀麦等牧草作物混播建立放牧型草地,当年可获得一定的牧草收益。（4）燕麦青、干草是畜牧业的优质饲草,籽实是畜牧业的优质饲料。燕麦可以在各类土壤类型地块种植,需要选用适宜的品种适应一季作区或二季作区种植,有针对性地生产符合饲用目标的鲜、青、干饲草饲料,种植效益可以与苜蓿持平。（5）草用燕麦种植效益可观。燕麦是生态友好型作物,青刈燕麦可在拔节至开花期刈割,可以刈割两次,第一次留茬5~8 cm左右,一般每公顷产鲜草22500~30000 kg,晒制干草或青贮时应在乳熟期到蜡熟期刈割,一般可每公顷产鲜草30000~45000 kg,晒制干草后公顷产9000~13500 kg左右,二季种植一般可每公顷收益15000~24000元,在不能种植苜蓿的一季作燕麦区种植燕麦仍可有每公顷7500~13500元的收益。目前种植燕麦的投入水平均低于玉米、箭舌豌豆、苜蓿等牧草作物,采收期也不近相同,所以简单的进行种植效益对比就低估了燕麦的种植效益,增加对燕麦生产的水肥投入,采用规范种植技术指导生产,二季作燕麦区采收二季燕麦与种植苜蓿相比省工省投入效益相当,燕麦的种植效益是可观的。