小麦抗条锈基因Yr6分子标记初步研究

小麦抗条锈基因Yr6在我国小麦育种中应用很少,寻找该基因的分子标记将有助于促进该基因的合理利用。将Yr6与其他有效的抗条锈基因相结合可以拓宽品种的抗病谱,延长育成品种的使用年限。本研究中,共用653条RAPD引物和小麦7B染色体上的36对SSR引物对Yr6的近等基因系进行了DNA多态性分析,对PCR产物具有多态性的SSR引物进一步检测了Yr6基因的2个载体品种。结果共有93条RAPD引物(占总数的14.2%)和5对SSR引物(占总数的13.9%)在抗病近等基因系Yr6/6×Avocet S和感病材料Avocet S间稳定扩增出了差异条带,其中SSR标记Xwmc76和Xwmc276在Yr6基因的载体品种Heines Kolben和Heines Peko中检测出了与Yr6/6×Avocet S中相同、而与感病亲本Avocet S中不同的多态性扩增条带,说明这2个SSR标记可能与Yr6基因连锁。     

对除草剂敏感致死水稻bel基因的RAPD和SCAR分子标记

以8077s与抗感的籼稻品种丰35亲本及杂交后自交所得的F2群体为材料，采用群分法（Bulked Segregant Analysis, BSA），从210个10mer随机引物，找到两个水稻苯达松敏感池和抗感池之间表现多态性的特异引物——S20和S316，分别产生的标记片段为S20-440和S316-590。它们与bel基因的连锁距离分别为12.132 cM和7.97 cM。对RAPD扩增标记的片段进行克隆、测序，根据测序结果合成两对特异性的SCAR引物，包含原有的RAPD序列。SC01引物在敏感单株中扩增出一条423 bp带；SC02引物在敏感单株中扩增出一条606 bp带，它们的SCAR标记与bel基因的连锁距离为10.66 cM和7.04 cM。应用SCAR标记对水稻恢复系进行了辅助选育。     

烟草PVY抗性的遗传分析与分子标记筛选

本文以抗马铃薯Y病毒(简称PVY)的烟草品种RY5,感病品种Coker176为亲本,构建F1、正反交F2和正反交BC1群体,苗期摩擦接种PVY的抗性遗传分析结果表明,接种后第21d群体PVY抗性数据符合孟德尔单基因隐性质量性状的遗传模型。接种后第28d群体PVY抗性数据偏离孟德尔单基因隐性质量性状的遗传模型。提取F2代群体中抗病和感病单株DNA,从多条RAPD引物和一对SCAR引物中,筛选出两个紧密连锁的分子标记。RAPD标记O12V3695与RY5的抗病基因对应的显性等位基因位点(Va)间的遗传距离为2.10cM,而SCAR标记与Va间的遗传距离为2.52cM,这两个分子标记可用于抗PVY抗性育种。     

玉米抗灰斑病基因的分子标记

玉米灰斑病是我国玉米生产中的重要病害,培育和种植抗病品种是防治此病的有效途径.1年内在3个灰斑病重发区选取64份我国常用玉米自交系进行了抗灰斑病鉴定,分别筛选出高抗、抗病和中抗自交系2份、15份和12份.采用集团混合分组分析法,分别以10个抗病和10个感病玉米自交系基因组DNA构建抗病基因池和感病基因池.从100对AFLP引物组合中筛选出54对在抗感基因池间呈多态性的引物,进一步在组建抗池和感池的20份自交系之间检测到8个多态性片段.通过片段的回收、克隆和测序,将其中的P51M38-100扩增片段转化为SCAR标记(SCAR-100).利用SCAR-100标记分析64份玉米自交系的基因型,结合田间抗病和感病表型进行相关分析,卡方测验表明SCAR-100标记与抗灰斑病显著相关.采用Mo17×黄早四群体(190个F2单株)和X178×B73群体(181个F8家系),结合已构建的SSR和AFLP标记连锁图谱,均将SCAR-100标记定位于第3染色体上,分别位于SSR标记umc1399-bnlg1754和umc1320-bnlg1754之间.开发抗病基因的分子标记可为分子标记辅助育种提供基础.     

与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的RAPD标记

以黄瓜抗枯萎病亲本WIS2757和感枯萎病亲本津研2号及其F2分离群体为试材,采用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)进行了与黄瓜抗枯萎病基因连锁的分子标记研究。运用RAPD技术,利用780条RAPD引物对抗、感亲本进行筛选,其中有113条引物在两亲本之间表现多态性,但仅有引物S49在两组间多态性标记与亲本的多态性标记相同。经F2单株分析,引物S49扩增出的特异DNA片段与WIS2757抗黄瓜枯萎病基因连锁,遗传距离为14 cM。DNA标记条带大约为300 bp,定名为S49-300。     

利用SRAP技术获得与抗甘薯茎线虫病基因相关的分子标记

用高感甘薯茎线虫病的甘薯品种徐薯18和高抗茎线虫病的徐78-1杂交,得到其F1分离群体。根据连续3年的抗病鉴定结果,从中挑选出8个高抗和8个高感茎线虫病的株系,构建抗病池和感病池。分别以抗感池基因组DNA为模板,用225对SRAP引物组合进行PCR扩增,其中77对引物组合在抗、感池间表现出多态性。通过一组小群体的进一步筛选,有4对引物组合被认为与甘薯茎线虫病抗性基因相关。这4对引物组合分别对2个亲本、抗感池和F1分离群体中的65个抗病株系和79个感病株系基因组DNA进行SRAP分析,有2对引物组合（a5b12和a9b11）各获得1个与甘薯茎线虫病抗性基因紧密连锁的分子标记SP1和SP2,它们与抗甘薯茎线虫病基因的遗传距离分别为4．86cM和4．17cM。获得的分子标记对克隆抗病基因和利用分子标记辅助选择提高育种效率具有重要的意义。     

烟草CMV抗性鉴定及抗性基因的SSR标记研究

本研究以抗黄瓜花叶病毒病的烟草品种铁把子和台烟8号,感病品种NC82和中烟15为亲本,构建F1、F2、BC1代分离群体,并对它们进行CMV的接种鉴定和抗性遗传分析,结果表明铁把子和台烟8号对CMV的抗性是由1对隐性基因控制的.依据混合群体分组分析法(BSA),从F2代群体植株中选取DNA建立黄瓜花叶病毒病的抗病基因池和感病基因池,利用135对SSR引物进行分子标记和分析,得到标记SM1350与来源于铁把子的CMV抗性基因间的遗传距离为8.64 cM,标记SM2270与来源于台烟8号的CMV抗性基因间的遗传距离为3.92 cM.     

利用特异PCR引物进行分子标记辅助选择的研究

利用与抗白粉病基因相连锁的RAPD分子标记和控制1 Dy 10基因序列的特异PCR引物对贵农775的杂交组合后代进行了分子标记辅助选择.在50株F2植株中,初步筛选到具有抗白粉病基因标记和5 10亚基特异标记的9株;有抗白粉病基因标记和2 12亚基特异标记的24株;有抗白粉病基因标记,同时具有5 10亚基和2 12亚基特异标记的5株.本研究说明分子标记是检测抗病基因和辅助选择育种的有效手段.     

对贵农21×Neepawa回交F1代的分子标记辅助选择研究

利用RAPD技术,对白粉病免疫的贵农21号与加拿大小麦Neepawa的BC1F1代100个抗感单株进行了分子标记辅助选择。利用随机引物S 2018进行RAPD分析结果表明,在抗病亲本贵农21号和回交F1代抗病单株中均扩增出特异的DNA片段,感病对照不能扩增出此带,该特异片段的分子长度约900 bp,且重复性好,稳定性好,说明该标记与贵农21的抗白粉病基因相连锁,平均选择符合率达91.86%,在其杂交后代中进行早代选择是有效的,为选育抗病小麦种质提供了有效的手段。     

与大白菜抗霜霉病基因连锁的分子标记研究

【研究目的】 研究与大白菜抗霜霉病基因紧密连锁的DNA分子标记。【方法】利用高抗自交系‘660’和高感自交系‘654B’及其杂交F2群体162个单株为材料,采用构建抗、感病池,利用BSA法筛选了87对SSR引物,35对拟南芥抗霜霉病相关基因的特异引物,其中特异引物RPP13P2和RPP131-2R在抗感病亲本和抗感病池中扩增出一条多态性片段RPP13MK,利用这对引物对F2代单株构建的分享群体进行扩增,验证标记RPP13MK与目的基因的连锁关系,Mapmaker 3.0软件计算遗传距离。【结果】通过F2单株验证后证明RPP13MK与抗霜霉病基因紧密连锁,其遗传距离为5.6 cM。【结论】获得了一个与大白菜抗霜霉病基因紧密连锁的分子标记RPP13MK。     

黄瓜序列特征性扩增区域标记(SCAR)的开发

黄瓜的分子标记连锁图谱研究已经到了比较和整合的阶段,然而可用于黄瓜作图的锚定标记却并不多.本研究利用华北类型和欧洲温室型黄瓜自交系S94和S06作为PCR模板,通过将二者差异的RAPD和SRAP条带克隆、测序并根据测序结果设计特异引物,成功获得了118个SCAR标记.经4个典型黄瓜种质材料PCR验证,引物多态性比例高达10%以上.本研究获得的SCAR可望用于黄瓜遗传图谱的构建和整合.     

Identification of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to northern leaf blight resistance in waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina)

Exserohilum turcicum causes northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), an important disease occurring in maize producing areas throughout the world. Currently, the development of cultivars resistant to E. turcicum seems to be the most efficient method to control NCLB damage. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) enables breeders to improve selection efficiency. The objective of this work was to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers associated with NCLB resistance. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was used to search for RAPD markers linked to NCLB resistance genes, using F₂ segregating population obtained by crossing a susceptible inbred ‘209W’ line with a resistant inbred ‘241W’ line. Two hundred and twenty-two decamer primers were screened to identify four RAPD markers: OPA07₅₂₁, OPA16₄₅₇, OPB09₅₂₀, and OPE20₅₃₆ linked to NCLB resistance phenotype. These markers were converted into dominant SCAR markers: SCA07₄₉₆, SCA16₄₂₀, SCB09₄₆₄, and SCE20₄₂₉, respectively. The RAPD and SCAR markers were developed successfully to identify NCLB resistant genotypes in segregating progenies carrying NCLB resistant traits. Thus, the markers identified in this study should be applicable for MAS for the NCLB resistance in waxy corn breeding programs.     

Evaluation of F2 and F3 plants introgressed with QTLs for clubroot resistance in cabbage developed by using SCAR markers

Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the major diseases of Brassica crops, often devastating to the cultivation of cruciferous crops in temperate regions. In a previous study (Moriguchi et al. 1999) identified three major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for clubroot resistance, each in a separate linkage group, in a population derived from a cross between a clubroot‐susceptible inbred cabbage line, Y2A and a resistant inbred kale line, K269. In this study, the original random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were converted into sequence‐characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to facilitate large‐scale marker‐assisted screening of clubroot resistance in cabbage breeding. Of 15 RAPD markers closely linked to the three QTLs, nine SCARs were developed as dominant markers after cloning and sequencing. In addition, two RAPD markers were converted into co‐dominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, and one RFLP marker out of three tested was converted to a dominant SCAR marker. The effect of selection for resistance by the improved markers was evaluated in progeny plants in the F2 and F3. A total of 138 F2 plants were genotyped with nine SCARs and 121 well‐distributed makers consisting of 98 RAPD, 19 RFLP, two isozymes, and two morphological markers in order to estimate the level of resistance and the proportion of undesirable alleles from the kale in non‐target areas in each of the F2 populations. An F2 plant, YK118, had kale alleles at QTL1, QTL3 and QTL9. Three F2 plants, namely, YK107, YK25 and YK51 had kale alleles at only QTL1, QTL3 and QTL9, respectively. These F2 plants were selected for their low proportion of alleles derived from kale in non‐target regions. YK118, like the resistant kale parent, expressed very high resistance to three field isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae, whereas the mean disease index in the F2 and F3 plants carrying only single QTLs was intermediate. The QTLs showed no differential response to the isolates. These plants with improved resistance will be useful as parental inbred lines for F1 hybrids.     

Varietal identification in Cichorium intybus L. and determination of genetic purity of F1 hybrid seed samples, based on RAPD markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to distinguish between several Cichorium intybus genotypes, comprising four white witloof inbred lines, three red witloof experimental inbred lines and a number of F1 hybrids derived from two white parents. Amplification conditions and reproducibility of RAPD patterns were examined. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products obtained by using 100 10-mer arbitrary primers allowed identification of all the lines analysed. With several primers, we defined line-specific RAPD markers, while with others polymorphism was more extensive, revealing several RAPD markers for several lines. All the differences were confirmed both on individual heads and young seedlings for each genotype. Because of the Mendelian segregation of these molecular markers, this method was applied to evaluate the genetic purity of F1 hybrid seed samples.     

小麦抗病种质贵农775中抗白粉病基因的RAPD标记

运用RAPD技术,采用分离群体分组分析法（BSA）进行了小麦种质贵农775抗白粉病基因连锁的分子标记研究,其中有一个引物S2018在抗病亲本贵农775和抗病材料中扩增出了特异的DNA片段,而在感病材料和感病亲本丰产3号中没有扩增出同样的DNA片段。此片段长度约为880 bp。用F2分离群体（106株植株）进行遗传连锁性分析,引物S20188     

中国野生葡萄抗寒基因的RAPD标记及其序列分析

以抗寒性存在差异的83份葡萄种质及3个杂交组合玫瑰香(Vitis vinifera)×黑龙江实生(V.amurensis)、北醇(V.vinifera×V.amurensis)自交、燕山-1(V.yes hanensis)×河岸-3(V.riparia Beaumont)的F1代122株为试材,进行了中国野生葡萄抗寒基因RAPD标记的研究。通过对110个随机引物的筛选,获得了2个与中国野生山葡萄抗寒基因相连锁的RAPD标记S241-670和S238-800。通过克隆、测序,这2个RAPD标记的实际长度分别是717bp和854bp,因此重新命名为S241-717和S238-854,其序列的GenBank登录号分别为GQ338290和GQ338289。经序列分析,S241-717与29条欧洲葡萄全基因组鸟枪序列有77%~97%的同源性,S238-854与6条欧洲葡萄全基因组鸟枪序列有82%~100%的同源性;二者分别编码欧洲葡萄的一种假定蛋白。RAPD标记S241-717和S238-854可用于葡萄抗寒育种的早期分子标记辅助选择。     

Identification and mapping of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to a rhizomania resistance gene in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) by bulked segregant analysis

Bulked segregant analysis was employed to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to a gene that confers rhizomania resistance to a sugar beet line created from a Holly Sugar Company breeding population (USA). Polymorphism revealed with 160 arbitrary 10-mer oligonucleotide primers was screened in two bulks produced by separately pooling the individual DNAs from the six most resistant and the six most susceptible plants of an F₂ population segregating for rhizomania resistance. A study of the F₂ individuals showed that 19 primers generated 44 polymorphic markers which were then grouped into nine linkage groups. By analysis of variance, 12 were shown to have a significant effect upon the level of resistance and were mapped on a segment 22.3 cM long. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) of resistance was identified and located in a 4.6cM interval between two markers. It accounted for 67.4% of the observed variation and almost all the genetic variation. These results suggest that the identified QTL corresponds to a unique major gene conditioning the Holly resistance studied, which we have named Rz-l.     

Identification of PCR-based markers linked to the powdery-mildew-resistance gene Pl1 from Malus robusta in cultivated apple

The availability of molecular markers linked to mildew resistance genes would enhance the efficiency of apple-breeding programmes. This investigation focuses on the identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to the Pl₁ gene for mildew resistance, which has introgressed from Malus robusta into cultivated apples. The RAPD marker technique was combined with a modified ‘bulked seg-regant analysis’ mapping strategy. About 850 random decamer primers used as single primers or in combinations were tested by PCR analysis on the basis of resistant and susceptible DNA pools. Selected primers producing RAPD fragments were applied in an additional selection step to M. robusta and genotypes representing intermediate breeding stages of the breeding population 93/9, for which a 1:1 segregation could be observed for the resistance trait. Seven RAPD markers, all representing introgressed DNA sequences from M. robusta, were identified and arranged with the Pl₁ locus in a common linkage group. The two most tightly-linked RAPD markers, OPAT20₄₅₀ and OPD2₁₀₀₀ were mapped with a genetic distance of 4.5 and 5 cM, respectively, from the Pl₁ gene. Both markers are suitable for marker-assisted selection in apple breeding. The polymorphic DNA fragment OPAT20₄₅₀ was cloned and sequenced, and longer primers for the generation of a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker have been constructed; this marker was easier to score than the original RAPD marker.