不同pH条件下TSs的形成机理及其与TFs的竞争性形成研究

采用液态发酵的方式,结合不同的pH条件,通过酶促氧化儿茶素生成相应聚酯型儿茶素（Theasinensins, TSs）或茶黄素（Theaflavins, TFs）的单体物质来深入探讨TSs的形成机理及其与TFs的竞争性形成。结果表明,酸性条件下,TSs的单体物质能够持续生成,而且一直积累;中性和碱性条件下生成的TSs单体物质达到最大值的时间很短,稳定性较差。不同pH条件下,由于自身氧化还原电位值的高低,各个儿茶素单体之间被氧化而消耗的速率有所差别,而且基于生成TSs和TFs需要共同的儿茶素底物,因此两者的形成具有竞争性。pH=6和中性条件下EGCG和EGC转化形成TSs单体的量高于形成TFs的量,而pH=5水平下则相反。     

Valorisation of Jatropha curcas: Solubilisation of proteins and sugars from the NaOH extracted de-oiled press cake

In this study, we investigated the possibilities for increasing the valorisation of de-oiled Jatropha press cake (DO-JPC). The studied raw material is the by-product of the alkaline protein extraction of the DO-JPC: NaOH Extracted DO-JPC (NEDO-JPC). Protein solubilisation of NEDO-JPC was performed under neutral and acidic conditions (pH 2, 100 mM maleic acid), at elevated temperature (100, 120, and 140 °C), and at 5% (w/w) dry solids loading. After the treatment, the amount of solubilised protein was determined, as well as the solubilisation of polymeric sugars and formation of sugar degradation products furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Although a clear influence is shown for temperature, no difference in protein solubilisation was found between treatments at pH 7 and pH 2. A maximum of 25% (w/w) of the available protein was solubilised, at 140 °C. The lignocellulose fraction of NEDO-JPC proved relatively recalcitrant to acid hydrolysis, suggesting a more intense treatment to be necessary to sufficiently increase accessibility for cellulolytic enzymes in a lignocellulosic bioethanol process. At €8.00 per tonne DO-JPC, it is concluded that the possibilities for valorisation of the protein fraction of NEDO-JPC at neutral and acid pH are limited, leaving the lignocellulose fraction as a source of valorisation to be investigated.     

Comparative Effects of Salt Stress and Extreme pH Stress Combined on Glycinebetaine Accumulation, Photosynthetic Abilities and Growth Characters of Two Rice Genotypes

Glycinebetaine (Glybet) accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency and growth performance in indica rice cultivated under salt stress and extreme pH stress were investigated. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) activity and Glybet accumulation in the seedlings of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice varieties grown under saline and acidic conditions peaked after treatment for 72 h and 96 h, respectively, and were higher than those grown under neutral pH and alkaline salt stress. A positive correlation was found between BADH activity and Glybet content in both salt-tolerant (r2=0.71) and salt-sensitive (r2=0.86) genotypes. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carotenoids contents in the stressed seedlings significantly decreased under both acidic and alkaline stresses, especially in the salt-sensitive genotype. Similarly, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photon yield of PSII ((PSII), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the stressed seedlings were inhibited, leading to overall growth reduction. The positive correlations between chlorophyll a content and Fv/Fm, total chlorophyll content and (PSII, (PSII and Pn as well as Pn and leaf area in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes were found. Saline acidic and saline alkaline soils may play a key role affecting vegetative growth prior to the reproductive stage in rice plants.     

Effect of different soaking conditions on inhibitory factors and bioaccessibility of iron and zinc in pearl millet

Pearl millet was decorticated to obtain a bran rich and endosperm rich fraction. The two fractions were soaked in solutions with varying pH. Pearl millet grains were germinated and steamed followed by decortication to obtain two fractions. It was observed that bran rich fractions contained high concentrations of iron, zinc, polyphenols, phytic acid, fibre and flavonoids. Soaking for short duration of 3 h did not result in major mineral losses but decreased the inhibitory factors which depended on the pH. Alkaline soaking decreased flavonoid content by 62.7% in the endosperm rich fraction, while acidic soaking decreased phytic acid content to the maximum in the bran rich fraction. Combination of treatments like germination and heat decreased the phytate content to the maximum in the endosperm rich fraction. Acidic conditions improved zinc bioaccessibility in the bran rich fraction (35%) and iron bioaccessibility (2.5%) in the endosperm rich fraction. Bran rich fraction from germinated grain also had enhanced bioaccessibility of both the minerals but comparatively lesser when compared to soaking under acidic conditions. Soaking the grain components under slightly less than neutral conditions also decreased some of the inhibitory factors and improved the zinc bioaccessibility to some extent in the bran rich fraction.     

Nanopatterning by block copolymer micelle nanolithography and bioinspired applications

This comprehensive overview of block copolymer micelle nanolithography (BCMN) will discuss the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticle arrays by means of micellar diblock copolymer approach and the resulting experimental control of individual structural parameters of the nanopattern, e.g., particle density and particle size. Furthermore, the authors will present a combinational approach of BCMN with conventional fabrication methods, namely, photolithography and electron beam lithography, which combines the advantages of high-resolution micronanopatterning with fast sample processing rates. In addition, the authors will demonstrate how these nanoparticle assemblies can be transferred to polymer substrates with a wide range of elasticity. In the second part of this report the authors will introduce some of the most intriguing applications of BCMN in biology and materials science: The authors will demonstrate how nanoparticle arrays may be used as anchor points to pattern functional proteins with single molecule resolution for studying cellular adhesion and present a technological roadmap to high-performance nanomaterials by highlighting recent applications for biomimetic optics and nanowires.     

EGCG氧化产物不同级分的分析及其抗氧化活性的研究

利用乙酸乙酯在中性和酸性条件下萃取EGCG氧化产物,得到级分A(EOPA)和级分B(EOPB),用化学发光法比较EGCG与EOPA、EOPB的抗氧化活性及其对DNA损伤的保护作用,并通过HPLC-MS分析两级分中的氧化产物。结果表明EGCG及EOPA、EOPB均有较好的清除活性氧和保护DNA损伤的活性,其中EOPA的活性强于未氧化的EGCG。HPLC-MS分析表明,EOPA、EOPB级分中的氧化产物均为二聚体。     

Physical properties of dry-heated octenyl succinylated waxy corn starches and its application in fat-reduced muffin

Waxy corn starch was modified by dry heating (130 °C, 2 h) in the presence of octenyl succinic acid (OSA) at different pHs (4, 6, and 8), and the physicochemical properties of the modified starch were evaluated. The dry-heated octenyl succinylated (DH-OS) starch was also evaluated as a partial fat substitute in a muffin. Dry heating of starch under a more acidic condition resulted in lower degree of polymerization (DP_n) but lower degree of substitution (DS). The pasting viscosity of the DH-OS starch prepared under basic conditions was higher than that of the unheated counterparts, whereas that under acidic conditions was lower. It was because the substitution favored basic conditions, and thermal degradation was accelerated by acids. The gelatinization characteristic was not significantly altered by OSA substitution and dry heating. The muffin containing the DH-OS starch had a higher specific volume and a softer texture than the muffin containing maltodextrin. Among the DH-OS starches tested, the starch prepared under acidic conditions produced muffins that had a greater volume, which was most likely due to its low molecular size. The muffin prepared with DH-OS starch at pH 6 was the softest in texture and had characteristics that were relatively close to the full-fat muffin.     

Characterization of Antioxidant Activity of Heated Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse Palmaria palmata in Japan

We recently demonstrated the monthly variation and antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) from red alga dulse in Japan. The antioxidant activity of MAAs in acidic conditions was low compared to that in neutral and alkali conditions, but we found strong antioxidant activity from the heated crude MAA fraction in acidic conditions. In this study, we identified and characterized the key compounds involved in the antioxidant activity of this fraction. We first isolated two MAAs, palythine, and porphyra-334, from the fraction and evaluated the activities of the two MAAs when heated. MAAs possess absorption maxima at around 330 nm, while the heated MAAs lost this absorption. The heated MAAs showed a high ABTS radical scavenging activity at pH 5.8–8.0. We then determined the structure of heated palythine via ESI-MS and NMR analyses and speculated about the putative antioxidant mechanism. Finally, a suitable production condition of the heated compounds was determined at 120 °C for 30 min at pH 8.0. We revealed compounds from red algae with antioxidant activities at a wide range of pH values, and this information will be useful for the functional processing of food.     

Decolorization of dyes using immobilized laccase enzyme on zinc ferrite nanoparticle from single and binary systems

In this paper, laccase enzyme was immobilized onto zinc ferrite nanoparticle and the characteristics of enzyme immobilized nanoparticle (EIN) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Enzymatic decolorization of dyes using EIN from single and binary systems was studied. Direct red 31 (DR31) and Acid blue 92 (AB92) were used as model dyes. The effects of several parameters such as EIN dosage, pH, and dye concentration on decolorization of dyes from single and binary systems were evaluated. The optimized amount of EIN, reaction time, and pH for decolorization of dyes from single and binary systems were 0.2 g (for DR31) and 0.3 g (for AB92), 40 min, and 3 in single systems and 0.2 g (for DR31 and AB92), 40 min, and 3 in binary systems, respectively. Dye decolorization kinetics followed Michaelis-Menten model. The results showed that enzymatic process using EIN was effective method to decolorize dyes from single and binary systems.     

Comparison of attrition in citric acid modified soybean hulls and commercial cation exchange resins

The integrity of ion exchange media used under conditions of different times of use, temperatures and pH values is important in its selection. This study was conducted to quantify the lack of integrity (attrition) in base-extracted (BE), citric acid (CA)-modified soybean hulls, a lignocellulosic cation exchange material and compare its attrition to two synthetic, commercial cation exchange resins. Attrition was determined in both batch and column operations. Batch studies included measuring attrition over a 24 h period under conditions of constant pH, variable pH and at different temperatures. Under conditions of a constant pH of 4.8, 25°C and using a stir bar, modified hulls had mostly lower attrition than the two commercial products. Under acidic conditions, modified hulls demonstrated very low (<5%) attrition. At alkaline pH values, modified hulls had higher attrition than the resins after 24 h of stirring at 25°C. Although attrition increased at alkaline pH, the modified hulls ability to bind copper ion (Cu²⁺) was unaffected by pH. After 24 h shaking at 65 and 85°C, modified hulls also had greater attrition than the synthetic polymers. At these temperatures, a decreased ability of the modified hulls to bind copper ion was observed compared to the lower temperatures of 25 and 45°C. When the products were compared in column experiments at 25°C, all materials had low (<10%) attrition. Our studies indicate that in terms of product integrity, modified soybean hulls could be useful in several applications requiring a metal ion adsorbent, but not necessarily at high temperatures.     

Nutrient deficiency and hypoxia as constraints to Panicum coloratum growth in alkaline soils

Alkaline and saline–alkaline soils impose severe restrictions on plant growth. Panicum coloratum var. coloratum is a perennial C4 forage grass widely used in tropical and subtropical environments. Published information on its responses to alkaline soil conditions is scarce. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the effects of alkaline substrates on germination and initial growth in this species, (ii) to assess the influence of high pH in combination with reduced availability of either nutrients or oxygen and salinity, on plant growth and (iii) to evaluate some physiological traits potentially responsible for growth restrictions under alkaline soil conditions. Trials were conducted in a greenhouse. Germination and early plant survival were not affected by alkalinity. To isolate the effects of high pH, reduced nutrient and oxygen availability on growth, plants were grown either in neutral or alkaline soil, in hydroponics, in neutralized alkaline soil (with or without supplementary fertilization), or were flooded to induce hypoxia. Alkalinity effects on growth in hydroponics were milder than in soil. Growth in alkaline soil with nutrient supplement was still significantly lower (by 40%) than in neutral soil. Both alkalinity and hypoxia reduced growth non‐synergistically. These results show that studies of plant response to alkaline substrates carried out in aerated nutrient solutions can only partially address the complexity of this stress. Photosynthesis and PSII activity were among the physiological mechanisms negatively affected by alkalinity and may be partially responsible for the growth limitations observed in P. coloratum under alkaline conditions.     

Comparison of biostability between poly(trimethylene terephthalate) filaments and PET for vascular prostheses when exposed to hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation

The purpose of this paper is to study the biostability of PTT samples as an implantable biomaterial. In this study accelerated hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation tests were performed on PTT filaments so as to predict the relative rates of in vivo biodegradation. PTT filaments were subjected to a highly alkaline environment (pH 13.5) for periods of up to 10 days, and to PBS buffer and neutral enzymatic papain solutions for up to 9 weeks. Changes in weight loss, surface appearance, filament diameter, thermal properties, infra-red spectrum and tensile modulus were monitored over these time periods. PET samples were also exposed to the same solutions as a comparison to PTT samples. The results show that PTT filaments are more stable in alkaline solution, but less stable in PBS neutral buffer and enzymatic papain environments compared to PET filaments. The decrease of tensile moduli of the degraded PTT samples confirms the decrease of crystallinity and conform change of the trimethylene glycol conformers during the degradation.     

酶性氧化合成茶黄素条件优化的研究

利用提取粗酶液在单因素试验和正交试验进行合成茶黄素以及在此基础上利用捣碎茶鲜叶（不提取粗酶液）直接进行合成茶黄素试验以确定最优反应条件。结果表明,在本试验反应体系中,茶黄素酶促合成的最佳条件（茶黄素总量）为：温度为30℃,反应体系的最佳pH值为4.8,底物浓度为0.9βg/100βml,酶源物浓度为28βg/100βml（以鲜叶重量计）,通氧量为0.4βL/min,最佳反应终止时间是40βmin。其中温度和pH值是反应体系中两个极其重要的影响因素（P<0.05）;通氧量也是影响茶黄素酶性合成的必不可少的条件之一。     

茯砖茶中冠突散囊菌纤维素酶的酶学性质研究

从茯砖茶中分离出冠突散囊菌,对其进行液体发酵培养,制备成粗酶液。在不同条件下处理粗酶液,运用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)还原糖法测定纤维素酶活性。试验结果表明,冠突散囊菌所产纤维素酶酶活最佳温度是50℃,最佳pH值是4.8;在30～50℃,pH4～6范围内有较高的稳定性;Ca2+、Mg2+离子对酶活有激活作用,Mn2+、Zn2+、Pb2+离子对酶活有抑制作用。     

Elimination of Lipid Hydrolysis in Aqueous Suspensions of Oat Flour

Aqueous suspensions of oat flour were studied to investigate the possibilities of eliminating the development of rancidity due to lipid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis was efficiently eliminated by immersing dry-milled flour in slightly alkaline water. Only a slight in pH was needed (pH 8-9) at the beginning of the soaking to prevent almost completely the hydrolysis of triglycerides, which under similar conditions, but in water without pH adjustment, led to free fatty acid content of up to 36% of the total lipids. In the alkaline suspensions the selective loss of linoleic acid from polar lipids, observed in a water slurry, was also very efficiently reduced. The hydrolysis of triglycerides was also diminished at acidic pH values (below pH 6) increasingly with reducing pH, although the same efficiency of inhibition as at alkaline pH was not reached. It was concluded that wet processes can be used for the preparation of non-deteriorated oat products by including simple pH adjustments in the process.     

剪切乳化辅助酶法提取咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维

本文以咖啡果皮为原料,优化剪切乳化辅助酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维的工艺条件。在单因素实验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman（PB）设计筛选出显著影响咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取得率的因素,包括剪切时间、酶解时间、酶解温度和酶解pH;采用中心组合试验设计及响应面法,得到最佳提取工艺条件为固液比1∶30（g/mL）、剪切速率7000 r/min、酶添加量0.2%、剪切时间24.0 min、酶解pH 4.90、酶解温度57.0 ℃、酶解时间1.96 h,在此条件下咖啡果皮可溶性膳食纤维提取率为13.96%,与理论预测值14.00%之间无显著性差异。本研究可为咖啡果皮的高值化利用和功能产品研发提供理论支撑。     

不同酶解程度的大豆分离蛋白在配制酱油中的应用

以大豆分离蛋白为原料,对不同酶解程度的大豆分离蛋白在配制酱油中的应用进行了研究。首先通过单因素试验确定了酶解大豆蛋白的工艺参数,然后对添加不同酶解程度的大豆分离蛋白配制酱油的质量进行了研究,研究结果表明:酶解温度为50℃、pH为7.0、酶解时间为5h条件下的大豆分离蛋白酶解产物最适合应用到配制酱油中。     

Enzymatic Peeling of Potato: A Novel Processing Technology

Development of an innovative biotechnological method for potato peeling, closer to the ‘ideal’ peeling conditions of the product, was the main objective of the present research. Studies on enzymatic hydrolysis of potato peel were conducted. The efficacy of enzymatic peel hydrolysis was expressed in terms of reducing sugar content of the enzyme solution in which potato peel was incubated. Enzyme screening revealed that an enzyme solution containing a cellulase-xylanase mixture and amylase in a ratio of 1:1 showed good peel hydrolyzing efficiency of peeled peels. To further maximise the peel hydrolysis, condition parameters were optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). At the optimised conditions of 60 °C, pH 6 and 4 h, the reducing sugar yield in the solution was maximum. Characterization of the potato peel using microscopic techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM)) further illustrated degradation of cell wall and reduction in the surface roughness of the peel after enzymatic treatment, which could enhance peel loosening from the intact potato. To further ascertain the efficiency of the process, studies were conducted with the selected enzyme on intact potato tubers under optimised conditions. Easy removal of peel was observed in enzyme-treated potato tubers, which showed 0.52% peel loss by abrasive peeling. The present process employing enzymes could be applied for peeling of intact potato as an alternative to conventional peeling process.     

福建主要乌龙茶品种PPO酶活特性的研究

对四种乌龙茶茶树鲜叶的多酚氧化酶(PPO)进行粗提,测定并比较不同品种酶的特性。结果表明:在邻苯二酚与被测酶液的反应体系中,当底物邻苯二酚(C6H6O2)量为0.3~0.9ml时,毛蟹、铁观音、黄旦、肉桂酶活力随底物浓度的增加呈曲线增长,含量太高会产生抑制作用,当底物含量∶酶含量=1.5∶1时,酶活力表现最高;毛蟹、铁观音、黄旦、肉桂酶活力在45~65℃范围内均呈ω型变化趋势,依次在45℃、55℃、65℃时出现高峰。在50~90℃下水浴处理1h,毛蟹、铁观音、黄旦、肉桂酶活力分别丧失34.66%~55.91%,22.68%~50.89%,23.14%~53.57%,31.58%~57.89%;酶活力的适宜pH相对偏碱,在pH8.6时表现为一个活力高峰。相同浓度的五种抑制剂对酶均有一定的抑制效果,其中NaHSO3对酶活力的抑制作用最强,L-半胱氨酸其次,NaCl的抑制效果最差。     

Efficiency of electrolyzed water (EW) on inhibition of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae growth in vitro

The efficiency of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW with pH 5.0–6.5) and strong acidic electrolyzed water (StAEW with pH less than 3.0) on the inactivation of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae growth in vitro was studied. The treatment conditions included inundating time (30, 60, 120 and 300 s), treatment interval (24, 48 and 72 h) and available chlorine concentration (ACC, 30, 60 and 90 mg/L) with either StAEW (pH 2.35) or SAEW (pH 6.06). The results showed that inundating time had no effect on the efficiency of SAEW for inactivation of pure P. parasitica var. nicotianae cultures (P > 0.05). The inhibition rate increased with increasing ACC and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) at the same pH and inundating time (P < 0.01) with electrolyzed water (EW). Although the pH of SAEW (pH 6.06) was much higher than that of StAEW (pH2.35), the inhibition rate of SAEW was similar to that of StAEW (P > 0.05) at ACCs of 60 and 90 mg/L. Moreover, the experiments confirmed that the optimal treatment interval was 48 h (P < 0.01). An inhibition rate of higher than 50% of P. parasitica var. nicotianae growth in vitro was achieved with SAEW (pH 6.06, ORP 922 mV and ACC of 90 mg/L) when inundating time was 30 s and treatment interval was 48 h. The findings of this study indicate that EW may be a promising disinfectant, which can achieve inactivation of P. parasitica var. nicotianae with added benefits of reduced health hazards and environmental pollution.