可食性狭鳕鱼皮明胶—壳聚糖复合膜的制备与性质

研究了狭鳕鱼皮明胶可食性膜的性质,采用壳聚糖以不同比例与狭鳕鱼皮明胶共混,以改善狭鳕鱼皮明胶膜的性能。结果表明,狭鳕鱼皮明胶具有很好的成膜性,但其力学性能和热稳定性较低。壳聚糖与鱼皮明胶混合后相容性较好,复合膜的透光率达88%以上。鱼皮明胶中分别加入80%壳聚糖和60%壳聚糖后,膜的抗拉强度和伸长率提高82.5%和330%,热变性温度提高10 ℃。壳聚糖使鱼皮明胶膜水溶性和水蒸气透过系数急剧降低,但吸湿性略有升高。红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析表明,狭鳕鱼皮明胶与壳聚糖并不是简单的混合,而是通过化学结合生成了新的大分子化合物,可以制备稳定的复合膜。     

鱼皮明胶蛋白膜的制备及其热稳定性

利用鲨鱼皮明胶制备蛋白可食膜,测定了成膜液蛋白浓度、甘油含量对明胶蛋白膜理化性质的影响,以及环境湿度对膜热稳定性的影响.结果发现,利用鲨鱼皮明胶可以制备成无色透明的蛋白可食膜,成膜液蛋白浓度对明胶蛋白膜的断裂延伸率(EAB)、水蒸气透过率(WVP)以及透明度值有一定的影响,对拉伸强度(TS)没有发生显著影响,但甘油含量从10％增加到70％时蛋白膜的TS逐渐降低.利用DSC对膜的热稳定性进行分析,结果表明当水分活度(Aw) ＜0.33时,明胶蛋白膜在常温下可以处于玻璃态,机械性质能够保持稳定.然而,当Aw超过0.44后,膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)起始点低于25℃,膜的EAB上升,TS出现显著下降.当Aw达到0.92时,膜甚至开始溶解变成溶胶.因此,利用鲨鱼皮制备的明胶蛋白膜只适合在Aw小于0.44的干燥环境中应用.     

草鱼鱼皮中明胶提取工艺优化

研究了采用响应面分析方法从草鱼的鱼皮中提取鱼明胶的最佳工艺。考察了盐酸浓度、预处理时间、提取温度和提取时间对鱼明胶得率和凝胶强度的影响。经过响应面分析,得到从草鱼皮中提取明胶的最佳工艺为盐酸浓度1.19%(v/v),预处理24h,在52.61℃下提取5.12h,明胶的得率和凝胶强度分别为19.83%和267g,所得明胶的凝胶点和溶点分别是19.5℃和26.8℃。此外,草鱼皮明胶中的氨基酸组成中,脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸的总含量为19.47%。     

海藻酸钠/浒苔多糖复合膜的制备及性能

为探讨海藻酸钠与浒苔多糖的协同作用,本研究首次以海藻酸钠和浒苔多糖为基材,甘油为增塑剂制备生物降解复合膜,探究了海藻酸钠与浒苔多糖质量比、共混溶液总浓度、甘油含量对复合膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率和水溶性的影响,同时,利用扫描电子显微镜技术(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)进行微观结构表征。结果显示,海藻酸钠与浒苔多糖之间具有良好的相容性和协同作用,无明显的相分离现象。组分质量比、共混总浓度和甘油含量均对膜性能有较大影响,其中,质量比影响最显著,添加适量浒苔多糖可提高海藻酸钠膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,降低海藻酸钠膜的水蒸气透过率,但膜水溶性略微提高。在组分质量比为8∶2时,膜拉伸强度从99.22 MPa增加到108.41 MPa,断裂伸长率从5.14%增加到6.20%,水蒸气透过率从6.445×10–11 g/(m·s·Pa)降低到6.027×10–11 g/(m·s·Pa),复合膜的综合性能达到最优。进一步优化了共混总浓度和甘油含量,最佳共混总浓度为1.6%(m/v),最佳甘油含量为0.9%(m/v)。本研究表明,浒苔多糖的添加增强了海藻酸钠膜的机械性能和阻隔性能。     

卡托普利/壳聚糖-明胶网络多聚物缓释微球制备工艺的研究

利用壳聚糖、明胶为载体材料,乳化交联法制备卡托普利/壳聚糖明胶网络多聚物缓释微球(Cap/CGNPMs), 以部分因子设计试验优化微球的制备处方和工艺。结果表明,壳聚糖分子量(700000 Da)、药物与载体材料投料比(1∶4)、交联剂组成(甲醛+三聚磷酸钠)、交联度(1∶0 .75)、添加0 75%微晶纤维素为制备Cap/CGNPMs 的较理想条件。按较理想处方和工艺制得的Cap/CGN PMs粒径分布范围为220~280μm,包封率46. 23±4 .51%,载药量9. 95±0 .77% , 方法重现性好,体外释药试验证明,Cap/CGNPMs具有良好的缓释延效作用。     

响应面法优化中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝副产物制备抗氧化酶解物研究

采用响应面法优化中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias)副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物工艺。以DPPH自由基清除率和还原能力为响应值,在底物浓度、温度、时间、酶与底物比4个单因素实验基础上,优化确定3个显著性因素。获得实验条件下最佳制备工艺为:底物浓度25 mg·mL^-1、温度50℃、时间3.8 h、酶与底物比1.5%。在此条件下,实验验证酶解海湾扇贝副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物的DPPH清除率为81.93%(预测值为83.19%),还原能力为58.12%(预测值为58.92%),DPPH自由基清除率和还原能力的IC 50值分别为0.264 mg·mL^-1和3.136 mg·mL^-1,且表现出较强的抗氧化活性。研究表明,优化后的回归模型用于预测中性蛋白酶酶解海湾扇贝副产物蛋白制备抗氧化酶解物是可行的。     

冷冻干燥法制备壳聚糖微胶囊

壳聚糖作为一种天然的阳离子聚合物,生物相容性好,是理想的微胶囊壁材材料之一;而鱼油是一种易氧化的材料,低温有利于鱼油加工,采用冻干技术可以缓解鱼油的氧化作用。实验以壳聚糖为壁材,金枪鱼油为芯材,采用冷冻干燥法制备鱼油微胶囊,并运用响应面分析法优化制备工艺参数。结果表明:以包埋率为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,结合实际生产情况,最终确定最优的微胶囊制备工艺参数为壁材质量浓度2.1%、壁芯比1.9∶1、乳化剂Tween80和Span80比为2∶1、乳化剂添加量0.9%,在此条件下鱼油微胶囊理论包埋率为79.67%,实际平均值为79.45%,所制得微胶囊理化指标符合行业标准。研究结果不仅对冷冻干燥法制备鱼油微胶囊具有一定的实践参考意义,也为壳聚糖微胶囊的制备提供一定的实验理论基础。     

响应面法优化鱿鱼皮酶解工艺研究

为研究木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的最佳酶解条件,通过单因素试验研究了酶添加量、酶解时间和酶解温度对鱿鱼皮水解度的影响。结果显示,3个因素对鱿鱼皮水解度均有不同程度的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,以水解度为响应值,酶添加量、酶解时间和酶解温度为自变量,采用Box-Benhnken响应面法设计3因素3水平优化试验,通过响应面分析,建立了二次多项数学模型对酶解条件进行优化,获得木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的最佳条件:酶添加量4 560 U/g,酶解时间3.2 h和酶解温度50℃。在该条件下木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的水解度可达15.53%,与模型预测值基本一致。研究表明,通过响应面法获得的数学预测模型能较好地预测木瓜蛋白酶酶解鱿鱼皮的效果,试验结果为鱿鱼加工副产物高值化利用提供了参考。     

壳聚糖对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

将壳聚糖添加到鲢鱼糜制品中,测定鱼糜制品的凝胶强度、全质构(TPA)、失水率和色泽,研究壳聚糖的脱乙酰度(DD)、分子量(MW)以及添加量对鲢鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,采用电镜扫描观察凝胶的微观结构,结果表明,壳聚糖DD对鱼糜制品凝胶特性影响较大,DD为64%时,凝胶强度提高了约34%,失水率减少了29.1%;壳聚糖MW对鱼糜制品的凝胶强度影响小;随着壳聚糖添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶强度、TPA都有明显的增加,失水率减少(P<0.05),添加1.0%壳聚糖的鱼糜凝胶强度与添加4.0%淀粉的鱼糜凝胶强度相当;微观结构可看出壳聚糖与鱼糜形成网络结构。结果说明壳聚糖是鱼糜制品良好的品质改良剂。     

不同交联剂对琼胶/海藻酸钠复合膜性能的影响

琼胶和海藻酸钠是从海藻中提取的亲水性胶体,具有良好的成膜性和生物降解性。为提高琼胶/海藻酸钠复合膜的应用性能,以琼胶、海藻酸钠为成膜基料,甘油为增塑剂,阿魏酸、单宁酸、柠檬酸和丁二酸为交联剂,采用溶液浇筑法制备了琼胶/海藻酸钠复合膜,通过测定复合膜的机械性能、耐水性、阻湿性、不透明度、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和微观结构,研究了4种交联剂对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,4种交联剂均显著提高了复合膜的拉伸强度、耐水性和阻湿性(P<0.05),但显著降低了膜的透明度(P<0.05),且当阿魏酸和单宁酸添加量为5%、柠檬酸和丁二酸为10%时,交联剂对复合膜的改善作用最好。4种交联剂中,柠檬酸交联膜的性能最好,当添加量为10%时,其拉伸强度为46.98 MPa,断裂伸长率为17.87%,水溶性为24.17%,溶胀率为38%,水蒸气透过率为0.51 g·mm·(m²·h·kPa)^-1。FTIR分析显示,柠檬酸和丁二酸通过与琼胶和海藻酸钠分子中的羟基(-OH)发生酯化反应,改善复合膜的性能,阿魏酸和单宁酸通过与琼胶和海藻酸钠形成分子间氢键...     

Development of Optimized Edible Packaging Based on White-cheek Shark (Carcharhinus dussumieri) Skin Gelatin Biopolymer: Mechanical,Water Vapor Permeability,and Structural Properties

White-cheek shark skin gelatin (WSG) edible films were optimized with respect to their barrier, mechanical, and structural properties using response surface methodology (RSM), with the introduction of gelatin concentrations (1–4% w/v based on film forming solution) and glycerol contents (15–35% w/w based on gelatin weight) as the independent variables. WSG films with moderate levels of glycerol had higher tensile strength (TS), elastic modulus (EM), and elongation at break (E@b) depending more significantly on gelatin content. Adding higher levels of glycerol, film roughness was observed to decrease exponentially but water vapor permeability (WVP) increased linearly. Structural analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed more aggregated protein structures at higher gelatin content, which could be strongly related to the notable increase of contact angle. According to the model, the optimum conditions for the WSG film formula were found to be 3.3% WSG and 19.3% glycerol, giving a predicted maximum E@b, TS, EM, roughness, and contact angle of 183%, 4.4 MPa, 92 MPa, 4.93 nm, and 101°, respectively, with a predicted minimum WVP of 11.8 g.mm/day.m².kPa.     

褐藻酸钠可食性膜制备工艺研究

以褐藻酸钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素为原材料,通过混合水平正交试验,使用溶胶、混胶、脱气、倒胶、钙化、干燥工艺制备可食性膜,研究了不同褐藻酸钠/羟丙基甲基纤维素配比、溶胶温度、氯化钙质量浓度、钙化时间、褐藻酸钠质量浓度以及羟丙基甲基纤维素质量浓度对膜性能的影响,结果显示优化工艺参数为:10mg/mL褐藻酸钠和50mg/mL羟丙基甲基纤维素按质量配比1∶1混胶,10mg/mL的氯化钙钙化10min;所得膜的厚度为0.14mm,抗拉强度为2.97 MPa,透光率为64.09%,干燥质量损失率为9.97%,人工胃液崩解时间超过24h,人工肠液崩解为2.07h。本工艺较为简单,成膜性较好,为进一步制备植源性空心硬胶囊壳奠定理论和实践基础。     

Extraction Optimization and Characterization of Gelatin from Half-Smooth Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther) Skin

Half-smooth tongue sole is a popular warm-water fish, and its skin may be an available resource for gelatin extraction. Response surface method was used to optimize the extraction of gelatin from the fish skin. The most suitable conditions for maximum gelatin yield (24.2%) were pretreatment with 1.9 g/L NaOH, followed by hot water extraction at 63.54ºC for 4.81 h. The obtained gelatin had a high imino acid content (185 residues/1,000 residues), with a high content of crude protein and low levels of ash, fat, and moisture. The predominant sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis bands revealed that the gelatin contained low-molecular-weight peptides, α-, β-, and γ chains. As compared with bovine gelatin, the fish skin gelatin solution had lower values of strength and clarity and higher levels of L* and viscosity. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed that gel from the gelatin had four amide bands (amide A, amide I, amide II, and amide III) similar to commercial gelatin. The results suggest that half-smooth tongue sole skin could be a promising source of gelatin in view of the comparability between its gelatin and commercial gelatin in physicochemical properties.     

罗非鱼皮营养成分分析及鱼皮明胶提取工艺的探讨

以罗非鱼皮为原料,对其营养成分进行分析,并通过正交试验方法探讨罗非鱼皮明胶的提取工艺,同时对明胶的理化及微生物指标进行分析。结果表明,罗非鱼皮中粗蛋白含量高达33．14％,其中胶原蛋白含量为27．8％,占其粗蛋白的83．9％;鱼皮提取明胶的适宜工艺条件为在2．5％（W／V）NaOH溶液中浸泡3．5h,然后在0．02％（V／V）HCl浸泡约3h,熬胶温度为55℃,提取得率为26．5％;所得鱼皮明胶的凝胶强度达468g,粗蛋白含量为82．46％,菌落总数为1．3×10^5CFU·g^-1,大肠菌群结果报告为阴性。     

Characterization and Film-Forming Properties of Gelatins from Whitemouth Croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) Skin and Bones

The Whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), due to its abundance, is considered one of the most traditional and important species fished in the coastal waters and estuaries of South America. The aim of this work was to produce biopolymeric films of gelatins obtained from skin and bones of Whitemouth croaker. The fish gelatins were characterized through the yield, chemical composition, physiochemical, and rheological properties. The films were characterized by tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), water vapor permeability (WVP), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and optical properties. The values of protein yield, hydroxyproline content, gel strength, melting temperature, gelling temperature, and viscosity of the skin gelatin were higher than the values of the bone gelatin. The films obtained of skin gelatin showed all properties and thermal analysis superior in relation to the films of bone gelatin; this can be justified by the best physicochemical and rheological characteristics of the skin gelatin.     

Evaluation of Plasticizing and Antioxidant Properties of Silver Carp Protein Hydrolysates in Fish Gelatin Film

Physico-mechanical and antioxidant properties of glycerol plasticized fish gelatin films were investigated at different levels of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from silver carp muscle (5, 10, 15, and 20 g FPH/100 g gelatin). The films supplemented with FPH, especially at higher concentration showed significant increase in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfnic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), elongation at break, difference of color, water vapor permeability and opacity, while tensile strength, elastic modulus, L*, b*, and contact angle decreased markedly (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for a* and solubility of all samples (p > 0.05). Films prepared using 20% FPH had lower glass transition temperature and more homogeneous structure, compared with control film. Also, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the increase of free groups of hydrolysates and lower interaction between chains of film incorporated with the highest content of FPH. Thus, these results indicate that FPH enhanced the antioxidant activities and affected some characteristics due to less interaction between gelatin and FPH.     

脱钙罗非鱼鱼鳞明胶提取工艺优化及其理化性质

文章以罗非鱼（Oreochromisnilotica）鱼鳞为原料,经乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA—Na,）脱钙处理后采用酸法提取明胶。根据中心组合试验设计（centercombination of experimental design,CCD）原理展开试验,考察提取时间（h,X,）、提取温度（℃,X2）、浸酸时问（h,X1）和柠檬酸质量浓度（g·L-1,X）对明胶得率（％,y）的影响,并对所得明胶的理化性质与牛骨明胶进行比较。响应面分析结果表明,提取温度、提取时间和浸酸时问与明胶得率之间具有显著相关性;优化的提取条件为提取温度65℃、提取时间3．6h、柠檬酸质量浓度200g·L-1、浸酸时间11．3h。在此条件下的明胶得率为28．4％,与预测值30．1％相近。制得的鱼鳞明胶粗蛋白含量为89．9％,氨基酸组成中每1000总氨基酸残基中甘氨酸为352个,亚氨基酸（脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸）173个;凝胶强度高达245Bloom（g）,熔点为27．0℃,而比浓对数粘度及成胶质量浓度分别为0．030L·g-1。和8．0g·L-1。     

响应面法优化芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)A4的培养参数

为了提高芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)A4的菌浓度,采用响应面法对其培养参数进行优化。以单因素实验为基础,筛选适合A4菌生长的碳源和氮源,采用Plackett-Burman实验方法确定影响菌浓度的显著因子;通过最陡爬坡实验逼近菌浓度最大值响应稳定区域;最后根据Box-Behnken实验确定显著因子的最佳水平,建立相关参数的回归方程,得到优化培养参数,并以摇瓶培养实验验证理论参数及方程的科学性。结果显示,最适碳源、氮源分别为玉米浆、大豆蛋白,且它们与温度均为显著影响A4菌浓度的因子,其最适水平分别为20.06 g·L~(-1)、13.29 g·L~(-1)、30.26℃。采用优化后的参数进行摇瓶培养(24 h),A4菌浓度达1.19×109CFU·mL~(-1),与理论计算值(1.24×109CFU·mL~(-1))无显著差异(P0.05),但显著高于未优化菌株培养浓度(2.69×107CFU·mL~(-1))(P0.01)。可见,运用响应面法优化芽孢杆菌A4的培养参数,能显著提高A4菌的菌浓度。     

Yield and Gel Strength of Gelatin Extracted from Smoked Salmon (Salmo salar) Skins

The gelatin yield and gel strength of gelatin extracted from the skins of smoked salmon were determined. The skins had a crude protein content of 43.5 ± 1.2% and an estimated collagen content of 23.6 ± 1.0%. Following an alkali extraction process under varying extraction conditions, the protein content varied from 2.78% to 32.1%, and the gelatin yield ranged from 2.23% to 22.4% of the initial skin weight. The gelatin purity (gelatin/protein) ranged from 55.4% to 100%, with the highest Hyp/protein sample arbitrarily designated as being 100% pure, i.e., an assumption of pure gelatin. Statistical analysis showed that HCl concentration, pretreatment temperature, and extraction temperature significantly affected the protein yield and gelatin yield. The wide range of gel strengths indicates that the gelatin might have been hydrolyzed to different extents during the different extraction and cooling processes. Statistical analysis did not show that any of the factors studied affected the gel strength. However, the data indicated that low NaOH concentrations and HCl concentrations might not prevent hydrolysis during the extraction process. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) showed that the gelatins contained α- and β-chains and that the gelatins composed of higher concentrations of larger molecular weight polypeptide chains had higher gel strengths.