利用SMART技术构建荔枝果皮cDNA文库

以新采收荔枝果实的果皮为材料,利用SMART技术构建荔枝果皮cDNA文库。结果表明,初级噬菌体文库滴度为1.1×10^6pfu/mL,重组率为88.1%,文库的插入片段平均长度约为850bp;扩增文库滴度为2.6×10^9pfu/mL。对2444个克隆进行了测序,获得表达序列标签（EST）2136条,平均测序长度562bp。这些EST拼接成为836个簇,含单一序列549条,重叠群287个。初级文库的冗余度为60.8%。     

茶树新梢cDNA文库的构建和ESTs测序成功率初步分析

报道了国内第一个茶树cDNA文库的构建及其EST测序成功率分析。以Trizol一步法从龙井43春茶新梢中提取总RNA,分离纯化富含Poly (A)的mRNA,LD-PCR反转录合成双链cDNA,以λTripEX2为载体,构建了龙井43新梢cDNA文库。以XL1-Blue为受体菌测定原始文库的滴度为6.8×10⁵ pfu/ml,总克隆数为3.5×10⁵个,重组率为98.05%,扩增后文库总滴度为7.2×10⁹ pfu/ml。对随机挑取的噬菌斑进行PCR鉴定,表明插入片段大多分布在0.5-2.0 kb之间,绝大部分在1.0-1.5 kb左右。文库质量鉴定结果表明,构建的茶树新梢cDNA文库具有较好的库容量、较高的重组率以及较大的插入片段。对4320个克隆的序列测定表明,获得有用序列2963个,测序成功率为68.5%,剔除短序列后,首批共获得1687个茶树ESTs。     

甘蔗茎全长cDNA文库构建及EST序列分析

在利用改进的Oligo-capping法构建1个高质量的甘蔗茎全长cDNA文库基础上,对该文库进行大规模测序,获得了283条5'端有效EST序列,平均长度为459 bp,经聚类和拼接获得204个假定独立转录本(TUTs),冗余序列所占比例27.9％.NCBI同源比对分析结果表明,其中132条EST拼接的103个TUTs与已知功能基因具有较高的同源性,结合拟南芥功能基因分类标准对这些TUTs进行分类,可分为12类,以参与蛋白质合成的基因最多,其次为细胞结构、蛋白质降解和贮藏、转录等类型的基因.     

大豆硫氧还蛋白基因的克隆与分析

通过对大豆耐盐品种文丰7盐处理抑制差减文库的筛选,获得了一些差异表 达的EST序列,与NCBI中EST数据库进行比对分析后发现,其中1个与硫氧还蛋白相关.据此预测了大豆硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin,Trx)基因的cDNA序列,并采用RT-PCR方法克隆了大豆Trx基因.生物信息学分析表明:该基因包含1个354 b...     

苎麻茎皮表达序列标签(ESTs)分析

以生长中期的苎麻[Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud]茎皮为材料,构建库容量为2.2×105pfu/mL的cDNA文库并随机挑选部分克隆进行测序和生物信息学初步分析,得到275条有效序列.通过与NCBI等数据库比对分析,获得已知功能基因或具推测功能基因的EST91条,已知EST37条,新的EST147条,具已知或推测功能的ESTs大致分为9类,其中与蛋白质合成有关的ESTs所占比例最大.cDNA文库的构建和ESTs分析为苎麻功能基因组学研究提供了一条方便快捷的途径.     

木奈褐变果实均一化全长cDNA文库的构建及部分ESTs序列分析

以发生褐变初期的(木奈)果肉总RNA为材料,对SMARTTM cDNA合成方法进行改良,并将长距离PCR、DSN处理和定向克隆相结合,成功构建(木奈)褐变果实均一化全长cDNA文库.经检测,该文库的初始滴度为2.0×106 pfu/mL,重组率为99％,插入片段大小平均为1.8 kb,文库质量良好.随机挑取720个阳性克隆进行5'EST测序,共获得684条有效的ESTs序列；并将684条有效序列拼接后,58条被组装成21个重叠群(contigs),单拷贝(singlets)基因有626条,共得到647个单基因簇(unigenes),文库冗余率为8.4％.用Blast 2 go在线软件对测序结果进行功能注释和归类分析,结果显示,已知功能基因与能量代谢、蛋白质合成与降解、次生代谢物质、细胞壁代谢和转录因子有关.该文库的构建有利于从分子水平上研究(木奈)果实褐变发生的机制.     

海南蒟cDNA文库的构建及评价

全长cDNA文库构建是改良胡椒性状的分子机理研究基础,有助于重要相关基因的克隆、功能分析、调控及其利用.以性状优良并具代表性的海南蒟(Piper hainanense)为试材,采用优化的In-Fusion SMARTerTM Directional cDNA Library Construction Kit技术,构建叶片材料的全长cDNA文库.结果表明:文库的滴度为2.0×106 cfu/mL,文库容量为1.3×106 cfu.从文库中随机挑取20个克隆进行质粒DNA提取、PCR及酶切鉴定,结果显示:插入片段大小为1.0～2.0 kb,重组率为100％,表明该文库质量较高,可满足后续研究需要.     

巴西橡胶树蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因的克隆和表达分析

分析橡胶树EST数据库,得到一个注释为SPS(蔗糖磷酸合成酶)的EST序列重叠群(contig).通过PCR扩增和测序技术获得该基因的全长cDNA和基因组序列,命名为HbSPS1.序列分析显示,HbSPS1基因长度为5 298 bp,包含13个外显子和12个内含子.对应的cDNA编码序列(CDS)为3 156 bp,推测编码1 050个氨基酸,分子量大小为118.1 ku,等电点为6.05.采用荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因的表达模式,结果表明,HbSPS1基因主要在胶乳中表达,在乙烯利和机械伤害处理的胶乳中呈下调表达,在割胶影响下略有上调表达趋势,同时该基因在叶片发育过程中呈上调表达.说明HbSPS1基因可能参与胶乳蔗糖代谢和叶片发育调控.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.