十字型人工鱼礁礁体的水动力计算

针对连云港投放礁体海域的波流状况、水深等设计了十字型礁体，并根据波流动力学理论计算了此礁体受到的最大作用力。该十字型礁体在波流共同作用下的最大受力为2940N，作用力矩为5699N．m。与礁体受到的静摩擦力、重力矩相比，满足礁体稳定条件，即礁体在海底不会发生滑移或翻滚。     

钢制四方台型人工鱼礁礁体设计及稳定性研究

针对台州大陈海域的波流状况、水深等设计了钢制四方台型礁体。礁体的基本尺寸为底座3.5m×3.5m×0.3m,顶面2.5m×2.5m,高3.5m,重7.19。t根据波流动力学理论对此礁体在实际投放海域所受到的最大作用力、抗漂移系数以及抗倾覆系数等进行了计算。结果表明,该钢制四方台型礁体在波流共同作用下的最大受力为32255N,作用力矩为48642 N.m,抗漂移系数和抗倾覆系数分别为1.44,2.23。与礁体受到的静摩擦力、重力矩相比,满足礁体稳定条件,即礁体在海底不会发生滑移或翻滚。     

等边三角型人工鱼礁礁体结构设计及其稳定性

在山东威海西港水产公司小石岛造礁工程投放的三角型礁的基础上,改良设计了等边三角型礁。礁体的尺寸为:等边三角型的边长2 m,宽3.3 m,重8.1 t。根据山东海区的波流状况,测量计算了礁体在8种波况和5种流速下所受到的最大作用力、抗漂移安全系数和抗翻滚安全系数。结果表明,该礁型在实际投放水深为15 m、波高为6 m时,可能失稳发生漂移,在其他波况下能较好地保持稳定;该礁型在投放水深15 m、流速达到1 m/s时,仍能保持稳定,无漂移和翻滚现象。此外,在计算的基础上,对礁体的稳定性进行了观察试验,观察结论与计算结果基本相符。     

珠海万山人工鱼礁结构设计

根据珠海万山海域的水文、地质条件,设计了三种人工鱼礁。鱼礁为3.5 m×3.5 m×3.5 m框架箱型结构,框架采用0.2 m×0.2 m的框柱。在25年一遇波浪条件下,对礁体的水流力、抗滑抗倾稳定性、地基承载力和沉降量等特性进行了计算。结果表明,在底层流速1.2 m·s~(-1)时,礁体的抗滑移和抗倾覆系数分别为2.15、3.69,礁体不会滑移和倾覆翻滚,地基承载力和沉降量均满足要求。     

布设间距对多孔方型人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,研究了不同布设间距下,多孔方型人工鱼礁周围水流运动的规律,旨在为深入研究人工鱼礁的集鱼原理和海洋牧场建设中人工鱼礁的投放和布设提供更多参考。本研究采用了4种布设间距,分别为0.5、1、1.5和2倍鱼礁高度,基于计算机数值模拟技术,模拟了速度为0.8m/s的水流流经2个礁体的过程,分别观察鱼礁周围水流运动情况。结果显示,多孔方型人工鱼礁内部和周围存在缓流区、背涡流区、上升流区、死水区等有显著特征的区域;多孔方型人工鱼礁上升流的最大速度与来流速度的比值约为0.95倍;多孔方型人工鱼礁周围上升流最大抬升高度与鱼礁高度之比约为2.1;多孔方型人工鱼礁的结构在一定程度上为鱼礁周围的流态多样性提供了较有利的作用;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距对2个鱼礁单体间的旋涡数量和旋涡方向有较大影响,也对涡量大小和涡量分布范围产生影响。研究表明,在一定范围内,布设间距越大,涡量越大,分布范围越广,但超过一定范围后,涡量不再增大,分布范围也不再扩大;多孔方型人工鱼礁的布设间距越大,背涡流在X方向和Y方向的影响面积越大。研究结果清晰地展现了不同布设间距下的人工鱼礁的流场效应,对在特定条件下进行人工鱼礁投放和布设具有重要意义。     

几种不同类型人工鱼礁的稳定性和集鱼效果比较

根据唐山祥云湾海洋牧场海域具体特点,设计并投放了钢筋混凝土构件礁(A1、A2、A3、A4)、岩石礁(B1、B2)和船礁(C1)等三种不同性质的鱼礁.通过对鱼礁抗滑移、抗倾覆参数及集鱼效果进行比较,筛选出适宜的人工鱼礁礁型.结果显示:上述几种礁体抗倾覆系数、抗滑移系数均大于1,保证了礁体在海水中的稳定性.几种礁体对渔获量...     

圆柱镂空型人工鱼礁波流水动力特性数值模拟

研究人工鱼礁在波流作用下的水动力特性,对于人工鱼礁的设计具有重要的意义。基于有限体积法,采用边界造波,利用自由表面捕捉法(VOF)捕捉自由水面,建立了可以分别模拟纯波、均匀流以及波流共同作用下人工鱼礁水动力特性的多功能三维数值波流水槽。基于该数值模型对不同波流工况作用下圆柱型镂空人工鱼礁水动力特性进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行比较。结果显示,人工鱼礁数值模拟受力与模型试验结果吻合良好,人工鱼礁所受的波流力最大值随着波高、周期和水流流速的增大而增大;人工鱼礁处于波流场波峰正下方时,背涡流的面积随着水流流速的增大而增大,随着波高、周期增大而减小。对单独均匀流作用、单独波浪作用和波流联合作用下人工鱼礁的水动力特性对比研究表明,人工鱼礁所受的最大波流力比最大波浪力、水流力都大,波流联合作用下的流场效应最显著,在礁体的后部形成了较大规模的漩涡结构。     

国外人工鱼礁研究动向及对我国的启示

为提高人工鱼礁建设选址和礁体设计的科学性,基于试验水槽对2种人工鱼礁在粉砂黏土上的局部冲淤情况进行了物理模型试验,通过地形测量和理论分析,研究了5组不同流速条件下2种人工鱼礁礁体结构的局部冲淤情况。结果表明,在粉砂黏土底质上,流速小于0.22 m·s⁻¹时,泥沙扰动小,2种礁体的周围局部冲刷小,冲淤形态以礁体底板附近浮沙堆积为主,且随速度增大而增高;流速大于0.22 m·s⁻¹时,洗掘现象较为明显,鱼礁周围冲刷坑范围及深度随流速的增大而增加,而礁体周围泥沙堆积高度随速度增大而减小。支撑结构较为复杂的A礁冲淤现象显著且复杂,冲刷坑深度最大值位于礁体中间底部,为−15 mm,且在礁后1倍礁高处出现长尾状泥沙堆积,其在0.27 m·s⁻¹流速时达到最大值5 mm;而B礁冲淤现象不显著,仅在底板附近出现少量堆积与冲刷坑,但由于底板开口比较大导致B礁发生沉降。因此今后的研究应结合建设选址海域的底质及水文特征对礁体支撑结构和底板进行优化设计并进行模型试验及数值模拟,以避免礁体冲淤严重引起沉降、掩埋等现象,从而影响鱼礁建设效果。

     

平面网衣在水流作用下的受力和变形特性数值模拟研究

基于集中质量点法和牛顿第二定律,建立了网衣在水流作用下的受力和运动响应数学模型.采用计算机数值模拟方法,研究了水流作用下网衣的动态变形情况以及网衣受力平衡后的空间分布形状.在2种配重(GW1=4.12 N、GW2=16.38 N)和6种流速(U=0.17、0.22、0.28、0.33、0.39和0.44 m · s-1)条件下对网衣稳定后沿水流方向的总水流力、网衣底端的水平及垂直位移进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,配重及流速大小对网衣受力和变形特性具有较大的影响.随着水流速度的增大,网衣在水流作用下的运动变形加剧,且当配重增大时,网衣变形减小,网衣受力随流速的变化增幅明显加快.为了验证模型的正确性和有效性,文章还将数值模拟结果与前人的试验结果进行了比较,效果良好.     

粤东柘林湾溜牛人工鱼礁建设选址生态基础评价

为研究应用侧扫声纳技术评估已建人工鱼礁工程建设质量的可行性,于2017年4月应用侧扫声纳技术对已建1年的资源保护型人工鱼礁区进行现场勘测,随机选取AR1与AR2 2种人工鱼礁各15个,通过分析软件处理侧扫声纳实测数据,可获人工鱼礁的高度、沉降量、礁体布局等状态信息。结果显示,勘测礁区AR1型礁体高度为3.74~4.76 m,平均为4.44 m,沉降率为13.52%~32.20%,平均为19.20%;AR2型礁体礁体高度为2.57~3.45 m,平均为2.85 m,沉降率为13.67%~35.75%,平均为28.66%。截至调查时间为止,2种混凝土礁体结构较完整,个别礁体倾倒,实际礁体布局与预设布局有一定偏差。2种礁体沉降度单因素方差分析结果表明,2种礁体在投放海区的抗沉降能力差异显著,AR1型礁体抗沉降能力优于AR2型礁体。     

不同侧板结构对八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应的影响

为了解侧板结构对八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应的影响，实验基于计算流体力学方法(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)，利用大涡模拟(LES)对4种不同侧板结构的八棱柱型人工鱼礁周围流场变化进行数值模拟，并以上升流体积、背涡流体积和向上输运通量等为流场效应指标进行了分析，同时利用水槽实验对数值模型进行验证。结果显示，水槽实验流速与2种尺寸数值模拟流速的均方根误差最大不超过0.065。0°垂直迎流时，2种来流速度下，A型、C型和D型礁的上升流体积较B型礁最大分别高35.6%、244.1%和80.1%，背涡流体积较B型礁最大分别高193.5%、115.8%和88.8%。C型和D型礁的向上输运通量均大于A型礁，且C型礁最大向上输运通量是D型礁的1.29倍。不同迎流角度下，C型礁和D型礁的上升流体积和背涡流体积在4种角度下差异显著，且迎流面投影面积和上升流体积及背涡流体积之间相关系数较小。研究表明，实验所采用的数值模拟准确可靠；侧板数量增加对于提升八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应尤其是上升流效应作用明显；下层侧板固定时，上层为倾斜侧板有利于提升礁体的上升流效应，上层为垂直侧板时...     

Beyond the reef: The widespread use of non‐reef habitats by coral reef fishes

Marine ecology seeks to understand the factors that shape biological communities. Progress towards this goal has been hampered by habitat‐centric approaches that ignore the influence of the wider seascape. Coral reef fishes may use non‐reef habitats (e.g. mangrove and seagrass) extensively, yet most studies have focused on within‐reef attributes or connectivity between reefs to explain trends in their distribution and abundance. We systematically review the evidence for multihabitat use by coral reef fishes across life stages, feeding guilds and conservation status. At least 670 species of “coral reef fish” have been observed in non‐reef habitats, with almost half (293 species) being recorded in two or more non‐reef habitats. Of the 170 fish species for which both adult and juvenile data were available, almost 76% were recorded in non‐reef habitats in both life stages. Importantly, over half of the coral reef fish species recorded in non‐reef habitats (397 spp.) were potential fisheries targets. The use of non‐reef habitats by “coral reef” fishes appears to be widespread, suggesting in turn that attempts to manage anthropogenic impacts on fisheries and coral reefs may need to consider broader scales and different forms of connectivity than traditional approaches recommend. Faced with the deteriorating condition of many coastal habitats, there is a pressing need to better understand how the wider seascape can influence reef fish populations, community dynamics, food‐webs and other key ecological processes on reefs.     

Global drivers of reef fish growth

Few studies have attempted to understand how fish growth scales at community and macroecological levels. This study evaluated the drivers of reef fish growth across a large gradient of environmental variables and a range of morphological and behavioural traits. We compiled Von Bertalanffy Growth parameters for reef fishes and standardized K relative to species maximum sizes, obtaining K_max. We then modelled the response of K_max to body size, diet, body shape, position relative to the reef, schooling behaviour, sea surface temperature, pelagic net primary productivity and ageing method, while accounting for phylogenetic structure in the data. The final model explained 61.5% of the variation in K_max and contained size, temperature, diet, method and position. Body size explained 64% of the modelled K_max variability, while the other variables explained between 6% (temperature) and 2.5% (position). K_max steadily decreased with body size and increased with temperature. All else being equal, herbivores/macroalgivores and pelagic reef fishes had higher growth rates than the other groups. Moreover, length–frequency ageing tended to overestimate K_max compared to other methods (e.g. otolith's rings). Our results are consistent with (a) metabolic theory that predicts body size and temperature dependence of physiological rates; and (b) ecological theory that implies influence of resource availability and acquisition on growth. At last, we use machine learning to accurately predict growth coefficients for combinations of traits and environmental settings. Our study helps to bridge the gap between individual and community growth patterns, providing insights into the role of fish growth in the ecosystem process of biomass accumulation.     

发展海洋牧场构建“蓝色粮仓”

为了探明人工鱼礁对局地潮汐动力等因素的影响规律和机制,根据2016年7月东山海人工鱼礁区内外2个站位的25 h连续观测流速和水位数据,结合数值模拟方法,分析了广东惠州东山海人工鱼礁区建成后对礁区及周边海域潮汐动力等造成的影响。基于数值模拟,对建礁前后模拟结果对比分析获得了潮汐潮流等因子的变化情况。结果显示,模型模拟结果与实测值吻合良好;人工鱼礁区建成后对研究区域的潮汐调和常数和潮汐特性几乎没有影响;人工鱼礁区的部分分潮潮流椭圆会改变方向和转向,礁区外则几乎没有影响;建礁后礁区内部余流方向改变不大,礁区整体余流呈减小趋势;礁区附近水平流场改变明显,但对礁区外部影响范围有限,礁区迎流面有明显上升流,大潮涨急时刻底层上升流最大可达1.2 cm·s^–1,礁区后部则出现下降流。     

Sex change in coral reef fish

Gonadal differentiation can take many forms in fish, ranging from gonochorism, where individuals directly develop as male or female and finally possess only testis or ovaries at sexual maturation, to hermaphroditism where the same individuals can produce mature male and female gametes at some time in their lives. Hermaphrodite fish are, thus, an excellent model for studying the plasticity of sex determination and differentiation in vertebrates. We have shown that sex steroids play a principal role in sex differentiation and sex change in fish. Our laboratory implements several fish models that undergo sex change from female to male or male to female or in both directions. In this review, we will briefly discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of sex change in coral reef fish.     

Multicriteria estimate of coral reef fishery sustainability

A holistic basis for achieving ecosystem‐based management is needed to counter the continuing degradation of coral reefs. The high variation in recovery rates of fish, corresponding to fisheries yields, and the ecological complexity of coral reefs have challenged efforts to estimate fisheries sustainability. Yet, estimating stable yields can be determined when biomass, recovery, changes in per area yields and ecological change are evaluated together. Long‐term rates of change in yields and fishable biomass‐yield ratios have been the key missing variables for most coral reef assessments. Calibrating a fishery yield model using independently collected fishable biomass and recovery data produced large confidence intervals driven by high variability in biomass recovery rates that precluded accurate or universal yields for coral reefs. To test the model's predictions, I present changes in Kenyan reef fisheries for >20 years. Here, exceeding yields above 6 tonnes km^?2 year^?1 when fishable biomass was ~20 tonnes/km² (~20% of unfished biomass) resulted in a >2.4% annual decline. Therefore, rates of decline fit the mean settings well and model predictions may therefore be used as a benchmark in reefs with mean recovery rates (i.e. r = 0.20–0.25). The mean model settings indicate a maximum sustained yield (MSY) of ~6 tonnes km^?2 year^?1 when fishable biomass was ~50 tonnes/km². Variable reported recovery rates indicate that high sustainable yields will depend greatly on maintaining these rates, which can be reduced if productivity declines and management of stocks and functional diversity are ineffective. A number of ecological state‐yield trade‐off occurs as abrupt ecological changes prior to biomass levels that produce MSY.     

Ecological indicators for coral reef fisheries management

Coral reef fisheries are of great importance both economically and for food security, but many reefs are showing evidence of overfishing, with significant ecosystem‐level consequences for reef condition. In response, ecological indicators have been developed to assess the state of reef fisheries and their broader ecosystem‐level impacts. To date, use of fisheries indicators for coral reefs has been rather piecemeal, with no overarching understanding of their performance with respect to highlighting fishing effects. Here, we provide a review of multispecies fishery‐independent indicators used to evaluate fishing impacts on coral reefs. We investigate the consistency with which indicators highlight fishing effects on coral reefs. We then address questions of statistical power and uncertainty, type of fishing gradient, scale of analysis, the influence of other variables and the need for more work to set reference points for empirical, fisheries‐independent indicators on coral reefs. Our review provides knowledge that will help underpin the assessment of the ecological effects of fishing, offering essential support for the development and implementation of coral reef fisheries management plans.     

我国人工鱼礁建设与资源增殖

总结归纳了人工鱼礁及其渔业资源增殖机制的研究情况,包括附着生物增殖、环境效应增殖、游泳生物增殖等方面,并通过实证分析我国人工鱼礁建设中的资源增殖实践,最后针对资源增殖中的管理、技术问题,提出了建议.     

Active habitat selection by pre-settlement reef fishes

Our understanding of habitat selection by reef fish larvae has changed dramatically in the last 10 years. Fish larvae have long been considered passive particles at the mercy of ocean currents, tides and weather events. For reef fishes, ecological evidence has shown that passive dispersal alone often cannot explain larval distributions, suggesting active behaviour by reef fish larvae. While behaviourally modified passive transport may be important, recent work demonstrates that some reef fish larvae have the capability to actively swim to settlement habitat. They can orientate to reefs from distances of at least 1 km and can swim at speeds of 13.5 cm s^?1 for several days. The question then becomes, what are the cues that fish larvae use to orientate to reefs? Ambient reef sound has been shown to be attractive to reef fish larvae, and current research aims to understand better the nature and use of these acoustic cues. Other potential cues include chemoreception/olfaction, wave cues and visual location of reefs. A better understanding of active habitat selection and the underlying sensory and behavioural mechanisms will improve our knowledge of recruitment processes in reef fish ecology, and may have implications for active management of reef fish populations.     

我国近海渔业资源可持续产出基础研究的热点问题

采用生态系统服务理论,对柘林湾海洋牧场建设前后生态系统服务价值进行了系统评估。在此基础上,运用ArcGIS分析了柘林湾海洋牧场网箱养殖区、海藻增殖区、贝类底播区、人工鱼礁区、增殖放流区等不同功能区生态系统服务价值的空间分布特征。结果表明,2011—2013年,柘林湾生态系统服务价值从海洋牧场建设前的58 613万元上升至建设后的67 370万元。价值构成未发生明显变化,表现为供给服务价值最高,文化服务价值次之,调节服务价值相对较低。柘林湾海洋牧场不同功能区服务功能价值空间分布特征大致为网箱养殖区>海藻增殖区>贝类底播区>人工鱼礁区>增殖放流区。