基于二维条码和ARM的谷物溯源采集传输系统

摘要：谷物在生产供应链中按照等级和用途进行混合配送和分销,多源头性决定了谷物追溯系统中信息识别的难点。针对这个问题,该文提出以表面喷印二维条码的追溯颗粒作为谷物追溯信息的载体。基于嵌入式系统开发了二维条码、GPS定位信息和谷物产地环境信息采集终端,终端采集到的数据通过GPRS网络传输。系统实现了谷物标示信息及产地环境信息（温度、湿度、光照、二氧化碳）的自动采集和传输,可作为快速、低成本的谷物追溯系统,为确保谷物质量与安全生产提供一种有效手段。     

基于GPS和PDA的移动智能农田信息采集系统开发

根据精细农业发展的需要,开发了移动智能农田信息采集系统。系统以掌上电脑(PDA)为平台,集成了ZigBee协调器模块、GPS OEM模块和GPRS模块。ZigBee协调器模块用于管理农田无线传感器网络,通过农田无线传感器网络采集农田信息,应用无线节点进行数据的采集;GPS模块用于采集并管理各采样点的位置信息,并通过虚拟差分站VRS接收GPS位置的差分信息以提高定位精度;GPRS模块用于在申请差分信息和与上位机通讯时建立远程无限网络连接。使用VC语言开发了嵌入式应用模块,实现了无线传感器的农田信息、GPS的     

基于嵌入式组件技术的精准农业农田信息采集系统的设计与实现

基于精确地理位置的农田信息采集是实施精准农业的基础工作。介绍了一种基于掌上电脑和DGPS/背夹式GPS设备的农田信息采集系统的开发过程。该系统在Microsoft eMbedded Visual C++ 3.0集成开发环境下,采用嵌入式GIS开发组件,实现了掌上电脑环境下GPS、GIS功能的集成。系统由GPS实时通讯和数据处理模块、基于WinCE的基本GIS功能模块和农田信息采集功能模块等组成模块,能够实现与DGPS设备或背夹式GPS设备的实时通讯和定位数据的解析,实现了矢量农田地理信息的显示、操作、查询等基本GIS功能,同时,系统能够采集农田地物分布和多种影响作物生长的环境差异性信息。该文还介绍了使用Microsoft数据库访问组件对象ADOCE对Pocket Access数据库的操作方法,实现了对嵌入式农田信息采集系统中农田信息的有效管理。     

生鲜农产品供应链近场通信智能数据采集终端系统设计与开发

为了解决生鲜农产品供应链信息传递不连续、不完整、不真实等问题,防止农产品给人民生活健康带来威胁,该研究开发了基于近场通信技术的数据采集终端。该文分析了生鲜农产品供应链数据采集设备及工作环境的特点,开发一种基于近场通信技术(near field communication)、北斗系统(bei dou system)及全球移动通信系统(global system for mobile communications)集成技术的生鲜农产品供应链数据采集终端。该终端包含4个模块:NFC模块、系统CPU模块、北斗模块和GSM模块及电路系统。终端在写入数据时,同时将北斗加密数据通过NFC芯片PN532写入NFC标签,并通过GSM模块以短信的方式传递给后台数据库,利用RS232将数据信息传入节点企业平台,实现生鲜农产品数据信息的三重备份。该采集终端借助物联网及无线传感网的技术优势,实现生鲜农产品供应链各环节数据的自动智能采集并进行加密,满足企业在生产过程中不断变化环境下的数据采集及存储需求,该终端在极端环境下读取速度虽然降低了10%~25%,但存储率依然为100%,满足生鲜农产品供应链数据采集的需要,能够实现节点企业间信息连续度,为实现生鲜农产品可追溯提供参考。     

便携式土壤湿度检测装置用于精准灌溉决策系统

采用最先进的技术进行精准灌溉是现代农业发展的必然趋势,但在准确预测被监测区域的土壤湿度时,面临一个两难的处境:少量土壤湿度固定检测点不能良好地反映作物区域土壤墒情信息,而大量布置传感器检测点又使得投资成本较大。因此该文设计了一种便携式土壤检测装置,同时基于该装置构建了一个精准灌溉决策系统,并把该系统应用于田间的精准灌溉决策。该系统由便携式土壤湿度检测装置和上位机决策软件2部分组成,其中便携式土壤湿度检测装置由FDR原理土壤水分传感器MS-10、低功耗单片机C8051F410、蓝牙无线传输模块、数据显示模块以及部分外围电路组成,可以独立实现时间记录、数据存储和实时显示。经过试验标定,装置的允许最大误差为2.2%,设计精度为95%;上位机决策软件分为数据接收模块、分布式二进制一致性算法模块和系统操作界面3个子模块,分别采用Visual Basic、Matlab和Matlab GUI设计而成,实现对便携式装置所采集数据的无线传输、归一化处理和数据融合处理,能够根据不同区域划分和不同作物灌水下限进行相应的运算,从而得到估计精度较高、区域大小可调的多尺度精准灌溉决策信息。最后通过30 m×30 m草坪的土壤湿度为检测参数的田间验证,该系统的平均决策准确率大于90%,且可以根据需要增减检测点个数。因此既可以独立应用,也可以作为固定检测方式的有效补充,实现作物区域土壤湿度信息的精确采集,有效提高水资源利用率。     

基于小区育种的收获机智能测产系统

摘要：目前,中国境内大部分育种单位产量测试主要采用人工抽检方式完成,劳动强度大,工作效率低,测试数据的质量与发达国家所采用的测产系统相距甚远。为解决这一问题,该文设计研制了一种基于小区育种的收获机测产系统。该测产系统包括上位机和下位机两部分。下位机采用美国TI公司的MSP430单片机,通过粮食水分传感器,重量传感器,环境温湿度传感器,GPS模块,获取收获机的产量、粮食水分含量、环境温湿度及GPS地理位置等信息。上位机采用能够运行MCGS组态软件的嵌入式触摸屏作为人机交互界面。下上位机通过RS-232串口及Modbus协议实现通讯,完成数据的传输。该系统可以自动实现地块号与产量相关数据的准确对应关系,并利用U盘实现海量数据的导入、导出等数据管理功能。并利用虚拟试验验证了该收获机测产系统方案正确和可行,并且可明显提高育种测产的工作效率和数据的准确性。     

RTK-GPS系统设计及VRS差分方式分析比较

为了满足精细农业中对高精度定位数据的需求,该文使用低成本的RTK-GPS OEM板和无线通讯模块,设计开发了一套可采用VRS差分的GPS接收系统,并对北京市VRS系统的RTCM/CMR两种差分数据源格式、GPRS/CDMA两种差分数据无线传输方式的稳定性进行了分析比较。实验结果表明,设计开发的系统性能稳定;VRS差分数据源稳定可靠,可满足不同精度要求的GPS定位需求;CDMA无线传输方式引起的数据延迟小于GPRS方式,但通信成本较高,用户可综合考虑成本和精度两方面因素进行通讯方式的选择。     

便携式精确农作系统的构建与应用

为实现农作物生产管理的便携式和精确化。该研究以精确农业技术思想为指导,课题组已有精确作物管理模型为基础,结合Pocket PC、嵌入式GIS、SQL Server CE和GPS技术,采用系统工程思想和软构件技术,开发实现了基于Pocket PC的便携式精确农作系统。系统具有地图操作、信息管理、栽培方案设计、肥水运筹、适宜生长指标设计、因苗动态调控以及系统帮助等功能。于2007－2008年在江苏、浙江及河南示范区进行了系统的示范与应用,结果表明,系统能根据田块的实际情况设计适宜的作物生产精确管理方案,精确管理田块的水稻平均产量达10 435.3 kg/hm2,产量增幅达12.83%;精确管理田块的小麦平均产量达8124.6 kg/hm2,产量增幅达9.02%,同时减少了氮肥投入。系统的建立为精确农作管理提供了新的服务载体和应用模式。     

蔬菜安全生产管理及质量追溯系统设计与实现

可追溯体系作为控制农产品质量安全的有效方法日益受到世界各国重视.以蔬菜初级产品为研究对象,从信息技术的角度构建了一个以实现质量追溯为目的的蔬菜安全生产管理及质量追溯系统,设计了系统主要功能实现的流程,探讨了关键技术,综合采用数据库技术、网络技术、产品编码技术和生产预警技术,以.net为平台,开发了安全生产管理及质量追溯系统;系统实现了生产企业端的产前管理、产中管理、产后管理、.生产预警、统计分析、条码打印、短信发送和消费者端的质量追溯、质量反馈、健康指导等功能.该系统在北京市多家企业应用,运行结果表明:使用该系统提高了企业生产管理水平,增强了消费者的农产品安全意识.从信息技术的角度,提出了一套从蔬菜初级产品生产直接到消费的管理和追溯模式,为实现全程追溯打下了基础.     

基于嵌入式Linux技术的农产品流通追溯系统设计与实现

农产品流通环节是实现农产品质量追溯系统的关键环节,为改进传统方式如索证、索票等在建立农产品流通追溯系统时存在的操作不足,该文以农产品可信流通控制技术为基础,采用“硬控制”的设计思路,以自主研发的多功能嵌入式农产品流通专用设备为控制工具,以上位机农产品流通追溯系统为业务支撑,建立了基于Linux嵌入式技术的农产品流通阶段质量追溯系统。多功能流通专用设备集RFID（radio frequency identification）身份识别、二维条码打印、无线数据上传于一体,实现了产品准入、市场抽检和市场追溯,并通过网络、POS（point of sales）机实现了公众查询追溯服务,建立了可操作的农产品流通追溯系统模型,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.