农达对水葫芦象甲的影响

用４１％农达加水分别稀释３０、１００、３００、１０００和３０００倍,在室内测试了对水葫芦象甲的影响。结果表明,象甲卵和初孵幼虫直接接触药液对孵化率和化蛹率没有明显的影响。将药液直接喷施于成虫体表后再饲喂新鲜健康的叶片对象甲存活没有明显的影响。用不同浓度药液处理的叶片饲喂象甲成虫１月后,存活率分别为１０．０％、４５．０％、４２．５％、６６．７％和７７．５％,对照为７２．５％。室外种群动态试验发现,用１００倍以下药液处理有象甲成虫和幼虫的水葫芦小区３个月后,水葫芦和象甲全部死亡;而用３００倍以上农达处理的小区内象甲仍保持一定的种群数量。本项研究表明低浓度农达对象甲比较安全,可与象甲配合控制水葫芦。     

用不同日龄水葫芦叶片饲养对水葫芦象甲的影响

水葫芦(Eichnornia crassipes(Mart)Solms-Laub)是目前世界上危害最严重的多年生水生杂草(私人通信).近年来大面积覆盖我国南方的很多水体,带来严重的生态、经济和社会危害[1].为控制水葫芦的蔓延为害,中国农科院1995从美国和阿根廷引进了两种天敌昆虫(Neochetina eichhorniae和N.brachi),有效地抑制了已释省区水葫芦的生长[2].国外曾就水葫芦叶龄对N.eichhorniae卵和幼虫在植株体内分布的影响进行过研究[3],本文就用不同日龄水葫芦叶片饲养对象甲的影响进行了研究,为人工饲养象甲提供科学依据.     

利用水葫芦象甲和农达综合控制水葫芦

试验表明同时应用水葫芦象甲和农达控制水葫芦,可达到快速、持续的控制效果,但农达使用剂量应选择适当。药量４.５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２的综防处理区中,由于农达的作用水葫芦植株在２０～５０ｄ内大部分死亡,水葫芦象甲亦很快死亡,象甲很难发挥有效的作用;药量为０.４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２的综防区中,水葫芦象甲和农达同时作用,对水葫芦的叶片数、繁殖量和生物量起到了明显的抑制作用,与单独施用同样药量的化防区和只释放象甲的生防区有显著差异,而且象甲保持了一定的种群密度;而药量为０.０４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２的综防区与只放象甲的生防区控制水葫芦的效果一样。     

水葫芦象甲对水葫芦的生物防治效应

通过在室内塑箱释放专食性天敌昆虫——水葫芦象甲以控制水葫芦的研究。初步探明了水葫芦象甲不同释放密度对水葫芦植株生长的影响、控制效果以及适宜的水葫芦象甲释放密度,为水葫芦生物防除的推广应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

三种化学除草剂对水葫芦象甲的影响

室内外就草甘膦、克芜踪、农得时３种除草剂对水葫芦象甲卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的影响进行了初步测试。象甲卵直接接触３种除草剂药液和清水对照后,孵化率分别为８３．３％、９３．３％、９２．２％和９５．６％;处理有卵植株叶片后,卵的孵化率分别为９０．０％、５３．４％、８５．６％和９３．６％。３种除草剂对初孵幼虫存活和蛹的羽化影响不大。但用克芜踪和农得时处理的叶片喂食象甲后,成虫产卵量分别为０．１７和０．２７粒／（对ｄ－１）,取食量分别为１０．８０和８．７０个取食斑／（对ｄ－１）,明显低于对照的产卵量１．１４粒和取食量１５．４０个／（对ｄ－１）,而草甘膦处理后象甲产卵量为１．１４粒／（对ｄ－１）,取食斑为１６．５０个／（对ｄ－１）,与对照差异不显著;克芜踪处理后７０天,象甲全部死亡,而草甘膦、农得时和对照的存活率分别为９２．５％、９５．０％和９７．５％。综合比较结果,３种除草剂对象甲的毒性影响依次为克芜踪＞农得时＞草甘膦     

蓼科杂草的重要天敌——蓼蓝齿胫叶甲

蓼蓝齿胫叶甲是蓼科杂草的重要天敌 ,以成虫、幼虫取食寄主叶片、叶柄和和植株生长点 ,导致全株枯死。该虫在宜昌 1年发生 1代,2月底至 3月初成虫出蛰取食、交配产卵 ,3月中旬始见幼虫,4月上旬至 6月上旬老熟幼虫入土化蛹 ,4月中旬以后成虫陆续羽化 ,以未交配成虫在土壤中越夏越冬。该虫历期卵7～10d ,幼虫10～20d ,蛹5～10d ,成虫期长达1年之久     

芒果果实象甲生物学观察及几种农药室内药效试验

芒果果实象甲在广西每年发生1代,成虫寿命12～14个月,周年可见,7月上旬除少量的个体仍处在老龄幼虫虫期和蛹期外,绝大部分均羽化为成虫。卵期5～6d,幼虫成熟后常在果内化蛹,室内药效试验结果表明,30％乙酰甲胺磷、80％敌敌畏有很好的毒杀效果。     

斜纹夜蛾取食水葫芦的观察

斜纹夜蛾幼虫可大量取食水葫芦的叶与叶柄,当幼虫达到一定密度时,水葫芦的生长受到抑制,甚至造成枯萎、死亡。3只斜纹夜蛾幼虫可造成1株水葫芦死亡。斜纹夜蛾幼虫能够有效地抑制水葫芦的生长,为水葫芦的治理提供新的思路。     

水葫芦象甲对外来杂草水葫芦的控制效果

外来植物水葫芦是目前我国南方危害最为严重的水生杂草。本文研究了野外释放从国外引进的专食性天敌昆虫控制水葫芦的效果。1996年8月在浙江温州面积为1372m^2、水葫芦覆盖率达100％的河道上释放1000头象甲，放虫2年后，水葫芦植株长势明显受到抑制，但仍有75％的水面被覆盖。防效仅为25％，3年后，发展迅速，效果十分显著，99％的水葫芦被清除。随着放虫区水葫芦数量和长势的减弱，象甲开始向四周扩散，首先扩散到紧邻放虫区面积为3000m^2的河道上，并在1999年4月将70％的水葫芦清除；同年12月发现，从放虫区沿河道向下游20km，均可发现象甲。     

油菜花露尾甲的发生规律及药剂防治

通过田间系统调查和室内饲养观察表明 :油菜花露尾甲在甘肃临夏春油菜上 1年发生 1代。越冬代成虫春季先侵害早熟的门源油菜 ,之后再危害中熟的甘蓝型油菜和晚熟的芥菜型油菜。侵入的高峰期与油菜蕾盛期 (初花 )相吻合 ,花后虫量锐减。在室温 16.9～17.9℃下饲养 ,卵期3～4d ;幼虫 2龄 ,1龄 2～3d ,2龄 2d ;预蛹期3～5d ,蛹期5～ 9d。幼虫在田间化蛹深度0～6cm ,80%集中在0～3cm的表土中。成虫对黄色有趋性 ,蕾 (花 )期用药是控制该虫危害的关键时期。 2.5%敌杀死3.12mg/kg防治成虫效果较好     

Sublethal effects of a synthetic pyrethroid,deltamethrin, on the glycemia,the lipemia,and the gut alkaline phosphatases of honeybees

A sublethal dose (0.1 pmol per honeybee, i.e., approx. 0.9 pmol/g body wt) of the synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin, was injected intrathoracically into the hemocoel of emerging bees and the biochemical effects were determined over a period of 3 hr. The variations in hemolymph concentrations of trehalose, glucose, phospholipid, steroid, and diacylglycerol were limited, but large variations were observed for other lipids. Mono- and triacylglycerols increased dramatically 1.5 hr after injections; then a peak of free fatty acid appeared at the same time (3 hr) as the monoacylglycerols reached their maximum and the triacylglycerols started to decrease. Atypical forms of triacylglycerols accumulated from 1.5 hr to a maximum level 2 hr after injection. Then, after 3 hr, the concentrations of regular fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, and atypical triacylglycerols returned to normal while longer-chain fatty acids and different forms of ceride simultaneously appeared. The gut alkaline phosphatase parameters (V_M, K, and Hill coefficient) also showed large variations 1.5 and 2 hr after injection, indicating an initial inhibition phase followed by superimposed induction and inhibition mechanisms. These data are discussed according to the hemolymph-lipid transport scheme from the biosynthetic to the utilization sites. Hormone release associated to mitochondrial alteration could be responsible for the observed effects.     

Establishment of, and preliminary impact studies on, the rust, Maravalia cryptostegiae, of the invasive alien weed, Cryptostegia grandiflora in Queensland, Australia

The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km². Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m⁻³ to 1 m⁻³ over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed.     

Effects of the host, the pathogen, the environment and their interactions, on fusarium wilt in carnation

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi causes severe wilting in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) worldwide. The pathogen is present in the soil profile in which carnation roots are distributed and may infect the plants at any time during the growing season. To minimize the losses induced by Fusarium wilt, growers use carnation cuttings free ofFusarium spp. and fumigate the soil with methyl bromide prior to planting. The severity of epidemics and the resulting losses are governed by the main and interacting effects of the three components of the disease syndrome: the host, the pathogen and the environment. Host variables include the type and the degree of cultivar resistance (i.e., complete, partial or tolerance); pathogen variables include the race, its virulence and infectivity, and the amount of initial inoculum; environmental variables include solar radiation intensity, photoperiod, temperature and the growth substrate. In the present review the information available on the effect of the host, the pathogen and the environment, and their interactions, on Fusarium wilt in carnation is summarized.     

Modeling the Risk of Entry, Establishment, Spread, Containment, and Economic Impact of Tilletia indica, the Cause of Karnal Bunt of Wheat, Using an Australian Context

ABSTRACT Modeling techniques were developed to quantify the probability of Tilletia indica entering and establishing in Western Australia (WA), and to simulate spread, containment, and the economic impact of the pathogen. Entry of T. indica is most likely to occur through imports of bulk grain or fertilizer (0.023 +/- 0.017 entries per year and approximately 0.009 +/- 0.009 establishments per year). Entry may also occur through straw goods, new or second-hand agricultural machinery, and on personal effects of travelers who have visited regions with infected plants. The combined probability of entry and establishment of T. indica, for all pathways of entry, is about one entry every 25 years and one establishment every 67 years. Alternatively, sensitivity analysis does show that increases in quarantine funding can reduce the probability of entry to about one entry every 50 years and less than one establishment every 100 years. T. indica is spread efficiently through contaminated farm machinery, seed and soil, rain, air currents, and animals. Depending on the rate of spread of the pathogen and the amount of resources allocated for detection, the time until first detection could range from 4 to 11 years and the economic impact could range from 8 to 24% of the total value of wheat production in WA.     

Metabolic aspects of the toxicology of diazinon. I. Hepatic metabolism in the sheep,cow, pig,guinea-pig,rat, turkey,chicken and duck

The phosphorothionate insecticide diazinon was incubated with liver microsomes from the sheep, cow, pig, guinea-pig, rat, turkey, chicken and duck. Metabolism by liver slices of most of these species was also examined. Hydroxydiazinon, isohydroxydiazinon, dehydrodiazinon, their oxons and diazoxon were identified and determined quantitatively or semi-quantitatively. An eighth metabolite was tentatively identified as the 6-aldehyde analogue of diazinon. Yields and rates of production of these metabolites varied greatly between species. Production of oxons was not generally correlated with susceptibility to diazinon poisoning, although it was lowest in the least susceptible animal, the sheep. The degradation of oxons by liver slices was too slow to explain the low toxicity of diazinon to the mammals. The relative importance of hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism in determining toxicity to vertebrates is discussed.     

草地螟幼虫取食量、头宽、体长及体重的测定

研究了草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)幼虫的取食量、头宽、体长及体重增长的变化。草地螟的幼虫历期约为13 d,取食量635 mg,其中前3龄的取食量仅为幼虫总取食量的30%,而4、5龄的取食量分别占24%和46%。幼虫头宽增加的数值从1龄的0.31 mm增加到5龄的1.51 mm,增加的数值随幼虫龄期的增加而增大,增加倍数则随龄期的增加而缩小。幼虫体长从1龄的2.3 mm增加到5龄的18.9 mm,增加了约7倍。体重则由1龄期的0.2 mg增加到5龄时的43.6 mg,增加了约240倍。3龄前幼虫体重增长缓慢,4龄后增长量达到10 mg以上,到5龄第2天达到最大值68.94mg后下降。幼虫的总取食量约为本身体重的15倍。本文还讨论了以上结果在了解草地螟幼虫危害特征和规律及监测、防治中的作用。     

Evidence for different mechanisms of action of the three pyrethroids,deltamethrin, cypermethrin,and fenvalerate,on the excitation threshold of myelinated nerve

The effects of three α-cyano pyrethroids (deltamethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin) on the electrophysiological function of single myelinated nerve fibers from Rana esculenta were investigated. The time course of pyrethroid-induced changes on the threshold interval, V_s − V_m (V_s: threshold voltage; V_m: membrane potential), as well as stationary membrane parameters determining this interval was measured on the same nerve preparation (membrane potential V_m, stationary transition voltage V_Tr, stationary sodium conductance). The results suggest that the mechanisms of changing the threshold interval are different for the three pyrethroids. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin increase this interval until inexcitability, deltamethrin by increasing the stationary sodium conductance and cypermethrin by blocking the sodium conductance. Fenvalerate, however, insignificantly affects the threshold interval because both V_m and V_s are shifted parallel by about the same amount in the same direction (depolarization). These qualitatively different effects of chemically related substances differentiate the pyrethroids from other classes of substances which are effective on the nerve function and suggests that the molecular mechanisms underlying the pyrethroid effects might have a unique quality.     

Identification of the sex pheromone of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera,in Israel

The composition of the female sex pheromone ofHeliothis armigera in Israel has been identified, with four main compounds detected: Z-9-hexadecenal (3%), Z-11-hexadecenal (87%), hexadecanal (4%), and hexadecanol (6%). The first two aldehydes are the essential components of the sex pheromone ofH. armigera.     

Metabolism of the methoxychlor isostere,dianisylneopentane, in mouse,insects, and a model ecosystem

Dianisylneopentane or 1,1-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropane was metabolized largely by O-demethylation to form mono- and diphenol derivatives. Only a small percentage was degraded by α-hydroxylation and rearrangement. In the model ecosystem, dianisylneopentane reacted very similarly to methoxychlor, accumulating in fish to about the same extent and yielding a slightly higher ratio of polar to nonpolar metabolites. The neopentyl group proved to be approximately as stable in biological systems as the isosterically equivalent trichloromethyl group.