京津冀地区鸢尾专类园设计研究

鸢尾(Iris)是世界名花,品种丰富,栽培历史悠久,观赏价值高。参考国内外植物专类园的案例,在文献查阅研究、实地调研、鸢尾产业交流和引种栽培基础上,综合考虑京津冀地区的地形、水系、植物和园林小品等要素,确定了鸢尾专类园植物造景规划原则、设计策略和技术指标。采用虚拟案例设计等方法,对专类园进行了合理分区和景观架构,并从造景设计、造景元素等方面进行了详细研究,对提升京津冀地区植物专类园设计水平具有一定指导意义。     

北京鸢尾属修订

本文收录了北京地区鸢尾属植物共5种，3变种。其中黄菖蒲、喜盐鸢尾、蓝花喜盐鸢尾为《北京植物志》未曾收录的种类。作者在此基础上对北京鸢尾属植物进行修订，编写了分种检索表，对新增补种类的特征进行了描述。     

鸢尾属观赏地被植物在亚热带生态园林中的应用

分析研究了适合亚热带地区的10种鸢尾属观赏地被植物的生态特性与景观效果,结果表明,在中国亚热带地区,鸢尾属种类可划分为冬春功能群和夏季功能群两大类,其中鸢尾、蝴蝶花和德国鸢尾适合春季观赏,其余种类适合在春夏观赏;在春季,溪荪的光合速率最高,德国鸢尾和黄菖蒲次之,蓝蝴蝶花和白蝴蝶花最低;蒸腾速率的顺序也为溪荪最高,蓝蝴蝶花和白蝴蝶花最低;德国鸢尾由于相对较高的光合速率和相对较低的蒸腾速率,水分利用效率最高,花菖蒲则因相对较高的蒸腾速率和相对较低的光合速率,水分利用效率最低.     

净化生活污水的浮床植物筛选

【目的】筛选出目前对生活污水净化效果较好的浮床植物。【方法】以14种湖南常见的草本和木本植物为材料,监测了污水处理过程中植物的株高、根系结构和生物量等生长指标,CODcr、TN、NH3-N、TP等水质指标的动态变化,并进行了植物的生长指标与水质净化指标的相关性分析。【结果】1)大部分植物均有较强的生长能力,其中水葱、水蕹菜的株高具有显著性优势(P <0.05);美人蕉、再力花、菖蒲和梭鱼草均表现出极强的生根能力,其根长增长率分别为390%、293.33%、286.67%和270%;植物的生物量增长率在5.1%~500.7%之间,其中菖蒲、美人蕉、水蕹菜和再力花的生物量具有显著性优势(P <0.05)。2)无植物对照组对污染物的去除率明显低于有植物处理组,处理时间的长短对污染物的净化效果具有显著差异性(P <0.05),且主要表现为早期对污染物净化速率快。所有植物处理对CODcr、TN、NH3-N、TP的平均净化率比无植物对照组分别提高了6.30%~36.80%、11.92%~20.97%、22.92%~29.28%、5.51%~41.24%,其中,美人蕉对CODcr的净净化率高达36.80%,水蕹菜对TN、TP的净化效果表现出显著性优势(P <0.05),梭鱼草则对NH3-N具有较好的净化能力。3)根据筛选指标的平均隶属函数值对14种草本和木本植物进行聚类分析,可将植物分为高、中、低净化能力植物三大类,高净化能力植物:梭鱼草、菖蒲、美人蕉、鸢尾、水蕹菜和再力花。中等净化能力植物:花菖蒲、旱伞草、黄菖蒲、花叶芦竹和水葱。低净化能力植物:冬青、女贞和月季。【结论】草本植物中的梭鱼草、菖蒲、美人蕉、鸢尾、水蕹菜和再力花以及木本植物中的冬青对生活污水具有较高的净化能力,适合用作生活污水处理的浮床植物。     

鸢尾属7个品种花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

为探索鸢尾属不同品种的花粉活力及柱头可授性的变化规律,从而提高其杂交效率,以鸢尾属7个品种为试验材料,对其开花过程中不同时间的花粉活力和柱头可授性进行观测,并对其结果进行UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明,7个鸢尾品种花粉活力最高期与柱头可授性最高期在时间上不吻合。‘贵格少女’开花后2h花粉即散尽,6-8h柱头可授性保持最高;蓝蝴蝶、黄菖蒲、马蔺、‘音箱’、‘紫褐’和‘平瓣粉’分别于花后2h、2h、4h、6h、6h、6h花粉活力达到最大值,4-24h、4-26h、4-24h、6-8h、6h、6-8h柱头可授性保持最高。在欧式距离D2=2.68处,7个鸢尾品种可分为两大类,第一类包括4个品种,按相似度依次为‘音箱’、‘平瓣粉’、‘贵格少女’和‘紫褐’。第二类包括3个品种,按相似度依次为黄菖蒲、马蔺、蓝蝴蝶。     

水位变动对2种水生植物生长及生物量分配的影响

通过人工模拟自然水位变化,设置水位变化控制试验,研究不同水位梯度处理对2种水生植物菖蒲和黄花鸢尾株高、分株数、生物量积累及生物量分配格局的影响。试验结果表明:不同水位梯度对2种水生植物的株高、克隆分株数、生物量积累与分配格局等指标均有显著影响(P<0.05);菖蒲和黄花鸢尾株高在变动水位处理下均显著高于其他水位(P<0.05)处理,高水位有效促使菖蒲的克隆分株,各水位对黄花鸢尾克隆分株数无显著影响。变动水位和高水位处理对菖蒲的叶质量有显著影响,且明显高于中水位和低水位。黄花鸢尾根生物量在各水位处理中无显著差异(P>0.05),根茎生物量在变动水位下显著高于高水位和低水位下生物量。综合来看,变动水位更有利于2种水生植物的生长及发育。     

退耕还湿湿地对水质的净化效果研究

以桂阳县柏树河退耕还湿试点项目区内的还湿湿地为研究对象,根据植物生物学特性和试点区水质状况,因地制宜,选择合适的植物进行了优化配置,以提升项目区生态净化功能、改善进入项目区的水质。结果表明:柏树河退耕还湿湿地对COD、TN、TP、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的降低率分别为61.3%、78.6%、57.1%、66.3%和48.1%;"黄菖蒲+花菖蒲+水生鸢尾+水生美人蕉+风车草+水葱种植区对COD、TP的去除效果最好,湘莲+茭白种植区对TN的去除效果最好"。故退耕还湿湿地可有效净化水质,减少农业面源污染。     

宝鸡市植物专类园调查与分析

对植物专类园在宝鸡地区的分布现状做了进一步调查与分析,着重介绍了专类植物展示和植物造景形式在园林中的重要地位,专类园不仅可以用于科学研究,还可以展示本种植物的群体美和个体美,同时也为游人提供了游览休憩的场所。并对专类园的现状及存在问题进行了分析与评价,提出了专类园设计与营造的发展对策。     

南京中山植物园的特色专类园设计

要使南京中山植物园在新的形势下有所发展 ,适应和满足社会的需求 ,必须对其进行新一轮的调整、规划与改造。在改造和规划下 ,要十分注意地被植物园、水生植物园、孢子植物园、盲人植物园、创意园、腊梅园、球根花卉园和鸢尾园等特色植物专类园的规划与设计 ,该文简要地介绍了这些特色植物园     

杭州地区鸢尾属引种繁育技术与湿生鸢尾应用研究

介绍鸢尾属植物的品种分类系统和通常园艺上的分类方法,以及引种原则、方法及驯化措施;对引入栽培的鸢尾品种进行形态特征、生物学特性观察试验,并以7种湿生鸢尾为代表品种进行繁育技术研究及应用效果调查,分析其在杭州环境条件的生长发育情况,为湿生鸢尾类植物在与本地区的生产应用和气候环境相似的其他地区进一步推广应用提供科学的依据和参考。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.