全棉籽影响奶牛生产性能的研究进展

我国是棉花生产大国,每年棉花产量可达700万吨,棉籽是棉花加工过程中的副产品,如果将棉籽用作动物的饲料,无论从资源利用还是畜牧养殖上都很有意义。目前,在我国大多数棉籽被压榨成棉籽饼粕或制成脱酚棉仁蛋白利用,这些副产品在畜禽中的应用已经取得了一定的进展。但是棉籽的深     

棉酚的特性与棉籽粕脱毒方法的研究进展

<正>我国是产棉大国,年产棉籽粕600万t,其中新疆地区是棉籽粕主产地,占总产量60%以上,资源丰富且蛋白质含量较高,是畜禽的主要蛋白质饲料资源之一,由于新疆维吾尔自治区的面积辽阔,运输成本高,造成需要从沿海地区调运的蛋白饲料——豆粕的价格居高不下,而当地资源棉籽粕价格低廉,但棉籽粕中含有游离棉酚(FG)对动物有很强毒性,很大程度上限制了其在畜禽饲粮中的应用,显然,开发优质低毒性棉籽粕,提高棉籽粕在饲     

浅谈棉籽饼粕脱毒方法

新疆是我国的主产棉区,年产棉花约279万t;棉花加工企业的副产品棉籽,年产量约486万t,棉籽粗蛋白含量约35％～38％,粗脂肪含量约17％～19％,提取油脂后的副产品是棉粕或棉饼,含有丰富的蛋白质,粗蛋白约38％～45％,年产量约267万t。由于普通棉粕或棉饼含有棉酚等有毒物质,饲料中的添加量很小,一般为3％～8％。新疆是一个蛋白质饲料原料缺乏的地区,很多蛋白质原料都需从内地购买,如果能充分利用本地的棉籽加工副产品资源,可充分缓解我区蛋白饲料资源缺乏的状况,降低畜牧业生产成本。     

棉粕在畜禽饲料中的合理应用

<正> 我国是产棉大国,其农副产品棉粕是畜禽配合饲料中最好的植物蛋白饲料来源,棉粕含蛋白质40%以上,赖氨酸1.59%,蛋氨酸0.52%,棉粕是棉籽经脱壳、加热、压扁成薄片用溶剂已烷浸出油后,所余下的副产品,棉粕是畜禽饲料非常有价值的一种原料,鉴别棉粕质量的好坏,     

棉籽对反刍动物的营养价值和代谢

我国是产棉大国,副产品棉籽是重要的饲料资源,棉籽中含有棉酚,对单胃动物的利用受到限制,但用作反刍动物饲料有很大的潜力.因此,近些年来国内外关于棉籽对反刍动物的营养价值及应用进行了很多研究,现就全棉籽的养分含量、瘤胃消化率、全消化道消化率、棉酚含量、瘤胃微生物对棉酚的降解、体外脱毒、影响血液棉酚质量浓度的因素、棉酚的代谢与奶牛血液指标和健康的关系、对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成、对奶牛繁殖和对产奶的影响等进行论述.     

棉籽粕几种脱毒方法效果的比较

棉籽粕是一种高蛋白质饲料,其蛋白质含量可达38%～45%.但因棉籽粕中所含游离棉酚是一种细胞性、血管性、神经性毒物,使畜禽中毒甚至死亡.为了充分利用这一饲料资源,长期以来,国内外一直在探索棉籽粕的有效利用途径.目前,已有许多脱毒方法问世,并应用于生产.本试验的目的是通过测定棉籽粕中游离棉酚的含量,对多种脱毒方法的效果和实用性方面进行比较,确定棉籽粕合理、有效的脱毒方法,为棉籽粕在饲料工业中的大量使用提供经济、安全、可靠的科学依据.     

棉酚对反刍动物的危害性及其瘤胃微生物学脱毒机理探讨

棉花在加工过程中所产生的棉籽、棉花壳、棉仁粉、棉粕等副产品是畜禽养殖业重要的饲料资源。与单胃动物相比,反刍家畜对棉副产品中棉酚毒性具有一定耐受性,但目前与棉酚相关的瘤胃微生物学脱毒机制尚不清楚。本文针对棉酚的危害性,重点综述了棉酚脱毒相关的化学与微生物学机理研究进展,以期为今后开展瘤胃微生物棉酚脱毒机制研究提供参考依据。     

棉副产品微生物脱毒利用研究进展

我国是一个产棉大国，2000年棉花产量达441.7万t，其中新疆就占145．6万t，其次是河南、山东、江苏、湖北、河北、安徽和湖南等省。拥有如此丰富的棉花资源，我国年产棉副产品资源为：棉籽663万t，棉籽饼粕（含壳约15％）318万t，棉籽壳172万t，棉秆1758.5万t。目前棉副产品的综合利用，除棉籽榨油，棉籽饼粕可作为一种蛋白质资源用于动物饲料中外，棉籽壳的利用大多局限于用作栽培食用菌或有机肥料肥田，     

低酚棉副产物：亟待开发的饲料资源

低酚棉副产物—亟待开发的饲料资源中国农业科学院饲料研究所李淑敏棉花是我国主要的工业原料作物。在众多的产棉国家中，我国的带籽棉产量居世界首位。根据全世界棉花与棉籽产量的统计，平均每生产１吨棉花就有副产品棉籽１．５—２吨，棉花秸秆４—５吨。我国每年平均产...     

棉籽的营养价值与加工利用

棉籽是棉花生产的副产品。我国每年生产棉籽约600万t，是重要的蛋白质饲料来源。多年来，由于脱酚等加工工艺不完善，在棉饼粕中含有大量的毒素棉酚，作为饲料使用受到了很大限制。近年来，随着畜牧业的快速发展，蛋白质饲料短缺的局面越来越严重，据全国饲料工业办公室对我国2010年畜产品和水产品生产指标和饲料资源的供需情况进行的预测，2010年我国饼粕类的缺口为2560万t。大豆作为主要蛋白质饲料来源，其进口量逐年增加，     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.