Effects of Relative Light Intensity on the Growth,Yield and Curcumin Content of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in Okinawa,Japan

Abstract

The effects of relative light intensity (RLI) on the growth, yield and curcumin content of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) were examined in Okinawa, Japan. The plants were shaded with white nets with different mesh sizes for maintaining respective RLI. Five RLI, 100 (without shading), 82, 79, 73 and 59% in 2004?2005 and four RLI, 100, 68, 52 and 48% in 2005?2006 were evaluated. In the first experiment, plant height increased markedly, but the number of leaves and tillers, and SPAD value increased slightly in the plants grown at 59?82% RLI compared with control (without shading). Turmeric shoot biomass and yield increased significantly at 59?82% RLI and they were highest at 73% RLI in the first experiment. Curcumin content of turmeric increased markedly at 59?73% RLI as compared with the control in the first experiment. Similar results in plant growth, shoot biomass, yield and curcumin content were obtained in the second experiment, but the effects of RLIs were smaller than in the first experiment because of late planting. This study indicates that turmeric is a partial shade-tolerant plant that could be cultivated at around 59?73% RLI for higher yield and curcumin content in Okinawa. However, the degree of RLI required for better turmeric cultivation may vary with the place, year and irradiance level.     

Effects of Application of N,P And K Alone Or In Combination on Growth,Yield And Curcumin Content of Turmeric(Curcuma Longa L.)

Abstract

The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan. Number of spikes, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD value at anthesis increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing N application rate at active tillering. Grain yield also increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the increased number of spikes. However, grain yield did not increase significantly (P > 0.05) with increasing N application rate at anthesis. The slope of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain yield was about 3 times that of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain yield. These results indicate that N application at active tillering is more effective than N application at anthesis for increasing grain yield. Increasing N application rate at active tillering and anthesis generally increased grain protein content. However, the slope of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain protein content was about 2 times that of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain protein content. These results indicate that N application at anthesis is more effective than N application at active tillering for increasing grain protein content. The interaction between N application rates at active tillering and anthesis was significant (P < 0.05) for grain protein content. With the application of 4 g N m^–2 at active tillering, grain protein content increased linearly at a rate of about 0.5% per 1 g N m^–2 (from 10.9% to 14.0%) with increasing N application rate (from 0 to 6 g N m^–2) at anthesis. However, the rate of increase in grain protein content with increasing N application rate at anthesis was greater with 0 g N m^–2 at active tillering than that with 4 g N m^–2 at active tillering, whereas that with 8 g N m^–2 at active tillering was smaller than that with 4 g N m^–2 at active tillering. Application of 8 g N m^–2 at tillering resulted in the highest SPAD value at anthesis; this was followed by the results for 4 and 0 g N m^–2. Therefore, the SPAD value may be an important trait to decide N application rate at anthesis.     

小麦籽粒营养品质及品质产量的边际效应

为阐明小麦籽粒营养品质及品质产量的边际效应,以黄淮麦区不同品质类型的4个小麦品种为材料,于2010-2012年度对不同麦行籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖含量等营养品质指标和品质产量进行了系统研究。结果表明,不同行次间籽粒蛋白质含量和可溶性糖含量差异达显著水平,其中边1行、边2行、边3行和边4行的籽粒蛋白质含量分别为136.79、131.02、129.50、126.58 mg·g^-1,可溶性糖含量分别为113.08、91.61、93.55、87.91 mg·g^-1;不同行次间籽粒淀粉含量差异达显著水平;不同行次间籽粒蛋白质产量和淀粉产量的差异达显著水平,其中,边1行、边2行、边3行和边4行的籽粒蛋白质产量和淀粉产量分别为1 543.3、995.7、987.1、930.9 kg·hm^-2和6 480.6、4 284.9、4 383.6、4 126.3 kg·hm^-2,边际效应显著。本研究表明,小麦营养品质和品质产量具有显著的边际效应,生产中可通过改革种植方式、合理选用品种等加以充分利用。     

稻草覆盖始期对红壤旱地花生生长及产量形成的影响

探明红壤旱地花生进行稻草覆盖的最佳时期。通过设定播种后1 d（T1）、出苗后10 d（T2）、始花期（T3）、盛花期（T4）、结荚期（T5）开始覆盖稻草5个处理,以全程无覆盖（CK）为对照,研究覆盖时期对花生产量形成及旱地生态的影响。花生出苗前稻草覆盖会显著降低花生的出苗率,降低产量,而出苗后10 d到结荚期进行稻草覆盖均可以有效的抑制杂草发生,保持土壤水分、降低土壤温度,并有利于减缓花生叶片的衰老,增加后期绿叶数,延长花生叶片的功能,促进根瘤生长,有效的提高花生产量。江西红壤旱地花生稻草覆盖可减少杂草的发生、改善土壤温湿条件,有利于产量形成,适宜的覆盖始期为齐苗后10 d左右,过早或过迟进行覆盖,效果均受影响,甚至会减产。     

Antioxidant capacity of fresh and dried rhizomes from four clones of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) grown in vitro

Plant genotype, field conditions, and postharvest processing of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) can alter the combinations of phytochemicals in rhizomes. We investigated the effects of drying upon the antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts from rhizomes of four clones of turmeric grown in vitro under controlled conditions. Antioxidant properties of microrhizomes were also compared with commercially available rhizome powder. The antioxidant capacities of extracts were assayed for their ability to scavenge the DPPH* radical and chelate ferrous iron. Tissue drying negatively affected the ability of extracts to scavenge the DPPH* radical in all four accessions tested, whereas the effect of tissue drying on ferrous iron chelating ability of extracts was cultivar specific. Fresh tissue extracts were more potent than extracts from commercially available turmeric powder in all cases for both assays. The iron chelation assay revealed that extracts from recently dried tissue were significantly more potent than extracts from aged commercially available turmeric powder. DPPH* scavenging capacity of the dried tissue was usually of similar intensity to the commercially available powder with only one clone showing a significant difference in potency. Commercial drying methods may have negative effects on the antioxidants present in the rhizomes of turmeric. Genotypic selection minimized this effect. In vitro prepared rhizomes are a readily available source of fresh turmeric tissue from controlled environments irrespective of uncertainty associated with international outsource of seasonal, agricultural products.     

钾对大豆干物质积累、产量及品质的影响

盆栽条件下,通过设置不同的钾素水平,研究钾肥对大豆干物质积累及其产量和品质的影响.结果表明,钾增加了R1期根及地上部的干物质积累,但处理间差异不显著;R3、R5时期取样,随着钾肥用量的增加,根及地上部干物重表现为先增加后降低的趋势,K3(0.068 g K2O kg-1土)处理干物质积累量最多,但R3时期取样处理间差异不显著,R5时期取样处理间差异显著.随着大豆的生长发育,根冠比逐渐减小,R5时期根冠比值最小.R1、R3时期随着钾肥用量的增加根冠比表现为先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,K2(0.034 g K20 kg-1土)处理根冠比值最大;R5时期以K3处理根冠比值最大.钾有提高大豆脂肪降低蛋白质含量的趋势.钾能促进大豆产量的形成,以K5(0.136 g K2O kg-1土)处理产量最高,并且显著高于不施钾肥的处理.     

甘蓝型油菜耐湿性的遗传差异鉴定

9个不同遗传背景的甘蓝型油菜品种（系）在室内进行发芽种子水淹和春季田间模拟湿害条件下，研究油菜对湿害胁迫的耐湿遗传差异。结果表明，不同油菜品种（系）对湿害具有较大的遗传差异。发芽种子湿害胁迫后，耐湿品种中双8号和中双9号等品系（种）具有较强的耐湿性，表现为发芽湿害处理后活力指数、成苗率、相对苗长、相对根长和相对苗重等显著较高，田间湿害后单株有效果数、每角粒数和单株粒重的降低程度显著低于其他品种，而且千粒重显著提高，含油量和蛋白质变化不显著。不耐湿的品种如GH01等活力指数、相对苗长、相对苗重、单株粒重、每角粒数含油量等显著降低，蛋白质含量显著提高。相关分析表明，发芽种子耐湿活力指数与花期田间湿害后的产量性状耐湿指标具有显著或极显著的相关关系。     

花生主要品质性状的QTLs定位分析

以郑8903×豫花4号的215个重组自交系群体（RILs）为材料,采用2008年原阳种植材料(F8)的品质检测数据,运用WinQTLCart 2.5软件进行与花生蛋白质、脂肪及脂肪酸含量相关的QTLs定位分析。研究结果显示,检测到2个与蛋白质含量相关的QTLs,遗传贡献率分别为4.82%和9.66%;2个与脂肪含量相关的QTLs,遗传贡献率分别为5.25%和8.24%。与油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸和山嵛酸含量相关的QTL各检测到1个,遗传贡献率分别为5.13%、8.28%、24.14%和7.88%;2个与花生酸含量相关的QTLs,遗传贡献率分别为7.12%和18.32%。     

GA_3和CPPU对海南贵妃杧产量和果实品质的影响

以海南主栽杧果品种贵妃杧为试材,研究了赤霉素(GA3)和氯吡脲(CPPU或KT-30)对其产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)GA3处理明显增加产量,且不同程度地改善果实品质,以GA3150 mg/L和GA3250 mg/L效果较好,两者的产量、果形指数、单果重、可食率、糖酸比(显著降低可滴定酸含量)均显著高于对照;(2)CPPU处理促进果实膨大的效果比GA3处理明显,且可食率和果实硬度显著高于对照,但产量增加不明显,具有疏果的作用,明显增加畸形果数量,浓度过高会使糖酸比(显著增加可滴定酸含量)明显下降,以较低浓度的CPPU 5 mg/L和CPPU 10 mg/L为宜;(3)GA3150 mg/L+CPPU 5 mg/L的混合处理对果实膨大的效果明显优于单一处理,但增加产量不明显,与单用GA3150 mg/L处理相比,明显降低了产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比(显著增加可滴定酸含量);(4)CPPU处理和较低浓度的GA3处理(GA350 mg/L和GA3150 mg/L)延缓了果皮叶绿素的降解,较高浓度(GA3250 mg/L和GA3500 mg/L)则相反,GA3和CPPU处理均促进了果皮类胡萝卜素的积累,较高浓度的GA3处理促进了果皮花青素的合成,CPPU和混合处理抑制了果皮花青素的合成。该研究为GA3和CPPU在海南贵妃杧种植中的合理应用提供了科学依据。     

间作对红壤旱地棉花农艺性状、产量及品质的影响

为探讨红壤旱地棉花适宜的耕作方式，增加棉花产量、改善品质以获得更高的经济效益，以棉花单作为对照，分别比较了棉花与大豆、玉米和甘薯间作对棉花株高、果枝数等农艺性状以及产量、纤维品质的影响。结果表明，间作较单作可提高棉花第一果枝高度和第一果枝节位；促进棉花株高、果枝数、真叶数的增加；可增加棉花成铃数，特别是提高伏桃比例从而提高棉花产量；可降低马克隆值和提高断裂比强度从而改善棉花纤维品质。综合分析认为，棉花间作甘薯的优势较为明显。     

Yield and growth characteristics of erect panicle type rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar,Shennong265 under various crop management practices in Western Japan

Erect panicle rice cultivars utilize solar energy effectively and have improved ecological growing conditions. Among such cultivars, Shennong265 has been grown successfully throughout Northern China. Nevertheless, no studies have yet examined the relationships between crop dry matter productivity, weather conditions, and nitrogen uptake of the erect panicle type rice cultivar in Japan. The objective of our study was to evaluate the productivity of erect panicle rice Shennong265 in Western Japan under varied conditions. Three rice cultivars, Shennong265, Nipponbare, and Takanari were grown in the field under different fertilizer and plant density conditions in Western Japan; using this information, we compared yield and growth characteristics of Shennong265 with those of Nipponbare and Takanari. Although Shennong265 had radiation use efficiency similar to that of the high yielding cultivar (Takanari) and much higher leaf nitrogen content than Takanari and Nipponbare, the average grain yield of Shennong265 grown under normal fertilizer and plant density conditions was approximately 6.9 t ha^?1 as against 6.2 t ha^?1 for Nipponbare and 9.6 t ha^?1 for Takanari. These results suggest that, while Shennong265 has a high yield potential, the environmental conditions including climate, fertilizer, and planting period provided in this study were not suitable for achieving its maximum yield. The reduced performance of Shennong265 may be caused by insufficient fertilizer after heading and by shorter growth periods, as well as by the climate of Western Japan. Additional fertilizer application during the heading stage and earlier transplanting may be needed to obtain higher Shennong265 yields in Western Japan.     

不同氮肥模式对夏玉米产量、蛋白质品质和氮素利用特性的影响

以高产玉米品种郑单958和先玉335为供试材料,在大田生产条件下设置4个施氮水平,研究不同氮肥模式对两个高产玉米品种子粒产量、蛋白质产量及氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明,两个玉米品种子粒产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,均以240 kg/hm~2处理最高,先玉335子粒产量显著高于郑单958;两个玉米品种子粒蛋白质含量及其产量随施氮量的增加显著增加,先玉335的蛋白质含量及其产量均高于郑单958;两个玉米品种氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率随施氮量的增加而显著降低,均以180 kg/hm2处理最高,先玉335的氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学利用效率均高于郑单958。综合分析认为,两个玉米品种均以240 kg/hm~2处理可以同步协调实现较高的子粒产量、蛋白质含量和氮素利用效率,获得产量、品质和高氮素利用效率的协调统一。     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术,试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁）,拔节期灌1水（W₂）,孕穗期灌1水（W₃）,越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂）,越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）,拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃）,越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3）,全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明,与不灌水的CK比较,所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加,但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大;拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大,但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小,对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大;孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大,对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加,小麦籽粒产量显著提高,淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变,而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高,其次是W₁₃处理;W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高,其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理;W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高,其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标,最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

锌对寒地盐碱土玉米生长发育及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了寒地盐碱土施用锌肥对玉米的生长发育、光合性能及产量的影响。试验结果表明,寒地盐碱土适量施锌,可以有效促进玉米植株生长,增加干物质积累,增大玉米光合叶面积和光合速率,提高玉米产量。过量施锌导致玉米株高、叶面积、光合速率和产量下降。寒地盐碱土锌肥(EDTA-Zn)最佳施用量为30 kg/hm²。     

硫吸收同化分配及其对小麦产量和品质影响的研究进展

硫是所有生物必需的营养元素。近年来,随着高含量的氮、磷肥逐渐代替了传统的含硫肥料、大气中二氧化硫沉积的减少以及小麦产量的显著增长,硫缺乏已成为世界上许多地区小麦生产的限制因子。小麦最适宜生长的需硫量大约是20 kg.hm-2左右。缺硫除了对小麦生长和产量有影响,籽粒偏向于合成和积累贫硫或低硫贮存蛋白,如ω-醇溶蛋白和高分子量谷蛋白亚基,而蛋白质组成的变化与面团流变学特性改变有关,大田条件下增施硫肥显著改善了面包品质。给缺硫的土壤追施硫肥可提高籽粒淀粉合成酶的活性,增加籽粒淀粉积累量,改善淀粉糊化特性。     

初期保护性耕作和秸秆还田对土壤物理特性及大豆玉米产量的影响

在黑龙江垦区852农场研究了初期保护性耕作和秸秆还田对土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤容重和机械阻力等土壤物理特性及对玉米、大豆产量的影响,为中长期保护性耕作和秸秆还田的应用提供理论依据.试验于2009年进行,轮作顺序为大豆-玉米-玉米;大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)和玉米试验圃(前茬为玉米)处理为免耕、灭茬还田、旋耕还田和传统耕作;玉米试验圃(前茬为大豆)处理包括免耕、直播还田、旋耕还田和传统耕作.结果表明:大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)免耕和灭茬还田处理生育前期的土壤温度分别比传统耕作低3.38℃和2.6℃,玉米圃(前茬为大豆)免耕和直播处理同期的土壤温度分别比传统耕作低1.93℃和1.39℃;春季播种期大豆试验圃(前茬为玉米)免耕和灭茬还田处理的土壤体积含水量分别高于传统耕作9.3 %和4.8%,玉米试验圃(前作为大豆)免耕和直播还田处理的土壤体积含水量分别高于传统耕作16.0 %和12.6 %;此外,免耕模式的5～20 cm深度的土壤容重和0～25 cm的土壤机械阻力均显著高于传统耕作模式,但是均未达到对作物根系生长产生抑制的阀值;免耕和灭茬/直播还田模式前期的耕层低温并未对产量构成不利影响,与传统耕作相比并未显著减产.     

胜红蓟对大豆生长和产量的影响

外来入侵杂草胜红蓟已由南向北入侵到我国长江流域,对众多作物构成威胁。大豆是长江流域重要的作物之一。通过田间小区试验,测定胜红蓟不同密度和不同除草时间对大豆生长和产量的影响。结果表明,各处理胜红蓟对大豆的株高、叶片数和产量没有显著的影响。这说明大豆(台湾毛豆75号)品种对胜红蓟具有较强的竞争力和化感作用。     

Content and Quality of Protein in Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Varieties

Proso millet belongs to the oldest cereals that human is using. Eight varieties of proso millet were cultivated in Ceske Budejovice from1998 to 2000 and Cerveny Dvur from 1999 to 2000. The crude protein content was determined according to Kjehladl method and amino acid content was determined chromatographically after acid and oxidative acid hydrolysis. Although the protein content of proso (11.6% of dry matter) was similar to wheat, the grain of proso was significant richer in essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, methionine) then wheat. Hence, the protein quality of proso (Essential Amino Acid Index) was higher (51%) compared to wheat. The proso grain contained about 3.3 g kg⁻¹ of the limiting amino acid-lysine. Significant differences in protein and its quality were found among the evaluated proso varieties. The varieties Toldanskoe and Lipetskoe were the most different from the others in protein and amino acid content and Amino Acid Score of individual acids. They had the lowest content and quality of protein. The seed coat of these varieties was red. The amino acid and protein content was significantly influenced by weather during the year. Dry conditions caused an increase of protein but its quality was decreased.     

施磷对花生根系生长发育和产量的影响

采用盆栽方式,研究了施磷对花生根系生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,花生出苗45d后根系干物重、根系活力、根瘤数和根瘤鲜重逐渐增大,在出苗后85d（饱果初期）达到最大值,以后逐渐降低。增施磷肥有利于提高花生根系干物重、根系活力、根瘤数和根瘤鲜重,最终提高了荚果产量、生物产量和经济系数。