菜用大豆与普通大豆产量及品质的比较

研究比较了10个日本菜用大豆和8个辽宁省育成的普通大豆品种的产量和品质.结果表明:日本菜用大豆品种的株高显著矮于辽宁省育成的普通大豆,且抗倒能力也显著强于普通大豆,而且以有限结荚习性居多,籽粒较大,百粒重显著大于普通大豆品种.虽然日本菜用大豆的产量要明显低于辽宁普通大豆的产量,但品质要显著好于辽宁普通大豆,尤其是蛋白质含量,有些品种高达50%.结果还表明:多数菜用大豆的油酸含量较高,平均含量为245 mg·g~(-1),而普通大豆平均含量为238 mg·g~(-1).     

Screening soybean (grain and vegetable) genotypes for nutrients and anti-nutritional factors

Fifty six genotypes of grain-type soybean and 17 genotypes of vegetable-type soybean collections were analyzed for protein and oil content, trypsin inhibitor, and lipoxygenase activities. The protein and oil content ranged from 36.9 to 47.9% and from 13.3 to 23.0% for different accessions in grain- and vegetable-type soybeans, respectively. Trypsin inhibitor and lipoxygenase activities ranged from 22.0 to 47.0 trypsin inhibitor units/mg meal and from 482 to 6265 lipoxygenase units/min/mg meal for grain- and vegetable-type soybeans, respectively. Significant correlations (r=–0.62 and –0.52,P<0.05) were found between protein and oil, and between protein and trypsin inhibitor. A significant positive correlation (r=0.42,P<0.05) was also calculated for oil and lipoxygenase activity. Several genotypes of soybean and vegetable soybean (plant introductions 423905, 417330, 417223, 171451, 200506, 200523, 417124, 227687, 203402, 445842, 203399, 423852, 416771, FC31927, Avoyelles, and Sooty) showed good nutritional potential and may be useful in a breeding program to improve the nutritional quality of soybean. Screening for essential amino acids, fatty acids, and trace minerals for selected genotypes is underway.     

早熟菜用大豆农艺性状、籽粒产量和品质形成规律的研究

采用早熟菜用大豆品种为试材,对不同菜用大豆品种农艺性状、籽粒产量和品质的形成规律进行了研究.结果表明:早熟菜用大豆品种株型矮小,分枝少,节问长度较短;一粒荚、二粒荚所占的比例较大,百粒重和收获指数均较高;不同生育期品种间光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度没有显著差异;在籽粒形成过程中,可溶性糖含量和脂肪含量均呈上升趋势,品种间蛋白质含量和蛋脂总含量积累有所差异.综合籽粒产量和品质性状,沈农引48是更适合选用的早熟菜用大豆品种.     

利用ISSR标记进行菜用大豆和普通大豆的分类

ISSR标记技术因具有很高的多肽性而被广泛应用于遗传多样性研究.进行菜用大豆品种多样性研究将有助于育种家进行杂交亲本的合理选配.采用ISSR标记技术对37个菜用大豆品种(系)和13个普通大豆品种(系)进行了分类研究.结果表明:50个ISSR引物中有11个引物没有多肽性,其他39个引物共产生132条谱带,其中81条多肽性谱带,占61.4%.引物扩增的谱带数在l～7条之间,大小为830～3530 bp.每个引物平均扩增的谱带数和多肽性带数分别为3.3和2.1.聚类分析结果表明,可将供试的50个品种划分为3个类组,扁茎大豆Taikadai-zu单独一组,7个普通大豆(多数为中国选育)划归为B组,C组由日本菜用大豆和4个普通大豆组成.C组还可以划分成若干亚组,同一亚组的品种具有相似的性状,比如有一亚组的品种均是褐脐、茶色种皮、白花、不易炸荚.系选的品种和原始品种在分类图中也显示出其密切的亲缘关系.基于ISSR标记的分类可以反映菜用大豆的遗传关系,菜用大豆和普通大豆之间存在遗传多样性,合理保存菜用大豆种质将有助于未来大豆品质改良计划.     

Nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors in selected vegetable soybean (Glycine Max [L.] Merr.)

The genetic variation in the nutrient composition and anti-nutritional factors of 17 vegetable soybean genotypes were determined and a wide variation in protein %, total phosphorus (TP_i) and available phosphorus (AP) was found among these genotypes. Variations in Ca, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu were also documented. Variation was also found for trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity and Phytate (PA) content. A highly significant and negative correlation (r=–0.533,P<0.01) was observed between TI and total protein. Strong positive correlation (r=0.90) was also found between TP_i and AP. Several genotypes (Sooty, Emperor, Wilson-5, PI 416771, PI 417322) showed good nutritional potential and can be used in the breeding program. High protein %, TP_i, and minerals are desirable qualities for vegetable-type soybeans that make it as food with high nutrient density. Studies on the nutritional evaluation of immature vegetable type soybean seeds at different reproductive stages are also underway.Agricultural Research Station Journal Article Series No. 172. The use of any trade name varieties, and/or vendors does not imply the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.     

Anatomical Changes during in Vitro Direct Formation of Shoot Bud from Root Tips in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Abstract

The germination and emergence of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can be adversely affected by the presence of excessive water as a result of continuous rainfall. The pre-germination flooding-tolerant cultivars can be tolerant to hypoxia in the flooding field. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between germination under hypoxia at different temperatures and pre-germination flooding tolerance. Seeds of 6 soybean cultivars were subjected to 5 oxygen concentrations and 3 temperatures. Seeds of all 6 cultivars hardly germinated under an oxygen concentration of 20 mL L^–1, but germinated with increasing oxygen concentration regardless of temperature. The pre-germination flooding-tolerant cultivar ‘Peking’ exhibited poorer germination under hypoxia than the other cultivars. Seed coat of ‘Peking’ did not dehisce when seeds did not germinate under hypoxia regardless of temperature. The pre-germination flooding-susceptible cultivar ‘Nakasennari’ exhibited higher seed coat dehiscence, but the dehiscence mostly occurred on the seed surface rather than micropyle under hypoxia at 25°C and 30°C. Seven days after termination of 3-d hypoxia treatment at 30°C, the percentage of seedlings with root hairs and/or lateral roots relative to that after ambient oxygen treatment was maintained in ‘Peking’ but decreased in the other cultivars, especially in ‘Nakasennari’. Pre-germination flooding-tolerant cultivar, especially ‘Peking’, is characterized by a delay in germination processes under hypoxia, and exhibits vigorous germination after release from hypoxia.     

Amino acid profile of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC): a rich source of vegetable protein

Twenty one cultivars of winged bean (17 of Indian origin and 4 exotic strains obtained from Sri Lanka) were cultivated on marginal (alkaline) soils in the sub-tropics and evaluated for their food value. Whereas the seeds showed wide variations in total protein content (38.1 to 45 per cent), the amino acid compositions were in close proximity to those of soybean. Nevertheless, some strains of winged bean registered higher levels of certain amino acids as compared to soybean.     

Effect of thinning on cultivar differences of green stem disorder in soybean

ABSTRACT

Green stem disorder (GSD) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) negatively affects harvest efficiency and seed appearances. Breeding GSD-insensitive cultivars is expected to be an effective countermeasure to GSD. However, it is difficult to stably detect cultivar differences in GSD under conventional field conditions because the occurrences of GSD largely vary by location and year. The thinning effect, which had been reported to promote GSD, may help accurate phenotyping for occurrences of GSD in breeding. To verify this possibility, the thinning treatment was applied to four cultivars, the GSD severity values of which were evaluated in an independent study by another group. As a result, the cultivar differences in GSD severity were generally comparable between the present and previous studies. However, the difference was more evident, with the thinning treatment exhibiting the GSD score of 2.8 of ‘Hatsusayaka’ compared with the GSD score of 3.6 of ‘Sachiyutaka’, while the scores of those cultivars were similar without the thinning treatment. A positive correlation between GSD severity and N concentration in the main stem could be seen but the increasing rate of GSD score with the N concentration in the main stem differed between cultivars. Thus, although more cultivars need to be tested to prove, the thinning treatment could be useful as a phenotyping technique in the breeding of GSD-insensitive cultivars.     

始花期追施尿素对菜用大豆品质的影响

选用3个早熟和1个晚熟菜用大豆品种,探讨了始花期不同尿素追施量(0、75、150 kg·hm-2)对菜用大豆籽粒可溶性糖、蛋白质和脂肪积累的影响.结果表明:从鼓粒到籽粒成熟,菜用大豆籽粒的可溶性糖含量总体呈上升趋势,脂肪积累呈现“S”型曲线变化,蛋白质含量总体呈上升趋势,但后期出现小幅下降.早熟品种籽粒的可溶性糖含量在...     

大气CO2浓度升高对大豆不同器官碳水化合物积累的影响

研究大气CO2浓度升高对非结构性碳水化合物分配积累的影响,可填补大豆气候变化生物学的部分空白,也又可为选育适应未来气候条件的大豆品种以及高产栽培策略提供理论支撑。本研究以大豆品种紫花4（ZH4）、小黄金（XHJ）、丰收10号（FS10）和嫩丰1号（NF1）为材料,利用开顶式气室模拟研究大气CO2浓度升高到550 μmol·mol-1对大豆鼓粒期（R5）和完熟期（R8）不同器官光合产物积累和分配的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度升高对不同器官C浓度的影响存在品种间差异。除了R5期XHJ叶片和R8期NF1根系,大豆不同器官C浓度表现出增加的趋势。大气CO2浓度升高显著增加R5期大豆叶片可溶性糖浓度（33.4%~90.0%）;而蔗糖和淀粉浓度对大气CO2浓度升高的响应受到品种因素的影响,XHJ叶片蔗糖浓度和FS10叶片淀粉浓度分别降低9.7%和13%,其余品种叶片蔗糖和淀粉浓度显著增加。在R8期,大气CO2浓度升高后大豆籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉浓度均表现出增加的趋势,籽粒可溶性糖浓度平均增加22%。同R5期相比,R8期大豆营养器官的碳水化合物浓度显著下降,表明营养器官碳水化合物的再利用能力决定大豆产量的增幅。ZH4、XHJ和FS10的产量平均增加32.7%,而NF1产量增加不显著。大气CO2浓度升高显著提高了大豆植株C的同化能力,但不同品种间差异显著。“源端”叶片蔗糖转化能力强,“流端”茎秆装卸同化产物效率高,以及“库强”较大的大豆品种在未来大豆品种选育和生产中应该是重点关注对象。     

Yield and dry matter dynamics of vegetative and reproductive organs in Japanese and US soybean cultivars

ABSTRACT

Recently, US soybean cultivars have exhibited higher yields than Japanese soybean cultivars. To identify the determinants for this yield difference in reference to dry matter dynamics, recently developed US cultivars and Japanese commercial cultivars were cultivated in drained paddy fields in 2012 and 2013. The total dry matter (TDM) of each cultivar was measured at the initial seed-filling stage (R5), at 30 d after R5, and at maturity (R8). From R5 to R8, the DM of abscised leaves and petioles were measured. The actual HI (with abscised leaves and petioles) and apparent HI (without abscised leaves and petioles) were determined at R8. US soybean cultivars showed higher yields and apparent TDM (without abscised leaves and petioles) than did Japanese cultivars at R8. However, the difference in actual TDM (with abscised leaves and petioles) production was not significant between US and Japanese cultivars at R8. On the other hand, the actual HI was higher in US cultivars than in Japanese cultivars. US cultivars exhibited a higher TDM distribution to the pod before R5 and a higher pod growth rate from R5 to 30 d after R5. US cultivars tended to show greater crop growth rates (CGRs) from R5 to 30 d after R5. The higher yield in US cultivars was associated with the higher actual HI, which was considered attributable to a greater TDM productivity during the seed-filling period and higher DM distribution in the pod before R5.     

Variation in photosensitivity of flowering in the world soybean mini-core collections (GmWMC)

ABSTRACT

Photosensitivity of flowering is the main yield limiting factor for soybean production in tropical areas. Our objective was to evaluate the variation of photosensitivity in the world soybean mini-core collections (GmWMC) under controlled environment. Ten and 13 h were selected as short- and long- photoperiods. The days from emergence to first flower open (DEF) were 20–49 days under 13 h, whereas 20–31 days under 10 h photoperiods. The variation in DEF under short photoperiod might be caused by juvenile growth phase or post-inductive phase, because 10 h was the photoperiod which induction phase of most genotypes were minimized. Index of photosensitivity of flowering (IPF) varied from 0.00 to 0.47 and correlated positively with DEF under short photoperiod. However, some genotypes were found having higher IPF but shorter DEF, or lower IPF but longer DEF. Results provided the valuable information for soybean production in tropical areas.     

Influence of Sowing Time and Nitrogen Topdressing at the Flowering Stage on the Yield and Pod Character of Green Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)

Abstract:

Basal dressing is generally considered important in the conventional cultivation of green soybean (edamame). In this experiment, we investigated the influence of the sowing time and nitrogen topdressing at the flowering stage on its yield and pod character. Seeds were sown on April 10 (early) and April 20 (late); the total amount of nitrogenous fertilizer applied was maintained constant, and the ratio of nitrogen applied as basal dressing to that applied as topdressing was changed : 10 : 0, 7 : 3, 3 : 7, and 0 : 10. The plant top growth during the early growth stages and its dry weight during the flowering stage increased with the increase in the amount of nitrogen applied as basal dressing, but the length of the main stem, number of branches, and total number of nodes at the time of harvesting did not. The yield, number of pods, and proportion of high-quality 3-grained pods increased with the amount of nitrogen topdressing. The number of pods set and the green soybean yield tended to decrease with the delay in the sowing time. However, in both early and late sowing, the yield tended to be higher when large quantities of nitrogen topdressing were applied. These results suggest that nitrogen topdressing after the flowering stage is effective in improving the yield of green soybean.     

Isoflavonoid Accumulation Pattern as Affected by Shading from Maize in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Relay Strip Intercropping System

Abstract

Soybean is the most common resource of isoflavonoid in human food. Wide development of relay strip intercropped soybean has contributed to the soybean industry in China. Due to the shading from maize, growth and grain production of soybean is reduced. However, whether soybean isoflavonoid accumulation pattern is influenced in the relay strip intercropping system is still unclear. Here, we studied the accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones in the relay strip intercropping system and sole cropping system at the per-harvest stage. The accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones at the postharvest stage were also studied. The results indicated that accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones of all varieties in leaf and seed in the two systems were similar, but the trend was delayed in the relay strip intercropping system compared with the sole cropping system. During the pod filling stage, the total content of isoflavone, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed in the relay strip intercropping system were lower than those in the sole cropping system. During the after-ripening period, seed isoflavone content, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed increased in both systems, but were higher in the relay strip intercropping system. The temperature and photosynthetically active radiation were significantly lower in relay intercropping than in sole cropping, while relative humidity showed the opposite trend. Path analysis showed that total isoflavone content in leaves and seeds showed a significantly positive correlation with temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, but significantly negative correlation with relative humidity. Correlation analysis between the highest isoflavone content in sole cropping or relay intercropping seeds and agronomic traits revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of both branches and pods with total isoflavone, M-type isoflavone and G-type isoflavone in both systems.     

2002-2004年国家大豆区试品种对大豆花叶病毒抗性的评价

在接种东北大豆产区SMV主要株系N1、N3和黄淮与南方大豆产区SMV株系Sa、SC3条件下,对最新育成的参加2002-2004年国家大豆区试的134个大豆品种进行了抗性评价,结果表明:接种4个株系后,分别有13个品种(东农L13、汾豆56、汾豆60、汾豆61、晋大74、K丰52-1、航天2号、辽03-20、辽95025-5-4、中作2-29、中豆32、科9208、油春32)和5个品种(铁95025-5-5、铁94037-6、汾豆69、冀99、冀鉴27)分别对4个株系和3个株系表现抗侵染,中黄4、中作016、吉林2001-14等25个品种对1-2个株系表现抗侵染;5个品种(公交03-1212、冀鉴37、秦豆9、淮02-02、滑豆20)对4个株系表现抗扩展.以上品种除可用于生产外,还可作为抗SMV育种的抗源.该批参试品种中,黄淮地区品种的平均病情指数最轻,其次是东北地区品种,然后长江流域,华南地区品种的病情最重.从不同类型品种的病情分析,按黄淮夏大豆、北方春大豆、南方夏大豆、南方春大豆、菜用大豆、热带多熟制大豆的顺序逐步加重.在田间条件下,免疫品种数量不多,占参试品种的7.9%,严重度为1级的高抗品种占47.5%,未发现严重度为4级的高感品种,表明多数品种田间抗性较好.     

Molybdenum-enriched soybean seeds enhance N accumulation, seed yield, and seed protein content in Brazil

High soybean yields require large amounts of nitrogen (N), which can be obtained mainly from symbiotic N₂ fixation. However, the efficiency of this biological process can be limited by micronutrient deficiencies, especially of molybdenum (Mo). In Brazil, soybean generally responds positively to fertilization with Mo in soils of low fertility and in fertile soils depleted of Mo due to long-term cropping. The micronutrient can be supplied by seed treatment, however toxicity of Mo sources to Bradyrhizobium strains applied to seed as inoculant has been observed, resulting in bacterial death and reductions in nodulation, N₂ fixation and grain yield. Therefore, use of seeds enriched in Mo could be a viable alternative to exterior seed treatment, allowing elite inoculant strains of Bradyrhizobium to sustain high rates of biological N₂ fixation. We demonstrated the feasibility of producing Mo-rich seeds of several soybean cultivars, by means of two foliar sprays of 400 g Mo ha⁻¹ each, between the R3 and R5 stages, with a minimum interval of 10 days between sprays. As a result of this method, considerable increases in seed-Mo content were obtained, of as much as 3000%, in comparison to seeds obtained from plants which received no Mo. In field experiments performed in soils with low N content and without any N-fertilizer supply, inoculation of Mo-rich seeds produced plants with increased N and Mo contents in the grain and higher yields of total N and of grain. In most cases, Mo-rich soybean seeds did not require any further application of Mo-fertilizer.     

半矮秆大豆窄行密植超高产栽培产量性状及产量结构研究

采用3个基因型品种,2种栽培模式,设置3个处理,研究半矮秆大豆窄行密植超高产栽培技术产量性状及产量结构,旨在为超高产大豆研究与应用提供技术依据.结果表明:在窄行、密植、高肥水条件下,B45处理由于采用半矮秆品种植株矮、底荚低、秆强不倒,虽然单株荚数、粒数显著低于对照,但由于密度增加,群体荚数、粒数显著增加.每节位平方米荚数、粒数分别达到145.1个和411.7个,分别较对照增加78.8～84.0个和254.2～258.0个,顶荚部位荚、粒数分别占总数的21.3%和22.5%.产量极显著高于对照处理,2008年在760 m2面积上,大豆产量达到4 895.7 kg·hm-2.     

Stay-Green in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) of Drought-Prone Areas in Desiccated Soils

Abstract

Stay-green in the post-anthesis period is thought to be an efficient drought-tolerance trait in crops, but its effectiveness in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is unknown. Our objectives were to determine whether the stay-green trait exists in rice cultivars in drought-prone areas. Twenty-four cultivars from Japan and Vietnam were grown in pots of 0.08 m in diameter and 1.00 m deep. At heading, irrigation was terminated in half of the pots and continued in the remaining pots. Every four days during the grain-filling period, we measured the leaf green color with a chlorophyll meter (SPAD), the green leaf area (GLA) and the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). The capacity for maintenance of SPAD-value and GLA in desiccated soils was evaluated by determining the ratio of integrated SPAD-value and GLA in desiccated (D) plants to those in irrigated (I) plants (SPAD_d/I or GLA_d/I, respectively). The SPAD_d/I and GLA_d/I in 24 cultivars showed diverse frequency distributions. Cultivars belonging to higher ranges of the distribution in SPAD_d/I and GLA_d/I tended to show higher ratios of plant dry weight at harvest in D to in I plants. SPAD_d/I and GLA_d/I in the grain-filling period were poorly correlated with those in the seedling period in desiccated soils, and hence the capacity for maintenance of green leaves in the grain-filling period would differ from that in the seedling period. These results suggest that the stay-green trait exists as the capacity for maintaining green leaves and benefits dry matter production in desiccated soils in rice cultivars in drought-prone areas.     

Ammonia Emission from Leaves of Different Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

Abstract

NH₃ emission from leaves of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Akenohoshi, Shirobeniya and Kasalath, was examined using a simple open chamber system.　In the three cultivars, NH₃ emission rate (AER) and NH₄⁺ content of leaves decreased with decreasing NH₄⁺ concentration in the root medium, but these values differed significantly with the cultivar. In the daytime, AER, NH₄⁺ content and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in leaves changed similarly with maximum values around midday. Akenohoshi showed significantly lower AER and NH₄⁺ content but higher GS activity than Kasalath. The difference in AER among the rice cultivars may be related to the activity of GS involved in photorespiratory NH₃ recycling. Akenohoshi can be a breeding material useful for improving N recycling.     

Genotypic variation in salinity tolerance and its association with nodulation and nitrogen uptake in soybean

Saline soils hamper various physiological functions in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. One example is the reduction in nitrogen (N) uptake capacity, a major dysfunction that limits soybean growth and yield under saline conditions. Previous studies have revealed that tolerance to salinity varies with cultivar; however, the cultivars used in these studies were selected solely based on agro-morphological traits. In this study, we examined genotypic variation in salinity tolerance among 85 soybean genotypes which were selected based on an assessment of both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers and agro-morphological traits. Additionally, we examined whether salt tolerance is associated with nodulation and N uptake. We used a subset of the world soybean mini-core collection (80 cultivars) and an additional five cultivars/genetic lines (NILs72-T, NILs72-S, Enrei, En-b0-1, and En1282). All plants were grown in pots and treated with saline (final concentration of 150 mM NaCl) during the vegetative growth stage. To evaluate salinity tolerance, we used the ratio of saline-treated (S) to control (C) plant total dry weight [DW (S/C)]. The ratio differed markedly according to genotype. Furthermore, salinity-tolerant genotypes exhibited superior nodulation, leaf greenness, and N uptake under saline conditions. These results indicate that there is a marked genotypic variation in salinity tolerance, and that the tolerant genotypes exhibit greater nodulation and N uptake, although further studies are needed to clarify whether the superior nodulation and N uptake of salinity-tolerant genotypes are responsible for the observed tolerance.