Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions

Non-leaf green organs of wheat plants may have significant photosynthetic potential and contribute to grain yield when the plants are subjected to stress at late growth stages. Canopy structure, change of green non-leaf organ area (e.g., ear, peduncle, sheath), the proportion of green non-leaf organs area to total green area and the contribution proportion from different organs’ photosynthate to grain yield in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied at Wuqiao Experiment Station of China Agricultural University, Hebei, China, in 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 using two winter wheat cultivars, Shijiazhuang8 (SJZ-8) and Lumai21 (LM-21). Four irrigation treatments used were W0 (no water applied during spring), W1 (750 m³ ha⁻¹ water applied at elongation), W2 (1500 m³ ha⁻¹ applied 50% at elongation and 50% at anthesis) and W4 (3000 m³ ha⁻¹ applied 25% at upstanding, booting, anthesis and grain filling), respectively. Results showed that the area of top three leaf blades decreased and the proportion of green non-leaf organ area to the total green area at anthesis increased with the decreasing of water supply. Root weight increased in the 0-100 cm soil layer and decreased in the 100-200 cm layer when water supply increased, suggesting reducing irrigation enhanced root weight in deep soil layer. The photosynthetic contribution of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node to grain yield increased with decreasing water supply, and was significantly higher than that of the flag leaf blade contribution. Winter wheat grain yield increased, but water use efficiency (WUE) decreased, with increase in water supply. Higher light transmission ratio in the canopy after anthesis was achieved with smaller size and high quality top leaf blades, higher grain-leaf ratio and larger proportion of green non-leaf area, which lead to higher canopy photosynthetic rate and WUE after anthesis. Irrigation of 1500 m³ ha⁻¹ applied in two parts, 750 m³ ha⁻¹ applied at elongation and another 750 m³ ha⁻¹ applied at anthesis, was the best irrigation scheme for efficient water use and for high yield in winter wheat.     

高产水平下水肥耦合对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为了探讨黄淮麦区冬小麦的高产机理,在大田条件下设置不同梯度的水肥耦合模式,分析了高产水平下旗叶光合特性与籽粒产量的效应.结果表明,不同模式的水肥耦合对旗叶光合特性和籽粒产量的影响不同,总体表现为土壤水分的处理效应大于施氮量的效应.旗叶光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(G5)均随着土壤水分的增加而升高,表现为W3(充足水分)＞W2(适宜水分)＞W1(自然降水),差异达显著水平.胞间CO2浓度(Ci)随着土壤水分的增加而降低;不同的氮肥处理,旗叶Pn和Gs随着施氮量的增加而升高,表现为N3(270 kg·hm-2)＞N2(195 kg·hm-2)＞N1(CK),Ci在不同水分条件下与施氮量的关系不尽相同.不同水肥耦合模式对水分利用效率的影响表现为W2＞W3＞W1,并以W2N2为最高,不同处理组合的籽粒产量亦以W2N2为最高.表明高产条件下W2N2水肥组合应是高产高效的运筹模式.     

氮肥施用对旱地秸秆覆盖冬小麦旗叶生理特性的影响

为给旱地保护性耕作小麦水肥高效利用提供理论依据和建立合理的氮素管理模式,在渭北旱塬研究了秸秆覆盖下氮肥用量及施用时间对小麦旗叶光合特性及衰老的影响。结果表明,施氮量没有显著影响小麦花后旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、光合速率和蒸腾速率,高氮用量明显增加小麦旗叶中丙二醛的累积,加速了旗叶衰老。氮素分次施用有延缓小麦旗叶SPAD值下降从而延缓旗叶衰老的作用,但是没有显著影响小麦旗叶的光合速率和蒸腾速率。秸秆覆盖较不覆盖显著提高了小麦旗叶的SPAD值、光合速率和蒸腾速率,并延缓了旗叶的衰老,进而提高了灌浆后期籽粒的灌浆速率,有增加千粒重的趋势。小麦籽粒产量变化范围为3 123~3 714kg·hm-2,试验年度氮素调控和秸秆覆盖均没有显著影响小麦的产量。     

测墒补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶水势、籽粒产量和水分利用率的影响

为了解土壤相对含水量对小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响,以小麦品种济麦22为材料,在田间试验条件下,设置5个土壤水分处理(W0～W4),其中各处理在0～140cm土层越冬、拔节和开花期土壤相对含水量分别为:80%、60%和52%(W0),80%、70%和65%(W1),85%、70%和65%(W2),80%、70%和70%(W3),85%、70%和70%(W4),比较分析了不同土壤水分条件下小麦耗水特性、旗叶水势和相对含水量及籽粒产量的差异。结果表明,W2处理的降水量占总耗水量的比例显著高于W3和W4处理,与W1处理无显著差异;灌水量及其占总耗水量的比例低于W4处理,与W3处理无显著差异;土壤耗水量占总耗水量的比例显著高于W4处理,低于其他处理。灌浆前期W2处理旗叶水势低于W3和W4处理,与W1处理无显著差异,旗叶相对含水量与其他处理无显著差异;灌浆后期W2处理旗叶水势和相对含水量均显著高于W1和W3处理,与W4处理无显著差异。W2和W4处理的籽粒产量无显著差异,均高于其他处理;W2处理的水分利用效率和灌溉效益高于W4处理。综合来看,本试验条件下,W2处理为冬小麦兼顾高产和节水的最佳测墒补灌模式。     

Land Equivalent Ratio of Groundnut-Fingermillet Intercrops as Affected by Plant Combination Ratio,and Nitrogen and Water Availability

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted to characterize intercropping advantages in groundnut-fingermillet intercrop in relation to crop combination ratios, soil moisture and nitrogen (N) availability. Three intercrops in 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 alternating rows of groundnut and fingermillet were examined for their growth and yield in comparison with their respective sole crops in 1996. The effect of well watered (W) and water stressed (D) conditions on the intercropping advantage was also examined for 1 : 1 intercrops in 1995 and 1996. Fertilizer N was applied at the rate of 20 kg ha^?1 in 1995 and 50 kg ha^?1 in 1996. The total above-ground biomass (DM) and its land equivalent ratio (LER) were highest in the 1 : 1 combination ratio. The DM production of intercropped fingermillet was higher in 1996 with higher N than in 1995 with low N application, while those of groundnut were similar in both years. The intercropped groundnut exhibited significantly higher DM production after the fingermillet harvest. The LERs in grain yield were higher in 1996 (1.43 under W and 1.45 under D), than in 1995 (0.87 under W and 1.22 under D). Also, LERs were consistently higher under D than W conditions. Water stress severely reduced the leaf area index (LAI) of fingermillet at a low N, especially in the later stages, whereas higher N alleviated the water stress effect. A close linear relationship was observed between LAI and leaf area (LA) per unit leaf N both for groundnut and fingermillet, with intercrops producing larger LA per unit leaf N than sole crops. Intercropping maintained higher ability in leaf net photosynthesis and transpiration of groundnut up to later stages, and significantly reduced water evaporation from the soil surface under the canopy than sole cropping of fingermillet. These results suggest that three processes associated with the intercropping yield advantages in the groundnut-fingermillet intercrop; 1) higher leaf photosynthesis and vigorous growth of groundnut after the fingermillet harvest, 2) higher LA production per unit N and 3) efficient water use. In conclusion, interspecific shading was considered to be the key mechanism associated with these processes, leading to the intercropping advantages. The degree of the interspecific shade and its effect on growth and yield depended on the available soil N and water.     

灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶渗透调节、光合速率及产量的影响

为了解灌水对不同小麦品种旗叶水分生理特性和产量的影响,于2009-2010年度在田间栽培条件下,以2个小麦品种济麦22和洲元9369为材料,采用测墒补灌的方法研究了不灌水(W0)、拔节期0～140cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至75%+开花期补灌至70%(W1)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至70%(W2)、拔节后8d补灌至75%+开花后8d补灌至75%(W3)4个不同灌水处理下小麦旗叶渗透调节、光合速率和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明:(1)W3处理的小麦旗叶相对含水量、水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于W1和W2处理;济麦22旗叶相对含水量低于洲元9369,旗叶水势、渗透调节能力和光合速率高于洲元9369。(2)W3处理下穗数和千粒重显著增加,但穗粒数显著低于W1处理,以高的灌水量和耗水量获得最高籽粒产量,水分利用效率无显著变化。济麦22籽粒产量、穗数、千粒重、耗水量和水分利用效率均显著高于洲元9369,穗粒数低于洲元9369。本试验条件下,在拔节后8d和开花后8d0～140cm土层平均土壤相对含水量补灌至75%,是兼顾节水和高产的最优处理。     

水氮处理对燕麦功能叶衰老及产量的影响

为给燕麦高产栽培中水氮管理提供依据,在防雨棚肥水控制条件下,研究了水氮处理对燕麦不同生育期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标及产量的影响。结果表明,水氮及其互作对燕麦叶片各生育期生理指标影响显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。在水分胁迫条件下,适量施氮可使整个生育期保持较高的叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量及较低的MDA含量,延缓功能叶片衰老,增加燕麦产量;过量施氮会加剧燕麦的水分胁迫效应,导致叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量下降,提高MDA含量,加快叶片衰老,降低产量。在供水较充足的条件下,施氮明显提高叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量,降低MDA含量,使叶片衰老进程变缓,产量大幅增加,但当施氮量达到180kg.hm-2时,肥效下降。     

Physiological and Agronomic Consequences of Rht Genes in Wheat

Summary

Yield of wheat has risen dramatically and world-wide in the last two decades, in part because of the widespread introduction of Rht genes that reduce the length of tillers of wheat. We review the physiological consequences of incorporating reduced height genes into wheat. The Rht₁ or Rht₂ genes modulate the morphology and physiology of wheat in a manner that involves compensation among several physiological processes. For instance, Rht genes decrease leaf area, but photosynthesis per unit area increases, so biomass accumulation is rarely altered. Although Rht genes increase leaf permeability to water vapor, plant water status changes in compensation to minimize differences in water use efficiency. Perhaps due to less competition for carbohydrate during stem elongation, semidwarf wheat has greater harvest index than tall wheat at maturity. Although tall wheat has a greater weight per kernel at maturity, this does not completely compensate for greater grain number per spike in semidwarf wheat. The compensation that leads to greater yield in semidwarf wheat appears to fail in Rht₁Rht₂ or Rht₃ dwarf wheat. Either specific photosynthesis does not completely compensate for decreased area per leaf, or the reduction in plant height retards canopy closure and efficient interception of solar radiation, resulting in lower biomass and yield of dwarf wheat. Drought stress reduces yield and harvest index of dwarf wheat more than tall wheat. Rht genes have insignificant effects on rate of development or winter hardiness. The effects of Rht genes on physiology appear to be similar in winter, spring and durum wheat.     

小麦灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与产量性状及部分品质性状的关系

为了给高产、优质小麦育种和栽培提供参考依据,以50个小麦基因型为试验材料,研究不同小麦基因型间灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率的差异及其与产量性状和部分品质指标的关系。结果表明：（1）不同小麦基因型间灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率差异极显著;（2）灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重呈负相关,相关系数（R）分别为-0.171、-0.405^**和-0.369^**;（3）灌浆中期旗叶黄化速率与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值的相关系数（R）分别为-0.085、-0.111和-0.045,相关不显著。     

灌水模式对冬小麦花后光合、产量及水分利用的影响

为筛选出商丘地区冬小麦高产和水分高效利用的适宜灌水模式,2011-2013年在大田条件下,以周麦18为试验材料,以全生育期不灌水作为对照(W0),研究了拔节期灌水120mm(W1)、孕穗期灌水120mm(W2)、拔节期和孕穗期各灌水60mm(W3)、拔节期和灌浆期各灌水60mm(W4)以及拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期各灌水40mm(W5)五种灌溉模式对冬小麦花后旗叶光合、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,小麦灌浆前期(开花后15d)旗叶净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,分别在11:00和15:00达到峰值。灌水促进了花后旗叶光合作用,净光合速率平均增加145.9%。与W0处理相比,灌水处理在2011-2012和2012-2013年总耗水量分别增加13.8%和18.6%,土壤贮水消耗量和降水量占总耗水中的比例分别下降了60.6%、12.4%和46.2%、15.6%。灌水增加了籽粒产量和水分利用效率,其中在平水年型(2011-2012年)下,W3处理的产量和水分利用率最高,较W0处理分别增加27.5%和8.8%;在丰水年型(2012-2013年)下,以W1处理的产量和水分利用效率最高,较W0处理分别增加65.6%和36.4%。     

Influence of water deficits on the water relations,canopy gas exchange,and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L., cv H-355) were subjected to four irrigation treatments after crop establishment: (i) unirrigated (D); (ii) irrigated until flower initiation [85 days from sowing (DAS)] and unirrigated thereafter (WD); (iii) unirrigated until active seed setting (129 DAS) and irrigated thereafter (DW); (iv) irrigated throughout (W). Several plant processes were measured on clear days betweem 85 and 144 DAS. The unirrigated plants had lower leaf water potentials, canopy evapotranspiration rates (ET), canopy photosynthetic rates (PN), plant dry weight and grain yield compared to the irrigated plants, but increased canopy-air temperature differences (T_c−T_a). Cessation of irrigation at flowering induced a rapid decrease in canopy photosynthesis and reduced the grain yield by 33% due to a decrease in the number of pods set. Irrigation from 129 DAS resulted in some recovery of grain yield resulting from the development of a small number of late pods with small seeds. Among yield components, water stress primarily affected the number of pods per plant and had little effect on the grain number per pod. Grain yield was linearly related to pod number, leaf water potential, and mean PN.     

灌水模式对春小麦光合性能和干物质生产的影响

为探寻宁夏引黄灌区春小麦节水栽培的适宜灌水模式,比较分析了6个不同灌水处理(W1:二棱水+开花水;W2:二棱水;W3:拔节水;W4:二棱水+孕穗水;W5:二棱水+拔节水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水;W6:二棱水+拔节水+孕穗水+开花水)下春小麦光合性能、物质积累与转运、产量性状及水分利用的差异。结果表明,灌二棱水、孕穗水或开花水的W1、W4、W5、W6处理明显增加春小麦花后旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,灌二棱水和生育后期少灌水的W1、W2、W4处理明显增加花后旗叶胞间CO2浓度。灌水次数减少会显著增加旗叶SPAD值,并降低叶面积系数,其中以缺少二棱水的W3处理最为明显。灌有二棱水和孕穗水的W4处理明显降低抽穗至开花旗叶SPAD值,增加开花至灌浆旗叶SPAD值和抽穗至开花叶面积系数,灌开花水明显增加开花至灌浆旗叶面积。灌二棱水、拔节水、孕穗水、开花水明显促进了干物质积累,灌水次数增加明显增加了叶干物质积累量,并降低茎鞘干物质比例;缺少二棱水的W3处理最不利于叶、穗干物质积累,但提高了开花至成熟叶干物质比例;灌浆水对各器官干物质积累影响不明显。二棱期至开花期缺少灌水的W1、W3、W2处理促进了开花前贮藏同化物在花后向籽粒的转运。籽粒产量随灌水次数的增加而增加;缺少二棱水明显降低穗粒数、收获指数,但增加千粒重;增加灌水次数降低了灌水利用效率,且以灌二棱水影响最为明显。综上所述,缺少二棱水对春小麦产量影响最明显,孕穗水、开花水影响次之,灌浆水影响不明显。     

限水减氮对高产麦田群体动态和产量形成的影响

为解决河北省水资源匮乏和麦田施氮量偏多问题,于2013~(-2)014和2014~(-2)015年度,在河北省石家庄市藁城区分别设置限水灌溉的单因素试验和限水减氮的二因素裂区试验,研究了限水减氮对河北省高产麦田群体动态和产量的影响。结果表明,在2013~(-2)014年度,限水灌溉处理(拔节期45mm、开花期30mm、灌浆期30mm,春季总灌水量105mm)与节水灌溉对照(拔节期60mm、开花期60mm,春季总灌水量120mm)间小麦叶面积指数、光能截获率、生物产量、穗数和穗粒数差异均不显著;限水灌溉的千粒重显著增加,籽粒产量为10 081.08kg·hm~(-2),水分利用效率为27.98kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。在2014~(-2)015年度,限水灌溉处理中W3处理(拔节期37.5mm、开花期15mm、灌浆期15mm,春季总灌水量67.5mm)的叶面积指数、光能截获率与节水灌溉对照(拔节期67.5mm、开花期67.5mm,春季总灌水量135mm)无显著差异,穗数和穗粒数有所降低,但千粒重显著增加,籽粒产量8 903.70kg·hm~(-2),比节水灌溉对照减产7.95%,生物产量降低7.15%,但水分利用效率和灌水利用效率分别提高9.28%和84.10%,且未显著增加0~140cm和0~200cm土层贮水的消耗,是本试验条件下保证高产高效的最佳限水灌溉模式。120、180和240kg·hm~(-2)的3个施氮水平间各指标差异均不显著。综合节水高产和减氮增效的现状,以小麦拔节期灌水37.5mm、开花期15mm、灌浆期15mm的灌溉模式结合生育期施N 120kg·hm~(-2)为本试验条件下的最优限水减氮组合。     

The impact of Septoria tritici blotch in bread making quality among argentinean wheat cultivars

Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici is a relevant foliar wheat disease worldwide. Several reports show the importance of STB on grain yield, their components and grain protein while little is known about its effect on the rheological properties of the wheat flour. The scarce literature found, only mentions the effect of the complex of foliar diseases on wheat quality, without individualizing the effect of the different pathogens separately. This study analyze the influence of increasing doses of inoculum of Zymoseptoria tritici, on the bread making quality of ten Argentinean wheat cultivars and its possible variation according to their quality group. The increase of inoculum concentration augmented the area under disease progress curve, decreased green flag leaf area duration and green leaf area duration. Cultivars K. Flecha and B.75 Aniversario had the lowest green flag leaf area duration causing higher reduction in grain filling period and higher reductions in P, indicating a lower gliadin/glutenin ratio. STB decreased P/L and E while L, W, D, SV and bread volume increased. Cultivars differed in rheological parameters according to their quality group. Gluten/protein relationship was significant in quality group 1 and non-significant in cultivars belonging to quality group 2 and 3.     

开花期土壤水分含量对不同穗型小麦品种光合特性及产量的影响

为明确开花期土壤含水量对不同穗型小麦品种花后光合特性及籽粒产量的调控效应,在大田条件下,以中穗型品种济麦229和大穗型品种泰山27为材料,设置3个水分处理[开花期不灌水(W0)、开花期0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%(W1)和85%(W2)],研究不同土壤水分含量对小麦光合特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)两个小麦品种W1处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量和净光合速率在开花后7～35 d均显著高于W2处理,W0处理最低。(2)两品种开花后21～35 d的籽粒灌浆速率均表现为W1W2W0。(3)两品种的单位面积穗数在不同处理间均无显著差异,千粒重均表现为W1W2W0;济麦229的穗粒数表现为W2W1W0,籽粒产量表现为W1、W2W0;泰山27穗粒数表现为W1、W2W0,籽粒产量表现为W1W2W0;两品种的水分生产效率均表现为W1W0、W2。(4)开花后旗叶的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、开花后14～21 d的籽粒灌浆速率及千粒重均表现为泰山27显著高于济麦229;在W1条件下,泰山27开花后21 d的叶绿素相对含量和净光合速率比济麦229分别高9.25%和12.80%,千粒重和产量显著高于济麦229。因此,综合考虑籽粒产量和水分生产效率,泰山27为高产节水品种,且在小麦开花期将0～40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%可同步实现小麦高产和节水。     

Effect of defoliation and drought stress on yield components and chlorophyll content of wheat

In order to examine the effects of source restriction and drought stress on yield components, flag leaf chlorophyll content and Relative Water Content (RWC) of wheat cultivars, a greenhouse experiment was carried out at Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, during 2009-2010. The wheat cultivars including Shiraz, Bahar, Pishtaz, Sistan and Yavaros were sown in 5 kg plastic pots. The source manipulation treatments including control (C), defoliation of all leaves (D1), defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf (D2) and defoliation of all leaves except the flag leaf and penultimate leaf (D3), were imposed at anthesis. Results showed that source restriction decreased number of grain per spike significantly in Shiraz cultivar under drought stress condition. Maximum 100-grain weight was observed in C treatment of Yavaros and Shiraz under well-watered condition. Among the defoliation treatments under drought stress condition, D2 in Pishtaz and D1 in Shiraz had the highest (3.66 g) and lowest (2.71 g) 100 grain weight, respectively. In all cultivars drought stress decreased main shoot yield significantly but in Pishtaz and Sistan decreasing rate was less than the other cultivars. RWC in Shiraz decreased sharply from 92.1% in well-watered to 66.7% (27.5% reduction) under drought stress at 10 DAA. After anthesis, Pishtaz and Sistan maintained higher content of flag leaf chlorophyll (from 49.4 to 56.8 SPAD unit) under drought stress condition. Generally, selection and culture of cultivars that had small responses to defoliation might be a useful strategy in yield improvement of wheat in areas where the water availability is low.     

不同产量潜力小麦品种冠层光截获特性及产量的差异

为探讨超高产条件下不同产量潜力小麦品种冠层光截获特性及产量差异,于2016-2017年小麦生长季,以烟农1212、济麦22和良星99三个产量潜力不同的小麦品种为材料,在山东省兖州市小孟镇史家王子村超高产田进行试验,研究三个小麦品种群体动态、叶面积指数、冠层光截获特性、花后旗叶光合速率及产量的差异。结果表明:(1)烟农1212的分蘖成穗率及开花后28d和35d的叶面积指数、冠层PAR(光合有效辐射)截获率均显著高于济麦22和良星99,而花后14～35d,PAR透射率表现为良星99济麦22烟农1212。(2)开花后0d和7d,烟农1212和济麦22的旗叶光合速率无显著差异,均显著高于良星99;花后14～35d烟农1212的旗叶光合速率显著高于济麦22和良星99。(3)品种间单位面积穗数无显著差异,烟农1212的穗粒数和籽粒产量均显著高于济麦22和良星99,千粒重显著高于良星99。在本试验条件下,烟农1212是冠层光截获特性最优、籽粒产量最高的小麦品种。     

氮密互作对淮北砂姜黑土区冬小麦冠层光合特性和产量的影响

为筛选出适合淮北平原砂姜黑土区小麦稳产高产栽培的氮密配置,在大田条件下以安农0711(AN0711)和烟农19(YN19)为试验材料,采用裂区设计,设置150×10~4、210×10~4、270×10~4和330×10~4株·hm~(-2)4个种植密度(分别用D1～D4代表),以及135、180、225和270 kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮水平(分别用N1～N4代表),分析了氮密互作对冬小麦冠层结构、光合特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,氮密互作可改善小麦冠层结构,显著影响冠层光合特性。旗叶净光合速率和叶绿素相对含量随着种植密度的增加而降低,而随着施氮量的增加而增加,但施氮量超过225 kg·hm~(-2)时变化均不显著。随着种植密度和施氮量的增加,叶面积指数和冠层截获光合有效辐射显著提高,且在孕穗期和开花期均以D4N4处理最大,灌浆中期均以D3N3处理最大。氮密对籽粒产量有显著的互作效应。在D3N3处理下AN0711和YN19的冠层光合能力和籽粒产量均最高,其中产量分别达到7 866.67和7 400.00 kg·hm~(-2)。在本试验条件下,适宜的种植密度和施氮量分别为270×10~4株·hm~(-2)和225 kg·hm~(-2)。     

灌浆期干旱胁迫对水稻生理性状和产量的影响

目的 研究灌浆期干旱对不同类型水稻叶片生理性状和产量的影响,为干旱气候条件下水稻栽培提供参考。方法 以节水抗旱稻旱优113和普通杂交稻扬两优6号(YLY6)为材料,设置传统淹水灌溉、灌浆期干旱胁迫两个处理,分别测定水稻的产量及产量构成、稻米品质(加工品质、外观品质和营养品质)、干物质生产及分配、叶片生理活性(叶片水势、气叶温差和光合速率)等。结果 与传统淹水灌溉相比,灌浆期干旱胁迫下水稻叶片水势、气叶温差均显著下降,最终导致叶片光合速率降低;但是在复水后2~15 d,叶片的各生理指标可以得到恢复,与对照没有显著差异;水稻产量没有明显变化,产量的稳定主要得益于前期充足的干物质积累使籽粒充分灌浆,结实率显著升高;稻米的碾磨品质没有显著影响,但扬两优6号的外观品质显著降低,却改善了旱优113的外观品质。同时,蛋白质含量升高在一定程度上改善了稻米营养品质。结论 水稻灌浆期适度干旱可以在稳定产量的基础上改善稻米品质。因此,适当在生育后期阶段减少水分的投入,不仅可节约农业用水,稳定籽粒产量,还有利于稻米品质的改善。     

栽培模式和花后去叶对小麦产量及其构成的影响

在黄土高原南部半湿润易旱区以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,进行大田试验,研究了不同栽培模式下花后去叶对产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式对穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量的影响差异显著（P〈0．05）,集雨面栽培下穗粒数最多;全程覆膜、覆膜150d和集雨面栽培模式千粒重显著高于常规栽培和三密一稀栽培;全程覆膜栽培下籽粒产量最高。去叶处理对稳粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量影响差异显著（P〈O．05）,各去叶处理穗粒数均大于对照。不同去叶处理千粒重均小于不去叶对照。不同去叶处理籽粒产量大小顺序为去全旗叶〉对照〉只保留旗叶〉去1／2旗叶〉去旗叶、倒二叶。去叶处理对穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量的影响因栽培模式不同而有差异。