不同水分处理对滴灌大豆干物质积累及生理参数的影响

研究滴灌大豆的干物质积累规律.设置295 mm、345 mm、395 mm、445 mm 4个不同的灌水处理,1个沟灌处理为对照对各处理的大豆株高、干物质积累、叶面积指数(LAI)、群体乍长牢(CGR)等参数进行分析结果表明:大豆株高随灌水量的增加而增加,LAI、CCR等随灌水量的增加而增加.滴灌大豆净同化率(NAR)在鼓粒期之后,随灌水量增加而降低;滴灌比沟灌更利于大豆干物质积累,在大豆生育期内较适宜的滴灌灌溉定额为395 mm～445 mm.     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

Relationship of growth parameters and nutrients uptake with canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and yield contribution at different nutrients availability

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrients on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth parameters, nutrient uptake and ultimately on seed yield. For this purpose a split plot experimental design, with 10 treatments in 4 replications was carried out in 2004-2005, in silt-clay soil at Baiecola Agricultural Research Station, Mazandaran Iran. Canola seed yield, growth parameters (CGR, LAI, RGR and NAR), dry matter accumulation and HI and nutrient content of the leaf were examined. NPK fertilizers together with S and Zn, singly or in combination were applied. The results showed that at treatments T5 (NP), T8 (NPK), T9 (NPKS) and T10 (NPKZn) the higher seed yield (> 2600 kg ha(-1)) coincided with TDM > 880 g m(-2) the peak CGR > or = 13.9 g m(-2) day(-1) and the maximum LAI > or = 4.1. The higher seed yield at T5, T8, T9 and T10 coincided with higher concentrations of nutrients: N, P, K, S and Zn in leaf at flowering having > or = 3.40%, > or = 0.25%, > or = 1.53%, > or = 110 ppm and > or = 22.7 ppm, indicating substantial levels of translocation of nutrients at various stages of plant growth and higher number of pods per plant (> or = 179). Combined application of NPKZn at T10 resulted in maximum seed yield (3090 kg ha(-1)), coinciding with the maximum number of pods per plant (230), maximum TDM (1043 kg ha(-1)), maximum CGR (20.09 g m(-2) day(-1)) and maximum LAI (4.69).     

A high seed yield and associated attributes of dry matter production achieved by recent Japanese soybean cultivars

Field experiments were carried out in 2014 and 2015 to characterize the associated attributes responsible for dry matter accumulation in high-yielding soybean. We attempted to create a high-yielding environment by introducing narrow-row planting at two planting densities, using a new cultivar ‘Hatsusayaka’ and a current leading cultivar ‘Sachiyutaka’ in an upland experimental field. Dry matter accumulation was assessed in terms of light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Growth analysis was performed to evaluate the crop growth rate (CGR) and the contribution of the net assimilation rate (NAR) and mean leaf area index to CGR. Maximum soybean yields of 590 and 658 g m^?2 were obtained for Hatsusayaka and Sachiyutaka, respectively, in 2015 at the high planting density, with the corresponding maximum aboveground dry matter equaling 1463 and 1331 g m^?2 and maximum LAI equaling 8.5 and 7.6. Although cumulative intercepted solar radiation was lower than in previous studies, early canopy closure at around the beginning of the flowering stage and very high RUE (1.54 and 1.68 g MJ^?2 for Hatsusayaka and Sachiyutaka, respectively) contributed to the high dry matter accumulation. In contrast to the high yield in 2015, continuous excess soil moisture in early August 2014 may have inhibited nodule nitrogen fixation and decreased the nitrogen content, resulting in an extremely high specific leaf area and low leaf greenness, which agrees well with the low NAR during the corresponding period.     

Reduction of Phosphatic and Potash Fertilizer in Sweet Corn Production by Pre-transplanting Application of Potassium Phosphate to Plug Seedlings

Abstract

To develop a new fertilizing system with a reduced amount of phosphatic fertilizer in sweet corn production, we applied potassium phosphate to the plug seedlings before transplanting to the field, and examined its effects on growth, yield, photosynthetic activity and absorption of minerals. The amount of phosphatic and potash fertilizers necessary to grow sweet corn could be reduced by the pre-transplanting KP application (PTKPA) to the plug seedlings. We considered the mechanisms involved in the reduction of P and K application rate by PTKPA as follows; 1) PTKPA increased the P content of plant, which accelerated the root establishment. 2) The advanced root establishment not only reduced the duration of water stress, but also increased absorption of the essential nutrients such as N and Mg. 3) Higher content of N and Mg led to higher chlorophyll content and possibly protein content, which activated photosynthesis during the early growth stage. 4) Improved photosynthetic activities increased NAR during the early growth stage. 5) This increase in NAR accelerated leaf expansion, increasing LAI. 6) Larger LAI during the early growth stage led to larger LAI throughout the growing stage, resulting in a higher CGR and ear yield.     

Analysis on Dry Matter Production Characteristics of Super Hybrid Rice

Six middle-season indica hybrid rice combinations,including five super hybrid rice combinations with the high yield about 10.5 t/ha and a check hybrid rice combination Shanyou 63 with a yield potential about 9.5 t/ha,were used as materials to study the dry matter production characteristics.The super hybrid rice showed a high ability in dry matter production and accumulation and its yield enhanced with the increase of dry matter accumulation.The advantage period of dry matter production in the super hybrid rice was mainly at the middle and late growth stages compared with the check.The grain yield had no significant correlation with the dry matter accumulation before the elongation stage while had a significantly positive correlation with the dry matter accumulation from the elongation to maturity stages in super hybrid rice.There were more dry matter in vegetative organs at the heading stage in the super hybrid rice but its contribution to yield (apparent conversion percentage) was averagely 4.3 percent points lower than that in the check.For crop growth rate (CGR),the comparative advantage of super hybrid rice was at the middle and late stages,especially after flowering.Moreover,as the rising of leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area duration (LAD),CGR enhanced.The total LAD and the mean of LAD per day of super hybrid rice was about 14.79% and 10.31% higher than those of the check,respectively.The results indicate that the high yield of super hybrid rice mostly comes from the products of photosynthesis after heading,which is shown by the increased CGR at middle and later stages.It is suggested that LAD character might be used to better explain the advantage in the dry matter production of super hybrid rice than LAI.     

氮肥不同施肥方法对超高产水稻品种“沈农265”生理特性的影响

进行了氮肥不同施肥方法对超高产水稻品种"沈农265"主要生理性状的研究。试验结果表明:"沈农265"最佳施肥方法为施肥法A;CGR、NAR均与叶片叶绿素含量呈正相关;SLW与叶片含氮量呈显著正相关;在5个主要生育期叶氮、叶碳、叶绿素含量的最适值均与产量存在回归关系。     

Yield components,dry matter,LAI and LAD of soybeans in Northeast China

Pod and seed number are the most important yield components of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD) and dry matter accumulation during the reproductive period strongly influence yield components. Our objectives were: to investigate if differences in yield components exist among genotypes differing in both yield and maturity; and to examine the dynamics of dry matter accumulation, LAI, and LAD during the reproductive period for the high-yielding genotypes. Sixteen soybean genotypes within three maturity groups were grown in Hailun, China in a randomized complete block design with three replications, across 2 years. Maturity groups were selected to differ by approximately 7 days in mean days to R₇ (5% of pods are mature pod color). Dry matter accumulation, LAI, and LAD were measured at R₂, R₄, R₅, and R₆ stages, respectively in each year. Yield, yield components and harvest index were determined at maturity. Late maturity genotypes had higher yield than early ones. Majority of the seed yield and components were positioned in the middle and upper part of the plant. Both pod number and seed number were higher in high-yield genotypes in each group. Seed number per pod contributed to increased yield in the high rainfall year but was not related to the variation in yield of the genotypes evaluated. Significant variations were found for LAI, LAD and dry matter within each maturity group. Higher accumulation of dry matter, higher LAI and LAD during reproductive stages were found to be closely related to high-yield genotypes in each group. No relationship was found between harvest index (HI) and seed yield.     

荷泽地区夏大豆亩产200公斤的生育规律研究

经田间试验,对不同产量水平大豆的生育动态进行比较,结果表明:黄淮流域夏播大豆,以选用生育期近100天,株形紧凑的中秆或矮秆品种,适当提高密度,较易获得200kg/亩以上的稳定高产。其株高、单株干重与叶面积增长积累动态,呈苗期较慢,花荚期开始转快,鼓粒期减缓的“S”形曲线,各转折点变化较小,曲线较平滑有利于高产。200kg/亩以上大豆的生物产量与粒/茎较高,在提高单株荚、粒数的基础上,百粒重对产量的贡献程度相对加强,较高的叶面积系数与干物质积累,尤其是鼓粒期间保持较高的光合势与群体干物质增长量,是取得200kg/亩以上产量的必要条件。     

杂种稻的光合适应性及光合生产力研究

 用不同光强生态型水稻品种Lemont和七桂早，利用化学杂交剂配制得杂种稻Le／七。对Le／七及其亲本在人工气候箱中高、低光强条件下处理30 d，每10 d作一次光合测定及生长分析。量子产量和单叶净光合速率的测定结果表明：Le／七对高、低光强的适应范围比双亲有所扩大，尤其是在高光强下量子产量相对降低值Le／七比七桂早明显为低。处理期间杂种Le／七比七桂早明显为低。处理期间杂种Le／七的光合生产力(以作物生长率CGR表示)和生物学产量增加值在高、低光强条件下均明显超过了其父本广东当地优良品种七桂早，其CGR和生物学产量高的主要原因是其叶面积指数(LAI)、净同化率(NAR)由于杂种优势比七桂早明显为高。     

福建春花生覆膜栽培生育特性研究

对福建春生覆膜栽培的产量，产量构成因素，开花习性，光合特性，库源关系及部分性状进行了研究。结果表明，春花生采用覆膜栽培能提高出苗率和单株生产力，增产极显著。同时覆膜花生花量增多，开花提早，花期变短，开花结荚集中，花多集中于前期，有效花率，成果率，饱果率高，果大仁大等特点，与裸地花生相比，覆膜花生的净同化率（NAR）较低，但前期叶面积指数（LAI）大，积累干物质多，以及分配系数大，库／源比大，这些是福建春花生覆膜栽培增产的主要成因。     

不同钾肥用量对冬油菜主要光合器官演替的影响

明确钾肥对冬油菜两种光合器官（叶片和角果皮）的演替和光合能力的调控,对于进一步理解钾肥促进油菜产量的机制具有重要意义。实验于2018-2019年油菜生长季的田间开展,通过监测不同施钾量下油菜（甘蓝型油菜华油杂9号）叶面积指数（LAI）和角果皮面积指数（PAI）的动态变化,结合光合能力变化,探究油菜主要光合器官对产量的影响。随着生育期推进,LAI逐渐增加,在花期达到最大,为3.4～4.8,此后迅速降低,而PAI快速增加,相同处理下最大PAI与最大LAI相当。钾肥施用对LAI和PAI调控作用一致,LAI和PAI均随施钾量增加而增加,PAI/LAI的比值不受施钾量影响。在各关键生育期,光合速率随施钾量增加而增加,在超过120 K2O kg/hm2 后不再显著变化。在一天中,钾肥施用显著提高午间光合速率,缓解越冬期午休现象。LAI、PAI和光合能力与油菜籽产量显著相关,施钾显著提高油菜光合器官光合面积和能力,从而增加油菜籽产量。     

盐粳228群体特征及对氮的响应

2010年对盐粳228进行氮肥试验,研究该品种高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明:该品种抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的71%~81%,茎叶的表观转运率少,容易获得高产。该品种抽穗期适宜的叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈"三黑三黄"节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)介于0.8~1.1之间。氮肥的适量施用(330kgN.hm-2)不仅可以保证叶色"三黑三黄"节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持高产株型特征,提高抽穗后期的LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现高产。     

马铃薯源器官建成规律研究

马铃薯源的状况与源器官叶面积的大小 (LAI)、功能叶片的工作时间 (LAD)和工作效率 (NAR)密切相关。不同密度和施肥处理下 ,马铃薯群体LAI、LAD在全生育期内均呈单峰曲线变化 ,NAR呈阔U形曲线变化。但在因素中量组合下 ,LAI有良好的发展动态 :前期迅速升高 ,稳定期长 (18d左右 ) ,最大值达 6 10 4以上 ,生育后期下降缓慢 ,LAI与出苗后天数的拟合方程为Y =- 2 392 +0 2 35 6X - 0 0 179X2 ;LAD与出苗后天数的拟合方程为Y =- 0 4 2 5 2 9+3 9345X -0 1186 6X2 ,总光合势达 2 5 86 2× 10 4m2 ·d 6 6 7m2 ;NAR在苗期可达 2 0 95 g m2 ·d ,后期可回升到13 93g m2 ·d。在本试验设计的栽培措施中 ,密度、施磷量、种肥氮量及追氮量对马铃薯源的影响较大。     

花生新品种泉花10号高产生理基础研究

高产花生品种泉花10号生育特性的研究结果表明,花量适中且集中在前期,叶面积指数大,净同化率高,干物质积累多,分配系数大,库源协调等特性,是泉花10号高产的重要生理基础.     

马铃薯群体光合系统参数的研究

马铃薯群体LAI呈单峰曲线变化 ,峰值出现在块茎膨大中后期 ;NAR的变化趋势和LAI不同 ,即随着LAI的增加 ,NAR呈二次曲线下降 ;马铃薯群体LAD的变化在整个生育期内呈二次曲线变化。其最大叶面积持续期正处于块茎膨大和淀粉积累时期 ,是马铃薯一生中干物质积累最多的时期 ;马铃薯生产力的提高并非NAR的提高 ,而是LAD的延长。     

玉米育苗移栽对群体特征及光合特性的影响

玉米乳苗移栽能提高植株整齐度,增加单株和群体叶面积,促进叶片净同化率(NAR)和作物生产率(CGR)的提高;提高成穗率6.31%左右,增产显著,提早成熟5 d左右。     

Low pod numbers and inefficient use of radiation are major constraints to high productivity in Crambe crops

Although there have been several attempts to develop commercial production of high erucic acid (HEA) oil from Crambe since the 1950s, this species has not yet become an established crop. Recent reviews suggest that higher yields are needed to meet the market competition from HEA rapeseed oil and the on-farm competition from other crops. Our remit was to identify the major constraints to high productivity in Crambe crops. We studied Crambe crops under favorable growing conditions and focused on the duration of the developmental stages, leaf area growth, radiation interception and on the relations between assimilate sources and sinks. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) was used as a reference value and a tool to identify constraints to seed formation. The basic crop data collected and the derived relations with temperature and intercepted radiation were integrated in a simple crop model to estimate the attainable yields for a range of years. The major constraint to high productivity in Crambe appeared to be the inefficient use of radiation during seed formation. For the period from emergence to mid-flowering the RUE was 2.2 g MJ⁻¹ against only 0.9 g MJ⁻¹ for the subsequent period to seed ripeness. That inefficient use of radiation was shown to result from the high proportion of radiation intercepted by photosynthetically less active stems and senescing leaves. Seed filling appeared to depend on actual photosynthesis by the pods; however, pod numbers and total pod area were too small to take over crop photosynthesis from the leaves. The simulations suggested that yields were also sensitive to exceptionally low temperatures during early growth because leaf area growth was retarded and a high proportion of radiation was wasted in the period with highest receipts. According to the growth model, an average annual production of 3250 kg ha⁻¹ was feasible for a range of years.     

河南省冬小麦长势遥感监测指标的适宜性

为了解不同监测指标在河南省各个监测地域分区中对小麦不同生育期长势监测的有效性和适宜性,以MODIS为主要数据源,在长势监测地域分区的基础上,从小麦实时监测和生长过程监测两个角度出发,对NDVI、LAI、NPP、NDWI和TCI等监测指标与长势等级和单产进行了相关分析。结果表明,在各长势监测地域分区中,NDVI、LAI和NPP都与长势等级呈负相关,与单产呈正相关,一般在抽穗期和开花期相关性最高。NDWI在各个监测分区都表现不稳定,且在不同生育期与长势等级和单产的相关性也较低。TCI在豫西山地丘陵区和豫南地区与长势等级呈正相关,与单产呈负相关,相关性在起身期和拔节期相对较高。说明,不同长势监测分区需要用不同监测指标进行长势监测,在同一长势监测分区不同生育期遥感监测的适宜指标也存在差别。     

密度对高蛋白大豆生长动态及产量的影响

为揭示黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆生长动态及产量的影响,以冀豆21为材料,研究了不同种植密度(16.5万、19.5万、22.5万、25.5万株·hm~(-2))下,高蛋白大豆不同生育期株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累分配等指标生长动态及产量的影响。结果表明:随生育期延长和密度水平增大,株高和叶面积指数均呈上升趋势,均在鼓粒期达到最大;单株及各器官干物质积累量均随密度增加而减小;群体及各器官干物质积累量随密度增加先升高后降低,鼓粒期达到峰值,鼓粒期以后开始下降,以密度22.5万株·hm~(-2)处理最大;单株及群体积累的干物质前期主要用于营养器官生长,后期主要分配给生殖器官;群体植株产量随密度水平增大先增加后减小,当密度为22.5万株·hm~(-2)时,群体产量最高,为3 726.67 kg·hm~(-2)。