Mixed Planting with Legumes Modified the Water Source and Water Use of Pearl Millet

Abstract

In semi-arid areas, pearl millet is an important staple food crop that is traditionally intercropped with cowpea. This study evaluated the water competition between pearl millet and cowpea using deuterated water. At vegetative stage, pearl millet biomass production was lower in the pearl millet-cowpea (PM-CP) combination than in the pearl millet-pigeon pea (PM-PP) and pearl millet-bambara nut (PM-BN) combinations. PM-CP used more water than PM-PP and PM-BN under well-watered conditions; however, all combinations used similar amounts of water under dry conditions. The biomass production, photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and midday leaf water potential of pearl millet at early flowering stage were not significantly reduced by mixed planting with cowpea sown two weeks later as compared with single planted pearl millet. When pearl millet and cowpea were sown at the same time, mix planting significantly increased the recovery rates of recently irrigated heavy water in pearl millet, but not in cowpea in both vegetative and early flowering stages. Midday leaf water potential and transpiration rates in pearl millet were lowered by mixed planting but those in cowpea were not. These indicate that the water source of pearl millet is shifted to the recently irrigated and easily accessible water. By contrast, when cowpea was sown two weeks later than pearl millet, this trend was not observed. These results provide new evidence on water competition in the PM-CP intercropping system; cowpea has higher ability to acquire existing soil water than pearl millet when both crops are sown at the same time.     

Deep Root Water Uptake Ability and Water Use Efficiency of Pearl Millet in Comparison to Other Millet Species

Abstract

Pearl millet is better adapted to hot and semi-arid conditions than most other major cereals. The objective of this study was to compare the deep water uptake ability and water use efficiency (WUE) of pearl millet among millet species. First, the WUE of six millet species was evaluated in pots under waterlogging, well-watered (control), and drought conditions. Secondly, the water uptake from deep soil layers by pearl millet and barnyard millet, which showed the highest drought and waterlogging tolerance, respectively, was compared in long tubes which consisted of three parts (two loose soil layers separated by a hardpan and a Vaseline layer). Soil moisture was adjusted to well-watered and drought conditions in the upper (topsoil) layer, while the lower (deep) layer was always kept wet. WUE was significantly reduced in all millet species by waterlogging but not by drought. The ratio of WUE to the control condition indicated that pearl millet had the highest and lowest resistances to drought and waterlogging conditions, respectively, while barnyard millet was the most stable under both conditions. The deuterium concentration in xylem sap water, relative water uptake from deep soil layers, and water uptake efficiency of deep roots were significantly increased in barnyard millet but not in pearl millet by drought in topsoil layers. In conclusion, the drought resistance of pearl millet is explained by higher WUE but not by increased water uptake efficiency in deep soil layers as compared to barnyard millet, another drought-resistant millet species.     

Hydrogen Stable Isotope Analysis of Water Acquisition Ability of Deep Roots and Hydraulic Lift in Sixteen Food Crop Species

Abstract

Deep root penetration, which allows access to deep soil water and hydraulic lift, may help plants to overcome drought stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of sixteen food crop species to take up water from deep soil layers and the extent of hydraulic lift by the use of deuterated water. Plants were grown in pots consisting of two loose soil layers separated by a hardpan and a Vaseline layer. The lower (deep) layers were always kept wet (32%; ψ = –5 kPa), while soil moisture in the upper (topsoil) ones was adjusted to 25% (ψ = –7 kPa) and 12% (ψ = –120 kPa) in the well-watered and drought treatments, respectively. The deuterium labeling of the deep soil water provided evidence that wheat, Job’s tears, finger millet, soybean, barnyard millet, rice, and rye (in decreasing order of D₂O increments) extracted more water from the deep layers under drought than well-watered in topsoil. These species showed significantly greater hydraulic lift under drought, except for soybean. Most of these species also showed increased root length density in deep soil layers and sustained high photosynthetic rates under drought. In contrast, pigeon pea, cowpea, common millet, pearl millet, foxtail millet, maize, barley, and oat did not show a significant increment in either deep-water uptake or hydraulic lift under drought. In summary, increased extraction of deep soil water under drought was closely related with the magnitude of hydraulic lift.     

灌水和非灌水条件下冬小麦水分的利用特点研究

为了探讨灌水和非灌水条件下冬小麦对水分的利用特点,在大田条件下研究了灌水与非灌水两种处理对冬小麦的耗水结构、土壤水分利用程度及水分与产量之间的关系。结果表明,在非灌溉条件下,冬小麦主要利用20~60 cm土层中的水分,冬小麦对土壤贮水的消耗量增加,平均多耗水96.84 mm;土壤水分利用程度提高,较灌水区提高26.8个百分点;耗水系数增加,水分利用效率增大;冬小麦的产量与0~100 cm土层的含水量有密切的关系,这些土层内的含水量变动对产量的影响最大。     

Water supply from pearl millet by hydraulic lift can mitigate drought stress and improve productivity of rice by the close mixed planting

The authors have proposed the close mixed planting technique using mixed seedlings of two different crop species that results in close tangling of their root systems. Especially, the combination of drought-adaptive upland crops (e.g. pearl millet or sorghum) and flood-adaptive lowland crop of rice would be beneficial to overcome the drought and flood conditions and to reduce the risks of crop failure. In our previous studies, we found that upland crop yield losses by flood stress was mitigated by mix-cropped rice, owing to the oxygen gas released from the rice roots into the aqueous rhizosphere. In the present study, we conducted two experiments to assess whether mixed cropping a drought-resistant cereal, pearl millet, would improve the performance of co-growing drought-susceptible crop, rice under drought conditions. In the field experiment, some grains were obtained from the rice plants mix-cropped with pearl millet under drought condition. However, no rice matured in the single cropping system. In the model experiment using deuterium analysis, it was confirmed that water absorbed by pearl millet roots from deep soil layer was utilized by rice, suggesting that mix-cropped rice could withstand drought stress and complete grain filling using water released into the upper soil layer by hydraulic lift.     

播种期补灌对土壤含水量和小麦籽粒产量的影响

为明确播种期0~200 cm土体贮水量及其纵向分布对小麦出苗、群体发育和籽粒产量的调节作用,于2013-2014年度小麦生长季,在土壤容重、田间持水量和肥力条件一致,而小麦播前土壤贮水量不同的A、B两个地块,在播种期设置不同的计划湿润层深度和目标土壤含水量进行补灌。结果表明,在地块A和地块B 0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5和266.3 mm、0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为554.2和586.4 mm的条件下,播种期补灌,土壤水分平衡后,灌溉水在地块B下渗的深度较大,但主要集中在60 cm以上土层,其中0~10和0~20 cm土层土壤含水量提高的幅度最大;小麦出苗率主要受播种期0~10 cm土层土壤含水量的影响,而群体发育、干物质积累和产量形成则受播前土壤贮水量和播种期补灌水平的共同影响。播种期上部土层土壤含水量过低不利于幼苗发育,显著减少越冬至拔节期间的单位面积茎数。播种前0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量过低,即使播种期在一定范围内增加补灌水量,并于拔节期和开花期再补灌,仍会制约小麦生育中后期的生长,导致成穗数和干物质积累量减少,产量降低。在同一底墒条件下,小麦总耗水量和籽粒产量均随播种期补灌目标土壤相对含水量的提高呈增加趋势,但补灌水量过多,籽粒产量不再增加,水分利用效率降低。     

No-Tillage Enhanced the Dependence on Surface Irrigation Water in Wheat and Soybean

Abstract

No-tillage often affects crop root development due to the higher mechanical impedance to root elongation, resulting in yield reduction under an unfavorable rainfall pattern, such as drought. In this study, we analyzed the changes in water source of wheat and soybean under drought stress in a continuous no-tillage field. Deuterium-labeled irrigation water was applied at different growth stages of crops to analyze their water uptake pattern. Mechanical impedance of the surface soil was 3.5 and 4.4 times higher in the no-tillage than in the conventional tillage under wet and drought conditions, respectively. Root length density and root branching index (the length of lateral roots per unit axile root length) of soybean in the surface soil layer were higher in the no-tillage field. This indicates that the increased branching by the higher mechanical impedance of undisturbed surface soil causes roots to accumulate in the surface soil layer. The deuterium concentration in the xylem sap of both crops was significantly higher in the no-tillage than in the tillage under a drought condition. This indicates that the crops in the no-tillage field depend highly on the newly supplied easily accessible water (irrigation water and/or rainfall) as compared with those in the conventional tillage field under a limited water supply. In conclusion, enhanced surface root growth in the no-tillage condition would result in higher dependence on surface supplied irrigation water than in the conventional tillage under drought.     

Water Acquisition From The Seasonal Wetland and Root Development of Pearl Millet Intercropped With Cowpea in A Flooding Ecosystem of Northern Namibia

Abstract

Seasonal Wetlands, Locally Called Oshanas, Are Characteristic of The Densely Populated Northern Namibia, A Desert Country in Southwest Africa. The Formation of Seasonal Wetlands, Which Will Sustain The Water Balance of A Semiarid Environment, Was Quite Unstable Depending Entirely On The Variable Rainfall in The Upper Catchments of Angola. The Objective of The Present Study Was To Evaluate The Use of Seasonal Wetland Water By Pearl Millet, The Local Staple Food Crop intercropped With Cowpea, To Discuss The Water Competition Pattern of intercropped Species. Root System Development of The intercropped Species Was Also Evaluated Together With The Water Source Analysis. For This Purpose, Field Experiments Using Pearl Millet intercropped With Cowpea in The Seasonal Wetland in Namibia University (Exp. 1) and Monocropped Pearl Millet in The Local Farmers Field (Exp. 2) Were Conducted in Northern Namibia. Both Pearl Millet and Cowpea Developed Deeper Root Systems As The Distance From The Seasonal Wetland Water increased. At Flowering Time, The δD Value of intercropped Cowpea Was Similar To That of Wetland Water, While That in Pearl Millet Was Much Lower Than Those of Both The Wetland Water and Groundwater. This indicated That intercropped Pearl Millet Did Not Have Full Access To The Wetland Water When There Was Competition With Cowpea For Water Derived From Various Water Sources. Under Such Circumstances, intercropped Pearl Millet Probably Relies More On The Rainfall Water, Which Is Just Sufficient To Sustain Its Growth in A Semiarid Environment. By Contrast, intercropped Cowpea Wins in The Competition With Pearl Millet and Can Acquire Water From The Existing Stored Wetland Water.     

Productivity and Water Source of Intercropped Wheat and Rice in a Direct-sown Sequential Cropping System: The Effects of No-tillage and Drought

Abstract

In Japan, wheat-rice crop rotation with the practice of rice transplanting has been quite popular in the past. Mechanized direct-planted wheat-rice sequential cropping was developed at the Aichi Prefecture Agricultural Research Center by intercropping them for two months in spring. An objective of this study was to evaluate the introduction of continuous no-tillage to the cropping system with emphasis on water stress. The water source of intercropped wheat was also elucidated using deuterated heavy water to analyze water competition between crops. Continuous no-tillage of wheat-rice direct planting was performed for six seasons (three years) in an experimental small paddy field. No-tillage resulted in a doubled soil penetration resistance in the surface layer of soil, indicating the risk of suppressing root development. The higher yield of wheat in the dry plot suggested that excess-moisture stress occurs in the field. In the no-tillage plot, light transmission to intercropped rice seedlings increased significantly due to the reduced wheat biomass production. Wheat and rice yields were not statistically lowered by the no-tillage practice. This indicated that it is possible to introduce continuous no-tillage to the cropping system. The no-tillage significantly increased the deuterium concentrations in the xylem sap in wheat after the application of simulated rainfall with deuterated water. This indicated that the water uptake dependency of wheat shifted from stored soil water to recently applied water, which suggested the higher competition between the crops may occur under no-tillage conditions.     

Application of system dynamics approach for time varying water balance in aerobic paddy fields

Increasing water scarcity has necessitated the development of irrigated rice systems that require less water than the traditional flooded rice. The cultivation of aerobic rice is an effort to save water in response to growing worldwide water scarcity with the pressure to reduce water use and increase water productivity. An accurate estimation of different water balance components at the aerobic rice fields is essential to achieve effective use of limited water supplies. Some field water balance components, such as percolation, capillary rise and evapotranspiration, can not be easily measured; therefore a soil water balance model is required to develop and to test water management strategies. This paper presents results of a study to quantify time varying water balance under a critical soil water tension based irrigation criteria for the cultivation of non-ponded “aerobic rice” fields along the lower parts of the Yellow River. Based on the analysis and integration of existing field information on the hydrologic processes in an aerobic rice field, this paper outlines the general components of the water balance using a conceptual model approach. The time varying water balance is then analyzed using the feedback relations among the hydrologic processes in a commercial dynamic modeling environment, Vensim. The model simulates various water balance components such as actual evapotranspiration, deep percolation, surface runoff, and capillary rise in the aerobic rice field on a daily basis. The model parameters are validated with the observed experimental field data from the Huibei Irrigation Experiment Station, Kaifeng, China. The validated model is used to analyze irrigation application soil water tension trigger under wet, dry and average climate conditions using daily time steps. The scenario analysis show that to conserve scarce water resources during the average climate years the irrigation scheduling criteria can be set as −30 kPa average root zone soil water tension; whereas it can be set at −70 kPa during the dry years, however, the associated yields may reduce. Compared with the flooded lowland rice and other upland crops, with these two alternatives irrigation event triggers, aerobic rice cultivation can lead to significant water savings.     

Alleviative effects of mixed-cropping with rice on the growth inhibition of pearl millet caused by flooding at reproductive stage

Flooding has globally become common, and thus cultivation techniques to adapt to the stress are required. We have developed a technique called “close mixed-planting” using flood-adapted rice (Oryza sativa L.) and upland crops with tangled root systems, showing that this technique can mitigate the damage caused to upland crops by flooding. However, the plant response during the reproductive stage has not yet been examined. In this study, we estimated the alleviative effects of close mixed-planting on the growth inhibition and physiological damage to pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) caused by flooding at the reproductive stage in northern Namibia. Pearl millet and NERICA4 (Oryza spp., interspecies of O. sativa and O. glaberrima) were used. Four-week-old single- and mixed-crop pearl millets were transplanted and grown for 22 days, and then flooding treatment was administered for 28 days. The growth and physiological parameters of single pearl millet were significantly decreased by flooding stress, and the parameters did not recover during a 14-day recovery period compared with those of unflooded single and mix-cropped pearl millet. On the other hand, the damage to mix-cropped pearl millet by flooding was suppressed. Thus, the mixed-cropping mitigated the anoxic stress of pearl millet caused by flooding at the reproductive stage and contributed to the improved growth after the recovery period. This result suggested that the close mixed-planting with rice can contribute to the mitigation of flooding damage not only at the vegetative stage but also at the reproductive stage of pearl millet in the semi-arid African country, Namibia.     

播前贮墒量对黑龙港平原旱作冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响

为明确黑龙港平原正在推广应用的冬小麦贮墒旱作栽培的播前土壤适宜墒情,研究了不同贮墒水平对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。试验于2014-2015和2015-2016年在河北吴桥进行,通过播前补灌设置5个贮墒水平,即2 m土体含水量分别为田间持水量的75%(W1)、80%(W2)、85%(W3)、90%(W4)、100%(W5)。结果表明,随贮墒量的增加,小麦全生育期耗水量显著增大,以W5处理的耗水量最大;提高贮墒量可促进小麦增产,但在贮墒量达到一定程度后产量变化不再明显,两年平均产量以W4处理最大;在W1、W2和W3处理间小麦水分利用效率差异不显著,而W4和W5处理显著低于前三个处理。在本试验土壤及降雨条件下,把播前2m土壤含水量调整为田间持水量的85%~90%是贮墒旱作最适宜的贮墒水平。     

拔节期和开花期测墒补灌对邯麦16号小麦产量及耗水特征的影响

为给邯郸地区小麦节水栽培提供依据,于2016-2017年选用高产小麦品种邯麦16号进行大田试验,设置了3个测墒补灌处理(分别用W70、W75和W80表示,W70处理拔节期、开花期的0～40 cm土层目标相对含水量均为70%,W75处理均为75%,W80处理均为80%),以全生育期不灌溉W0和当地常规灌溉WN为对照,研究了拔节期、开花期测墒补灌对邯麦16号小麦产量及耗水特征的影响。结果表明,与WN处理相比,W75处理的总灌水量明显降低,土壤水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例明显提高,促进了小麦对土壤水的利用;W75处理的总耗水量明显下降,籽粒产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、灌溉效率均显著增加。开花期依据土壤含水量补灌至目标相对含水量为75%的水分管理措施,较传统灌溉明显降低了总耗水,同时提高了小麦产量和水分利用率,实现了高产、节水及水分高效利用,是本试验条件下最优测墒补灌处理。     

深松对春玉米田土壤贮水性能及玉米子粒水分利用效率的影响

针对内蒙古春玉米产区耕层土壤质量下降、土壤容重增加、土壤保水蓄水能力下降等问题,试验以先玉335为供试材料,采用裂区试验设计,主区为深松季节,副区为深松深度。研究结果表明,土默川平原灌区深松处理下,土壤含水量较春季浅旋(CK)提升5.23%～9.89%;河套平原灌区深松处理下,土壤含水量较CK提升3.23%～7.34%。土默川平原灌区深松处理土壤容重较CK降低1.21%～11.52%;河套平原灌区深松(SS)土壤容重较CK降低0.61%～8.33%。土默川平原灌区春玉米产量提升7.84%～22.68%,玉米水分利用效率提升4.31%～25.32%,河套平原灌区产量提升7.73%～23.92%,玉米水分利用效率提升6.06%～29.63%。供试深松模式中,推荐秋季深松50 cm为最合理深松模式。     

Influence of particle size and blend composition on quality of wheat semolina-pearl millet pasta

Effect of particle size and blend composition (wheat semolina: pearl millet flour) on quality of pasta were investigated in this study. Initially, the pasta was prepared from 100% pearl millet flour of different particle sizes (241–780 μm). Observation indicated that it was not possible to make pasta from 100% pearl millet flour as these disintegrated after cooking. Particle sizes of pearl millet flour showed significant effect on nutritional and cooking quality of pearl millet pasta. Pasta from pearl millet flour of particle size 425 μm had least cooking loss, high protein, iron and zinc contents. Further, with increase in the level of pearl millet flour in the blend composition, protein, ash and cooking loss of pasta increased whereas hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness showed decreasing trend. Blend composition (wheat semolina: pearl millet flour) in the ratio of 70:30 was found to be satisfactory for making pasta with desirable quality characteristics like cooking loss (<8%), protein content (>10%), ash content (<0.7%), colour and texture. However, with the objective of maximum incorporation of pearl millet flour in the final product, a blend composition of 50:50 could be used to make pasta with acceptable quality.     

灌水对不同小麦品种耗水特性和土壤硝态氮运移的影响

为了解灌水对不同小麦品种耗水特性和土壤硝态氮运移的影响,在大田条件下,以济麦20和泰山22为材料,设置4种水分处理[W0处理（全生育期不灌水）、W1处理（灌底墒水＋拔节水）、W2处理（灌底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水）、W3（灌底墒水＋拔节水＋开花水＋灌浆水）],每次灌水量60mm,分析了不同灌水处理下小麦0～200cm土层土壤含水量、土壤水消耗量、土壤硝态氮运移及籽粒产量的差异。结果表明,（1）依据土壤含水量受灌水影响的程度和变异系数,将0～200cm土壤分为3个层次：活跃层（0～60cm）、次活跃层（60～140cm）和相对稳定层（140～200cm）。（2）两品种W1处理的冬前、开花和成熟期0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量低于W0处理;冬前期60～140cm土层高于W0处理,140～200cm土层与W0处理无显著差异;开花期60～140cm和140～200cm土层高于W0处理;成熟期0～60cm土层高于W2、W3处理,60～140cm和140～200cm土层低于W3处理。拔节期济麦20W1处理60～140cm和140～200cm土层土壤硝态氮含量高于W0处理,泰山22的低于W0处理。（3）济麦20各处理0～200cm土层土壤水消耗量均高于泰山22。济麦20W1处理0～60cm和60～140cm土层土壤水消耗量高于W2处理,籽粒产量、水分利用效率高于W2、W3处理;泰山22W2处理0～60cm土层的土壤水消耗量与W1处理无显著差异,60～140cm和140～200cm土层的土壤水消耗量低于W1处理,水分利用效率与W1处理无显著差异,但高于W3处理,籽粒产量高于W1、W3处理。济麦20和泰山22分别以底墒水、拔节水各灌60mm和底墒水、拔节水、开花水各灌60mm为节水、高产、氮素淋溶量低的最佳灌水模式。     

拔节后补灌对不同穗型冬小麦耗水和籽粒产量的影响

为探究拔节期和开花期不同补灌方案对不同穗型冬小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,于2017-2019年在山东省泰安市以大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29为试验材料,以拔节后无灌水(T1)为对照,设置拔节期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T2)、拔节期和开花期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T3)和拔节期补灌目标为0~40 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T4) 3种补灌方案。结果表明,拔节后不同补灌方案对大穗型和多穗型小麦品种影响基本一致。与T1处理相比,T4处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率,使60~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率在开花期仍保持较高水平;T3处理显著提高了拔节期0～60 cm和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水率。与T3处理相比,T4处理的拔节至开花阶段耗水量增加了28.9%,其中对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了66.4%;T4处理在开花至成熟阶段对深层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了68.0%,对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量降低了37.4%。在开花至成熟期降水较多(121.2 mm)的年份,T4处理的开花至成熟阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率和籽粒产量相对于T3处理均无显著变化,但总耗水量较高,水分利用效率显著降低;在开花至成熟期降水较少(45.2 mm)的年份,T4处理的开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率较T3处理均显著降低。因此,在小麦全生育期降水量为111.6~220.2 mm、开花后降水量为45.2~121.2 mm的条件下,大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种均以在拔节期和开花期将0~20 cm土层补灌至100%田间持水率的补灌方案最优,可同时实现高产和高水分利用效率。     

Water use and yield of wheat/maize intercropping under alternate irrigation in the oasis field of northwest China

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of alternate irrigation (AI) on the yield, water use and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system in an oasis region of northwest China in 2006-2008. Three planting patterns, i.e., sole wheat, sole maize and wheat/maize intercropping. Three irrigation levels were applied for each treatment during 3 years. Results showed that land use efficiency of wheat and maize was significantly enhanced by intercropping system; land equivalent ratio (LER) of wheat/maize intercropping system in different treatments was all greater than 1.0. Moreover, significant difference in grain yield was observed between intercropping treatment and sole cropping treatment, in which the yield of intercropped wheat was 55.37-74.88% of sole wheat, and intercropped maize was 66.63-78.87% of sole maize. Wheat/maize intercropping treatments increased water use by 1.8-16.4% than half of the total water use of sole-cropping wheat and maize. Compared to sole cropping wheat treatments, wheat/maize intercropping with alternate irrigation significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) by 30.5-57.7%, 55.5-71.4% and 12.0-19.8%, and increased by 32.7-37.8%, 9.5-15.8% and 4.0-20.8% than sole cropping maize treatments in 2006-2008, respectively. Our results suggest that AI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method on wheat/maize intercropping in arid oasis field where intercropping planting is decreased because of limited water resource.     

测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响

为探索适于冬小麦高产节水的耕作模式,通过裂区试验,在小麦全生育期不灌溉、拔节期和开花期测墒补灌两种水分管理方式下,设置旋耕、深松+旋耕、深松+旋耕+耙压2遍共3种耕作方式,研究了测墒补灌条件下深松和耙压对冬小麦耗水特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,深松能明显促进小麦拔节后对0~200cm土层土壤贮水的吸收,显著提高产量和水分利用效率。与深松+旋耕处理相比,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理显著减少小麦播种至越冬前对土壤水分的消耗,在全生育期无灌水的条件下总耗水量减少,籽粒产量和水分利用效率明显提高;在小麦拔节期和开花期测墒补灌条件下,深松+旋耕+耙压2遍处理小麦在拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量和日耗水量明显提高,籽粒产量显著增加,水分利用效率无显著变化。