植物信号分子对大豆开花与结瘤的协同调控

大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]是世界上重要的粮食和油料作物,其显著的生长特点是营养生长和生殖生长交错时间长,导致以结瘤为代表的营养生长和以开花为代表的生殖生长在物质和能量需求上存在激烈竞争。本文综述了蔗糖、植物激素以及miRNAs等植物信号分子对大豆开花和结瘤调控作用,将有助于理解大豆开花、结瘤的协同调控机制,以期对明确大豆生长发育规律、提高大豆产量提供理论支撑。     

Interactive Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Waterlogging on Vegetative Growth of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Abstract

Waterlogging is a major predicted agricultural problem for crop production in some areas under current climate change, but no studies are available on the interactive effects of waterlogging and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]). We hypothesized that elevated [CO₂] could alleviate the damage caused by waterlogging, and tested the hypothesis using vegetative growth of soybean (Glycine max) in 10 experiments (different sowing time and different soil type) conducted at Morioka and Tsukuba for three years. The 2-week-old plants grown under elevated and ambient [CO₂] were exposed to waterlogging for 2 weeks. Total dry weight at the end of the treatment was higher under elevated [CO₂] than under ambient [CO₂], and it was significantly reduced by waterlogging under both levels of [CO₂], without significant [CO₂]×waterlogging interactions, at both locations. The negative effects of the waterlogging were greater in root dry weight than in top dry weight, and the root exudation per unit root dry weight was also reduced by waterlogging, without a [CO₂] ×waterlogging interaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of a [CO₂]×waterlogging interaction can be rejected, and provide an important basis for predicting future damage caused by waterlogging under elevated [CO₂] conditions.     

不同施氮量及施氮方式对大豆根瘤生长及产量的影响

以宁夏地区主推品种中黄30为主要研究对象,采用再裂区试验设计,通过接种高效根瘤菌,探讨根瘤菌、施氮量和施氮方式对大豆根瘤干重、根瘤数量以及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:施氮量显著影响大豆结瘤和大豆产量;各处理随着每次施氮量的增加,根瘤干重和根瘤数量的变化趋势均为先增加后下降;产量表现为分次施氮各处理产量一次性施氮各处理产量不施氮(B1)产量;接种根瘤菌处理较不接种根瘤菌处理的根瘤数量及大豆产量显著增加;是否接种根瘤菌与施氮量互作、施氮量与施氮方式互作以及是否接种根瘤菌、施氮量和施氮方式互作对大豆产量均产生极显著影响,中黄30产量最佳组合是A2B3C2(接种根瘤菌、施氮量在75 kg·hm~(-2)且分次施氮)的前提下,产量最高,达到6 020.37 kg·hm~(-2),较不施氮增产8.36%。     

不同供N方式对大豆生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用框栽试验方法对比研究了不同供N方式对大豆生长和结瘤同氮的影响.结果表明:持续供N和非持续供N对大豆生长有不同的影响,在苗期,非持续供N与持续供N相比,对大豆生长有较大的促进作用,而在仡期以后则是持续供N对大豆生长的促进作用较大;持续供N和非持续供N对大豆结瘤同氮的影响不同,大豆根瘤数量表现为非持续供N＞持续供N＞无N,表明氮肥的持续施用对大豆根瘤的形成和生长有抑制作用,不利于大豆根瘤的生长发育;不论何种方式供N对大豆同氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量均有抑制作用,使固氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量显著降低,而且氮肥的持续施用对固氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量的抑制要显著高于非持续供N,表现为持续供N＜非持续供N＜无N,因此,氮肥的持续施用使大豆的同氮效率降低.     

保护性耕作对土壤部分物理特性及大豆产量的影响

研究了免耕和少耕对松嫩平原地区农田土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤紧实性等物理特性和大豆产量的影响。结果表明:在春季大豆播种期,免耕处理(NT)土壤含水量高于少耕(RT)和传统耕作(CT)。在大豆生长前期,免耕条件下的土壤平均温度低于传统耕作和少耕,传统耕作和少耕接近,免耕模式的土壤温度日较差低于少耕和传统耕作。5~20 cm深度内,免耕条件下的土壤容重高于传统耕作,在10~20 cm深度内,免耕和少耕接近。不同模式间的土壤机械阻力表现出差异,在0~20 cm深度内,免耕高于少耕和传统耕作。不同耕作模式间的大豆产量差异不显著。短期保护性耕作试验结果表明:在当地气候和土壤条件下应用少免耕模式,能够减少春季播种期间土壤水分损失和沙尘暴侵袭造成的危害,同时对大豆产量并没有造成不利影响。     

紫外线B辐射增强对大豆生长及光合作用相关指标的影响

明确UV-B辐射增强对植物生长发育,生物量以及光合作用相关指标的影响,有助于阐明UV-B辐射对植物影响的生理机制在人工气候室内采用平方波模型,在大豆植株上方悬挂紫外灯,照射强度为15 μW·cm-2,每天照射8h 研究在剂量下大豆植株在干物质积累、色素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、PSⅡ反应中心最大光能转换效率以及光合速率的变化.结果表明:UV-B辐射增强对大豆生长具抑制作用.与对照相比,播种后20 d、40 d和60 d的UV-B处理的大豆植株株高分别降低4.9%、13.8%和10.6%;鲜重及干重分别减少17.8%、10.7%、25.5%及22.3%、20.9%、25.6%;叶绿索含量分别降低3.2%、13.2%和29.4%;PSⅡ反应中心最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)分别降低3.4%、1.3%和3.2%;叶片可溶性蛋白质含量分别降低25.3%、45.2%和19.5%;叶面积分别减小15.2%、20.4%、和41.6%;光合速率分别降低10%、25%和16%,作为一种保护性适应,UV-B处理增加了花青素及类胡萝卜素的含量.uV-B辐射对生长和生物量的抑制作用可能主要是由于光合速率下降及有效光合面积减少所致.     

CO2倍增和UV-B辐射增强对2个大豆突变体部分抗性指标的影响

以根瘤超着生大豆突变体0498和完全不结瘤的大豆突变体0701为材料,在人工气候室内模拟条件下,研究大气CO2浓度倍增、UV-B辐射增强以及复合逆境胁迫条件对大豆部分抗性指标的影响。结果表明,大豆突变体0701在上述3种处理下,SOD活性分别下降14.5%、17.4%和25.5%;丙二醛含量在CO2倍增处理下降低29.7%,在UV-B增强处理下则升高18.4%。大豆突变体0498在上述3种处理下,UV-B吸收物质的量分别增加44.4%、39.0%和71.9%;POD酶活分别增加27.3%、47.7%和65.6%;SOD活性在UV-B增强处理下增加27.3%;丙二醛含量在UV-B增强处理下升高85.3%,在复合处理下仅升高62.7%;UV-B增强使其离子渗透率增加12.7%。综合分析可见,突变体0498的抗性优于0701;CO2倍增能提高大豆的抗性,UV-B增强则引起大豆的抗逆反应,复合处理下大豆的响应则较单一处理复杂,无明显规律。     

CO2倍增和UV-B辐射增强对大豆根际氨氧化细菌数量及土壤酶活的影响

以根瘤超着生大豆突变体0498和完全不结瘤的大豆突变体0701为材料,在人工气候室内模拟大气CO2浓度倍增以及UV-B辐射增强的复合逆境胁迫条件,研究其对大豆根际氨氧化细菌数量和根际土壤酶活的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,CO2浓度倍增能显著提高大豆根际氨氧化细菌的数量,增加土壤中脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,对完全不结瘤的0701影响更加显著;UV-B辐射增强对氨氧化细菌数量无显著影响,对土壤酶活存在一定的抑制作用。超量根瘤的存在,使CO2倍增和UV-B辐射增强对上述指标的影响得到一定的缓解。     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.     

Evaluation of selected food characteristics of three advanced lines of Nigerian soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

The seeds of three promising advanced lines of soybeans (TGx 923-2^EN, TGx 1019-2^EN and TGx 1497-1^D) which were part of a larger collection evaluated in agronomic field trials in Nigeria were selected for characterization of physicochemical properties, chemical composition, water absorption, cooking time and cooked texture as a function of soaking and cooking. Seed density, leached solids, swelling capacity and seed coat percentage were within a range of 1.15 to 1.26 g per ml, 1.00 to 1.26 g per 100 g, 80.25 to 84.35 g per 100 g and 6.6 to 10.1% w/w of dry beans, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the cream colored beans was similar (0.75 to 0.76 mg/g) but higher than the amount (0.60 mg/g) found in the white beans. Cooking times varied between 71 and 96 min without soaking and were reduced by about 32.0% following a presoaking treatment in water for 12 hours at room temperature (28±1°C). Small seeds absorbed higher amounts of water during soaking and required less cooking time than larger seeds. Unsoaked beans required 40 min of cooking to achieve the same degree of cooked texture as the soaked beans cooked for 20 min, suggesting that cooking times and cooked texture for all lines were improved through soaking.     

大豆种子抗老化鉴定的方法研究

选用遗传差异相对较大的皖豆24、皖豆25(杂交品种)及合豆3号的种子,在温度为40℃、湿度为85％的条件下老化处理4、8和12 d,研究加速老化过程中不同基因型大豆种子成苗率、发芽率、电导率及单株幼苗干重的变化规律.结果表明:随着加速老化时间的延长种子活力下降;加速老化处理8d,3个品种的各项鉴定指标均发生改变:品种的成苗率、发芽率及单株幼苗干重显著降低,电导率明显升高,且品种间有显著差异;发芽率和成苗率的变化在品种间具有一致性,电导率、单株幼苗干重的变化和成苗率品种间一致性较差;成苗率和发芽率的相关性最高(r=0.972**).利用国家大豆微核心种质中的91份资源对老化鉴定方法进行验证,结果在温度为40℃,湿度为85％条件下老化8d的种子发芽率及老化指数与在自然条件下老化15个月的发芽率及老化指数极显著相关(r=0.943**,0.716**).综合分析认为,温度为40℃,湿度为85％条件下老化处理8d,以种子发芽率为活力鉴定指标可作为大豆种子抗老化性的鉴定方法.     

Root Growth of Two Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Cultivars Grown under Different Groundwater Level Conditions

Abstract

Soybean yield is low in the fields with a low groundwater level during summer due to drought stress. By raising the groundwater level using Farm-Oriented Enhancing Aquatic System (FOEAS) the yield of soybean cultivar Sachiyutaka can be increased, but not that of Fukuyutaka. Here, we examined the effect of the groundwater level on root growth and its dynamics in these two cultivars. Three of the four experiments demonstrated that root elongation ceased just below groundwater level in both cultivars. However, when the groundwater level was kept at 35 cm or deeper, the root growth at an early growth stage was more vigorous at a deeper layer in Fukuyutaka than in Sachiyutaka, but at the mid-growth stage root growth in Sachiyutaka became similar to or exceeded that of Fukuyutaka. These results indicated that the optimum control technique for the groundwater level differed with the cultivar. The groundwater level for Sachiyutaka should be kept relatively high at an early growth stage. Further studies will be needed to clarify the optimum control technique for maximizing the yield of Fukuyutaka that have a fast root growth at an early growth stage.     

大豆抗旱种质的鉴定及其与根系的关系

从辽宁省主要推广品种中选出20份优异种质资源,依据株高、叶面积指数、茎、叶生物量为指标,采用平均隶属函数值方法鉴定了大豆苗期耐旱性.结果从供试材料中共筛选出大豆生长前期较强耐旱型(2级)品种2个,干旱较敏感型(4级)品种3个,中间型(3级)品种15个.大豆的平均耐旱隶属函数值与干旱胁迫下的相对根表面积、相对根生物量分别...     

利用ISSR标记进行菜用大豆和普通大豆的分类

ISSR标记技术因具有很高的多肽性而被广泛应用于遗传多样性研究.进行菜用大豆品种多样性研究将有助于育种家进行杂交亲本的合理选配.采用ISSR标记技术对37个菜用大豆品种(系)和13个普通大豆品种(系)进行了分类研究.结果表明:50个ISSR引物中有11个引物没有多肽性,其他39个引物共产生132条谱带,其中81条多肽性谱带,占61.4%.引物扩增的谱带数在l～7条之间,大小为830～3530 bp.每个引物平均扩增的谱带数和多肽性带数分别为3.3和2.1.聚类分析结果表明,可将供试的50个品种划分为3个类组,扁茎大豆Taikadai-zu单独一组,7个普通大豆(多数为中国选育)划归为B组,C组由日本菜用大豆和4个普通大豆组成.C组还可以划分成若干亚组,同一亚组的品种具有相似的性状,比如有一亚组的品种均是褐脐、茶色种皮、白花、不易炸荚.系选的品种和原始品种在分类图中也显示出其密切的亲缘关系.基于ISSR标记的分类可以反映菜用大豆的遗传关系,菜用大豆和普通大豆之间存在遗传多样性,合理保存菜用大豆种质将有助于未来大豆品质改良计划.     

硝态氮对大豆根瘤性状的影响

选取黑龙江省第三积温带主栽大豆品种黑农35为材料,采用水培方法,在大豆移栽后28、35、42、49 d取样,对根瘤的物理性状(根瘤干重、根瘤数和单个根瘤干重)进行动态分析,研究了硝态氮对大豆根瘤性状的影响.结果表明:从移栽后第28天开始生物固氮处理根瘤数明显增加,而施用硝态氮根瘤数基本不变,硝态氮抑制了大豆根瘤形成,而单个根瘤干重增加较大.从根瘤密度来看,硝态氮降低大豆根瘤在根系上分配密度,在第28天生物固氮处理每个根上结瘤124.84个,而施用硝态氮每个根上结瘤22.84个.     

不同形态氮对大豆根瘤生长及固氮的影响

采用框栽的培养方法,通过施用不同形态氮肥,探讨不同形态氮对大豆根瘤生长、含氮量、氮积累量以及固氮酶活性的影响.结果表明:不同形态的氮源,对根瘤干重、数量有促进作用,同时增加了根瘤中的含氮量和氮积累量.根瘤干重及数量的变化均为铵态氮(N2)＞蛋白氮(N4)＞硝态氮(N1)＞氨基酸态氮(N3)＞酰胺态氮(N5)＞生物固氮(N0),其中N0处理的根瘤干重、数量最少,而N2处理的根瘤干重和数量最多.根瘤含氮量的变化为N1＞N4＞N5＞N2＞N3＞N0,其中N1处理下的根瘤中的根瘤含氮量最高,N1、N4和N5各处理与N0处理间差异显著(P＜5%).而氮积累的变化为N2＞N4＞N1＞N5＞N3＞N0,各处理与N0处理相比,差异极显著(P＜1%),与含氮量的变化趋势略有不同.添加不同形态的氮源对根瘤固氮酶活性有抑制作用,其变化趋势为N0＞N5＞N3＞N2＞N4＞N1,N0处理的固氮酶活性最高.     

大豆硫氧还蛋白基因的克隆与分析

通过对大豆耐盐品种文丰7盐处理抑制差减文库的筛选,获得了一些差异表 达的EST序列,与NCBI中EST数据库进行比对分析后发现,其中1个与硫氧还蛋白相关.据此预测了大豆硫氧还蛋白(Thioredoxin,Trx)基因的cDNA序列,并采用RT-PCR方法克隆了大豆Trx基因.生物信息学分析表明:该基因包含1个354 b...     

Isoflavonoid Accumulation Pattern as Affected by Shading from Maize in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Relay Strip Intercropping System

Abstract

Soybean is the most common resource of isoflavonoid in human food. Wide development of relay strip intercropped soybean has contributed to the soybean industry in China. Due to the shading from maize, growth and grain production of soybean is reduced. However, whether soybean isoflavonoid accumulation pattern is influenced in the relay strip intercropping system is still unclear. Here, we studied the accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones in the relay strip intercropping system and sole cropping system at the per-harvest stage. The accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones at the postharvest stage were also studied. The results indicated that accumulation patterns of soybean isoflavones of all varieties in leaf and seed in the two systems were similar, but the trend was delayed in the relay strip intercropping system compared with the sole cropping system. During the pod filling stage, the total content of isoflavone, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed in the relay strip intercropping system were lower than those in the sole cropping system. During the after-ripening period, seed isoflavone content, M-type isoflavone content, G-type isoflavone content in seed increased in both systems, but were higher in the relay strip intercropping system. The temperature and photosynthetically active radiation were significantly lower in relay intercropping than in sole cropping, while relative humidity showed the opposite trend. Path analysis showed that total isoflavone content in leaves and seeds showed a significantly positive correlation with temperature and photosynthetically active radiation, but significantly negative correlation with relative humidity. Correlation analysis between the highest isoflavone content in sole cropping or relay intercropping seeds and agronomic traits revealed a significant positive correlation between the number of both branches and pods with total isoflavone, M-type isoflavone and G-type isoflavone in both systems.     

胜红蓟对大豆生长和产量的影响

外来入侵杂草胜红蓟已由南向北入侵到我国长江流域,对众多作物构成威胁。大豆是长江流域重要的作物之一。通过田间小区试验,测定胜红蓟不同密度和不同除草时间对大豆生长和产量的影响。结果表明,各处理胜红蓟对大豆的株高、叶片数和产量没有显著的影响。这说明大豆(台湾毛豆75号)品种对胜红蓟具有较强的竞争力和化感作用。     

植酸酶基因phyA转化大豆品种研究

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