Effect of mycorrhizae, Thiobacillus and sulfur nutrition on the chemical composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.)] Merr. seed

A field experiment carried out in a calcareous soil with a low available phosphorus to evaluate effectiveness of biofertilizers, mycorrhizae (Glomus intraradices) and Thiobacillus sp. inoculation individually or in combination on seed yield, oil, protein and some elements (P, Fe, Mn, Zn) concentration in two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. The applied treatments were different fertilizers with 6 levels (including: NP (control, 12 kg N ha(-1) as urea, 46 kg P2O5 ha(-1) as triple super phosphate); NPK (NP + 75 kg K2O ha(-1) as potassium sulphate); NPKS [NPK+ S (100 kg S ha(-1))]; NPKST (NPKS + seed inoculation with Thiobacillus bacteria); NPKM (NPK + Seed inoculation with mycorrhizae fungi) and NPKSTM (NPKS + seed inoculation with Thiobacillus and mycorrhizae) and two cultivars (JK and 032). Before planting, soybean seeds were inoculated by Bradyrhizobium japonicum in all treatments. Results showed that combined inoculation of biofertilizers increased yield, however the highest yield was observed in treatment NPKST. Increasing oil content (percentage) was more pronounced in treatments NPKM, while most protein content (percentage) increasing was observed in NPKS and NPKM. Fe and Zn concentrations were unaffected significantly by fertilizer treatments, but NPKSTM showed significantly higher value of seed's Mn concentration compared to treatments NP and NPK. Although no significant difference was observed in terms ofP concentration of 032 line among fertilizer treatments, JK cultivar and NPKSTM caused a significant increasing in P concentration compared to NP, NPKS and NPKM. Present results suggested that applying biofertilizers i.e., mycorrhizae and Thiobacillus increased soybean yield compared to control (NP). Overall, this study demonstrated that soybean seed yield and its chemical composition could be affected by biofertilizer inoculation.     

播种密度及施肥水平对耐密植大豆合农76产量性状的影响

以耐密植大豆品种合农76为试验材料,采用二因素完全随机区组设计,设置5个播种密度(25万,30万,35万,40万及45万株·hm~(-2))和6个施肥水平,研究其对大豆产量及产量相关性状的影响,探索耐密植大豆品种产量相关性状的最优配置,明确该品种最佳播种密度及施肥水平。结果表明:随着播种密度的增加,株高呈升高趋势,节数、单株荚数、单株粒数及百粒重均呈降低趋势;随着施肥水平的提高,株高、节数和百粒重呈升高趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数无明显变化规律;随着播种密度的增加及施肥水平的提高,产量均呈先升高后降低的总体趋势,最高产量处理组合各产量相关性状均未达到最佳表现,而是达到最优配置,群体产量得到最大发挥。在播种密度为40万株·hm~(-2)及施肥水平为磷酸二铵140 kg·hm~(-2)、尿素45 kg·hm~(-2)及氯化钾35 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,产量最高(3 309.77 kg·hm~(-2)),在播种密度为35万株·hm~(-2)及施肥水平为磷酸二铵120 kg·hm~(-2)、尿素40 kg·hm~(-2)及氯化钾30 kg·hm~(-2)条件下,产量次之(3 302.07 kg·hm~(-2))且差异未达到极显著水平,说明适当降低播种密度和施肥水平也能够获得较高的产量,从而达到节本、增效、环保的目的。     

增施有机肥对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响

2015和2016年在大田试验条件下,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(NPK)、常规施肥+有机肥(增施鸡粪1 500 kg/hm~2,NPKM)对夏玉米物质生产及土壤特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,NPK和NPKM处理2015和2016年玉米产量分别增加13.62%和18.61%、36.75%和44.93%。植株叶片SPAD值、植株根系和地上部生物量均表现为NPKMNPKCK。与CK相比,增施有机肥后,土壤呼吸、硝态氮、铵态氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著增高,过氧化氢酶活性降低。相关分析表明,连续两年玉米子粒产量均与拔节期、吐丝期、成熟期的SPAD值和硝态氮含量呈显著正相关,与吐丝期和成熟期的根系生物量、地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。     

豫北两熟区不同夏播作物对后茬冬小麦中后期群体微环境及产量的影响

为探讨不同夏播作物前茬对后茬冬小麦生长和产量的影响,在河南省新乡市获嘉县开展田间二因素试验,设置两个不同施肥水平(常规施肥和不施氮肥)和三种夏播作物前茬(玉米、大豆和花生),分析小麦拔节期至成熟期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光(F_v/F_m),以及土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤温度(Ts)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)变化,并在成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素。结果表明,与常规施肥(CK)相比,不施氮肥条件下不同前茬的小麦LA略增,而LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_v/F_m、SWC、Ts和Rs均有所降低。不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_v/F_m、SWC、Ts和Rs均显著低于其他两种前茬(P<0.05),其中花生、大豆和玉米前茬的SWC较CK的降幅分别为13.56%、13.39%和10.77%。与CK相比,不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LA较CK的增幅在3种前茬中居中,小麦...     

控制重茬大豆危害施肥技术优选

采用田间进行了重茬大豆施肥技术组合筛选,NPK不同组合可明显促进重茬大豆生长发育,主要表现在增加大豆株高、提高大豆地上和地下生长,增加干物质积累;NPK配合可促进大豆根瘤数量和重量的增加,N3P4K5 叶面肥在大豆分枝期(V5)、开花期(R2)和鼓粒期(R6)三个时期都明显增加大豆优质根瘤比率;NPK配合可增加大豆叶面积指数、生物产量和光合势,其中N3P4K5和N3P4K5 叶面肥对大豆生长发育促进作用最为明显,N3P4K5 叶面肥产量最高,较对照增产22.7%,增加了大豆有效荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,各处理对大豆百粒重影响不大.     

黑土区大豆植株长势和农田温室气体对不同施肥方式的响应

在哈尔滨典型黑土地区,对不同施肥方式下大豆产量与根重、叶片叶绿素含量、植株NPK含量的相关关系及生长期内温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)排放量的变化进行研究。试验设测土施肥(对照处理)、测土减量施肥+C增效剂、缓释肥料、测土施肥+N分期调控4个处理。结果表明:缓释肥料产量效应最明显,增产7.2%,测土减量施肥+C增效剂低碳效应较明显,减少30%氮素同时增产1.8%。各施肥处理大豆百粒重顺序由高到低为:缓释肥料测土施肥+N分期调控测土施肥测土减量+C增效剂。各个处理间的CO_2通量平均值差异显著,N_2O和CH_4通量平均值差异不显著。与对照相比,测土减量施肥+C增效剂处理中,碳增效剂在减30%氮的背景下提升了叶绿素含量,促进了植株和根系生长,小幅度增产同时维持作物在生育期内的CO_2呼吸效应,可作为低碳农业的推荐措施。     

不同秸秆还田方式对棕壤磷素及玉米吸磷量的影响

通过田间试验,研究玉米秸秆直接还田、腐熟还田与化肥配施等处理对棕壤磷素、玉米吸磷量、玉米产量、磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明,除秸秆直接还田处理外,其他施肥处理均能显著提高土壤有效磷含量,且彼此间差异显著,以腐熟秸秆配施化肥处理最明显。各施肥处理均显著提高玉米吸磷量和玉米产量,以未腐熟秸秆配施化肥处理增产最明显。各处理的磷肥利用率从高到低依次为秸秆直接还田配施化肥处理秸秆腐熟还田配施化肥处理单施化肥处理。秸秆还田配施化肥提高了玉米产量,玉米吸磷量和磷肥利用率直接还田好于腐熟还田。     

不同追氮方式对寒地玉米干物质、产量及品质的影响

通过大田试验,分析不同追氮方式对寒地玉米干物质量、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,追氮大喇叭口期至成熟期干物质明显高于PK(不施氮肥)和CK(不施肥)处理,分别增加了33.0%~52.4%和49.5%~71.3%,且NPK+DD2(基肥+氮肥深追二次)处理较NPK+SD1(基肥+氮肥浅追一次)处理干物质量提高14.6%。追氮提高寒地玉米单穗穗行数,显著提高了行粒数和百粒重,提高寒地玉米产量,与PK处理相比产量提高54.4%~73.2%;NPK+DD2、NPK+DD1(基肥+氮肥深追一次)与NPK+SD1处理相比产量提高8.76%~12.2%,以NPK+DD2处理产量最高,收获指数最高,达到63.06%。追氮改善寒地玉米品质,与CK和PK处理相比,蛋白质分别提高为2.05%~2.38%和2.24%~2.57%,脂肪含量分别降低了0.33%~0.58%和0.14%~0.39%,淀粉含量分别提高1.81%~2.11%和0.29%~0.59%,赖氨酸含量降低0.01%~0.02%和0.02%~0.03%。不同追氮方式有利于寒地玉米干物质积累及子粒产量和品质的提高,且氮肥深追好于氮肥浅追,以NPK+DD2处理效果最好。     

不同生育期施用"奥普尔"对夏大豆生长发育的影响

用奥普尔液肥处理土壤，可提高大豆出苗率９．１％。除鼓粒期外，其余生育期使用该液肥，株高降低，分枝数增加，株英数增加百粒重降低；而鼓粒期施用，株高、分枝数没有变化，株英数和百粒重增加，综合效果，大豆施用奥普尔液肥，株粒数增加，产量提高，经济效益提高。以上土壤处理和花期喷施效果最好，增产率分别达１１．８％和９．６％；两次是复加施用，增产率达１３．６％，投放产出比达１：５．３。     

不同遮光处理对菜用大豆产量的影响

设置遮双层网、遮单层网和不遮网3种处理,对32个菜用大豆品种(系)各小区的标准荚数、标准荚重、百粒重、产量等指标进行比较。结果表明:筛选出了3种处理条件下平均小区产量均超过1 300 g的上海红皮、灵川吕竹豆等菜用大豆品种(系)6个;各处理小区平均产量与标准荚数、标准荚重呈极显著的正相关;耐阴性较强的菜用大豆品种(系)在遮光和正常条件下平均产量均较高。     

等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

以1989年建立的国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究等氮条件下有机无机肥长期配施对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,长期氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)及氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(牛粪+NPK、秸秆+NPK)有利于玉米产量的提高,与不施肥(CK)相比,分别提高192.0%、218.3%和192.6%。NPK、牛粪+NPK及秸秆+NPK处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力均显著高于单施氮肥处理。经18年长期定位试验,与试验初期相比均能提高土壤有机质含量、全氮含量及碱解氮含量,以牛粪+NPK处理效果最好,分别增加46.6%、28.6%和36.8%。施用牛粪及秸秆后土壤pH值年纪间变化不大,长期施用化肥土壤pH值降低。     

Boll size affects the insecticidal protein content in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton has been planting in large-scale for more than 10 years in China. It was observed that resistance to bollworm was reduced with the application of big-boll cultivars in China. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of boll size on the contents of CryIA insecticidal protein in boll shell and cotton seed during the course of boll development. Two experiments were conducted at the Yangzhou University Farm, Yangzhou, China. In 2004, three cultivars including Sikang 1 (small-boll), Xiangza 3 (medium-boll) and Kemian 3 (big-boll) were compared for boll shell volume and 100-seed weight from 10 to 40 days after flowering (DAF), and insecticidal protein contents in boll shell and cotton seed from 10 to 50 DAF. As expected, the differences between cultivars were significant for all the four characteristics. Cultivars with bigger boll shell volume had higher 100-seed weight but lower insecticidal protein contents in both of the boll shell and cotton seed. The correlation between boll size and boll insecticidal protein content was negative (−0.653). The correlation between 100-seed weight and cotton seed insecticidal protein content was significantly negative (−0.645). In 2005, leaf cut (LC) and square removal (SR) treatments were applied to Sikang 1 and Sikang 3. The boll shell volume and 100-seed weight were decreased by LR, but increased by SR. LC significantly enhanced and SR significantly reduced the insecticidal protein contents of boll shell and cotton seed. The correlation between boll size and boll insecticidal protein content (−0.870) and the correlation between 100-seed weight and cotton seed insecticidal protein content were both highly significant and negative (−0.841). Therefore, the results of the study indicated that the boll insecticidal protein content was significantly affected by boll size. The implications of the observed results in breeding, cultural practices and pest management were discussed.     

黑土区长期施肥对大豆光合产物分配的影响

在东北黑土区中心-中同科学院海伦实验站进行盆栽试验,研究不同施肥处理对大豆光合产物分配的影响.设5个肥料处理,分别为无肥(CK)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK),氮磷钾(NPK)和化肥有机肥配施(NPK+OM),同时进行相应肥料的无作物处理.结果发现:光合产物的分配趋势表现出分配到地上部的比例逐渐增加,由35%增加到66%,同时地下部所占有的比例相应减少,南65%降低到34%.其中分配到根中的光合产物有4%～20%通过根系呼吸而消耗.碳同化产物的分配受施肥的影响(P＜0.05).随着大厦的生长,土壤呼吸速率逐渐增加,在培养后的第77天,CK、NP、NK、NPK和NPKOM处理土壤呼吸速率达到最大值,分别为113、164、143、222、274 mg C·cm-2·h-1,然后逐渐降低,到生育末期达到最小值.不同施肥处理土壤呼吸速率存在差异,大小顺序为NPK+OM＞NPK＞NP＞NK＞CK,在整个生长季的变化范围分别为29～302,25～238,25～185,24～160 and 20～129 mg C·m-2·h-1.     

Wheat grain yield,phosphorus uptake and soil phosphorus fraction after 23 years of annual fertilizer application to an Andosol

A field experiment was conducted on an Andosol to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, P and N uptake and soil P fraction after long-term fertilization (no fertilizer, NPK, NP, NK and PK treatments). Application rates of N, P and K fertilizers were 100, 65 and 83 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ by ammonium sulfate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride, respectively. Phosphorus fertilization was critical for grain yield since the NK treatment did not increase yield compared with no fertilizer treatment. Agronomic efficiency of P was greater than agronomic efficiency of N, although apparent recovery of P and N were 17 and 53%, respectively. Combination application of fertilizer P and N resulted in the greatest grain yield over 23-year cultivation. Interaction impact on grain yield between P and N ranged from 71 to 109%, and was greater than the values for cereals in the earlier works. The N/P ratios of wheat decreased by P application and increased by N application. The N/P ratios in NPK and NP treatments were higher than the values attaining maximum yield for cereal crops reported by other works.     

长期施肥对氮素利用以及土壤剖面氮素分布、积累的影响

依托28年长期定位试验，采集不同施肥处理土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，结合产量计算氮素利用效率。结果表明，长期施肥显著增加玉米子粒产量、地上部总吸氮量及氮收获指数。化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理产量最高，较单施化肥(NPK)处理提高8.7%。各处理硝态氮含量随着土层的加深均呈先降低后升高的趋势，硝态氮主要积累在0～100 cm土体，NPK、NPKM处理硝态氮积累量占比高于55%。因此，有机肥替代部分化肥可显著提高子粒产量，增加氮素利用效率，减少氮素淋溶。     

氮肥减施与接种根瘤菌对大豆光合与产量的影响

为揭示氮肥减施与接种不同根瘤菌对大豆光合作用及产量的影响,通过设置不同减氮量+接种根瘤菌处理,研究其对大豆净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度及大豆产量的影响。结果表明:在开花期, T1(1/2施氮+拌种NF)、T2(1/2施氮+土壤施用NF)、T3(1/2施氮+拌种DF)处理的净光合速率相对于CK分别提高了50.4%、30.1%、29.6%。所有处理较常规施肥(CK)的蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度、气孔导度均有所上升,而大豆叶绿素含量较CK差异不显著,各处理的叶片干重较CK差异不显著,除T3处理外,各处理的茎干重较CK差异也不显著。进入结荚期后,T1、T2处理的胞间CO_2浓度较CK分别提高了34.3%、47.0%,各处理净光合速率较CK均下降,而蒸腾速率、气孔导度均高于CK,除T4、T5外,叶绿素含量较CK差异不显著。除T2处理外,各处理的叶干重均低于CK,茎与荚皮干重较CK差异不显著,籽粒干重在所有减1/2施氮量+接种根瘤菌处理中均显著高于CK。在鼓粒期,各处理的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO_2浓度较CK差异不显著,气孔导度均高于CK,不施氮肥处理的叶绿素含量均显著低于CK。各处理的叶片干重均显著低于CK,但茎、荚皮干重与CK相比差异不显著,且籽粒干重有一定升高趋势,T3处理籽粒干重较CK提高了24.6%;在成熟期,1/2减氮+接种根瘤菌处理基本上均能提高大豆的产量及其构成因子,尤其是T3处理较CK产量提高9.75%。     

Effects of soil types and fertilizers on growth,yield, and quality of edible Amaranthus tricolor lines in Okinawa,Japan

Soil types and fertilizer regimes were evaluated on growth, yield, and quality of Amaranthus tricolor lines, IB (India Bengal), TW (Taiwan), BB (Bangladesh B), and BC (Bangladesh C) in developing management practices in Okinawa. Growth and yield of all amaranth lines were higher in gray soil (pH 8.4) than in dark red soil (pH 6.6) and red soil (pH 5.4). The combined NPK fertilizer resulted in highest growth parameters and yield of amaranths in all soils. Nitrogen fertilizer alone did not affect growth parameters and yield of amaranths in dark red and red soils. Growth parameters and yield increased similarly with the 30, 40, and 50 g m^?2 of NPK fertilizer in BB line, and with the 20, 30, 40, and 50 g m^?2 in BC line. Agronomic efficiency of NPK fertilizer at 50 g m^?2 was not prominent on the amaranths, compared to the fertilizer at 40 g m^?2. Amaranth lines had higher Na in dark red and red soils, while K and Mg in gray soil, Ca in gray and red soils, and Fe in dark red soil. The NPK fertilizer resulted in higher Na, Ca, Mg, and P in BB line in glasshouse. These minerals in BB line were not clearly affected, but in BC line were lower with NPK fertilizer at 20–50 g m^?2 in field. These studies indicate that gray soil is best for amaranth cultivation and combined NPK fertilizer at 20–40 g m^?2 is effective in gray soil in Okinawa for higher yield and minerals of amaranth.     

Soybean inoculation: Dose, N fertilizer supplementation and rhizobia persistence in soil

The effect of rate of application of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii SMH12 or Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 inoculants on grain yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cv. Osumi was studied in a field experiment laid out in Southern Spain. All inoculant doses tested (10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶ and 10⁷ rhizobia/seed) produced higher seed yields than those obtained in un-inoculated plots. Increments in nodule dry weight, seed yield and seed N content were observed when the number of rhizobia applied to seed increased from 10⁴ up to 10⁷. The addition of N fertilizer to inoculated soybean plants (50 kg N/ha applied at R1 or R4 stage) did not increase seed yields in comparison with treatments that were only inoculated. Survival of strains SMH12 and USDA110 was monitorized for three years in two different soils of Southern Spain after soybean inoculation. Rhizobia survival was varied dependent on the soil and the rhizobia strain used.     

高蛋白大豆农艺性状与产量的相关及通径分析

应用多元统计方法对黑龙江省审定的10个高蛋白大豆品种的农艺性状与蛋白、产量之间的关系进行相关及通径分析。结果表明:高蛋白大豆品种的主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重与产量呈极显著正相关,茎粗与产量呈正相关,底荚高度与产量呈显著负相关,大豆蛋白含量和百粒重呈显著正相关。株高、主茎节数、单株粒重对产量的影响力最大。对于高蛋白大豆育种,应考虑选择株高中等偏高、主茎节数多、单株粒重大,同时百粒重较大、生育期为中晚熟的品种。     

氮磷钾配施对大豆产量的影响

在两点进行"3414"肥料试验,通过肥料效应函数拟合,研究了氮磷钾肥不同比例配施对大豆产量的影响。结果表明:氮磷钾肥配施能够显著提高大豆产量,单株粒数受磷施用量影响较大,百粒重受氮磷施用量影响较大。推荐的高产施肥量为:N75～85kg/hm2、P2O565～70kg/hm2、K2O45～55kg/hm2,比例为:N:P2O5:K2O=1.60:1.35:1;经济施肥量为:N65～75kg/hm2、P2O545～50kg/hm2、K2O30～40kg/hm2,比例为:N:P2O5:K2O=2:1.36:1。