Effect of defoliation frequency and cutting height on growth,dry‐matter yield and nutritive value of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum (L.) Schumach)

Growth characteristics, dry‐matter (DM) yield, chemical components and in vitro dry‐matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Napier grass were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. The treatments were three defoliation frequencies (60, 90 and 120 d after Napier grass establishment) and five cutting heights (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm above ground level). Except for leaf‐to‐stem ratio, all growth characteristics increased with decreasing frequency of defoliation. Similarly, DM yield of Napier grass increased as the frequency of defoliation decreased. Total ash, crude protein (CP), hemicellulose and IVDMD contents of Napier grass increased with increasing frequency of defoliation, whereas DM, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and cellulose contents increased with a decrease in defoliation frequency. In contrast, cutting heights had no significant effect on most chemical components and IVDMD contents, although total ash and CP decreased as the height of cutting increased. The CP yield per cut and per day was highest at an intermediate defoliation frequency. The results of this study indicated that Napier grass could be categorized under medium‐ to high‐quality herbage if defoliated at 90 d after establishment in the mid and highlands of Ethiopia.     

Hydraulic Resistance of Sorghum (C4) and Sunflower (C3)

Summary

It is well known that C4 crops have a lower water requirement than C3 crops. Reasons for the difference are not well understood. Therefore, hydraulic resistance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (C4) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (C3) was determined to see if it might be one explanation for the lower water use of crops with the C4 photosynthetic pathway. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in pots with soil, which was well watered (soil matric potential of ～0 MPa) or allowed to dry (soil matric potential of ?0.038 MPa and ?0.065 MPa for sorghum and sunflower, respectively). Hydraulic resistance was calculated in two ways: (1) using the classic Ohm's law analogue, which assumes that the relation between flux (transpiration) and difference in water potentials of the soil and plant is linear and (2) using an equation that considers diurnal changes in leaf water content along with transpiration and difference in water potentials. Because change in leaf-water content during a day was small, hydraulic resistances calculated by the two methods resulted in similar values. Sorghum had a linear relationship between flux and difference in potentials (constant hydraulic resistance), but sunflower had a nonlinear one (variable hydraulic resistance). The hydraulic resistance of watered sunflower increased only slightly during a day and averaged about 40 MPa m² s mol^?1, which was 3.5 times less than that of watered or water-stressed sorghum (-140 MPa m² s mol^?1). The hydraulic resistance of water-stressed sunflower increased steeply during a day and by the end of the day it had a hydraulic resistance that approached that of sorghum.     

Effects of Drought and Shading on Non-structural Carbohydrate Stored in the Stem of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Abstract

Most studies on non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) are concentrated on the leaf and tuber, and little is known about NSC in the stem and its function. To test the hypothesis that NSC stored in stem contributes to stable tuber bulking under stress conditions, we grew plants in pots in a greenhouse under drought and shading conditions for 17 d during tuber bulking. Compared with the control, drought and shading significantly reduced leaf and stem dry weights (DW) and total NSC concentration in the main stem base. However, tuber DW increased by 77% in drought and by 46% in shading conditions relative to the control. The contributions of NSC loss in the stem to tuber DW increase in drought and shading conditions were 37% and 54%, respectively. This study suggests that NSC stored in the stem base is supplied to tuber under stress conditions to support tuber bulking.     

人心果在NaCl胁迫下的离子效应及耐盐方式

为了研究人心果在NaCl胁迫下的离子效应及耐盐方式,本试验测定了人心果根、枝条、叶在NaCl胁迫下Cl-、Na+、K+、Ca2+的含量及分布特点.结果表明,人心果根、枝条、叶的Cl-、Na+、Ca2+含量随处理浓度升高而升高,K+、K+/Na+随处理浓度升高而降低.在8‰处理浓度时,根、枝条、叶的Cl-含量分别为对照的8.94、6.77、4.49倍,Na+含量分别为对照的2.16、2.88、2.45倍,K+/Na+分别为0.13、0.43、0.35.相同处理浓度下,根的Cl-、Na+含量均最高,含量高低顺序如下:Cl-:枝条＜叶＜根;Na+:叶＜枝条＜根;K+:根＜叶＜枝条;Ca2+:根＜枝条＜叶.研究结果表明:Cl-、Na+进入植物体后,较大部分滞留在根部,人心果具有根系截留效应,推测其抗性方式为避盐性,研究结果还推测人心果的盐害和细胞Ca2+的自动动态平衡遭到破坏有关.     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦茎部特征及其抗倒伏性的影响

为了研究施氮量对滴灌冬小麦茎部形态特征及其抗倒伏能力的影响,在2014-2015年冬小麦生长季,以新冬18号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下研究了300(N_1)、360(N_2)、420(N_3)和480(N_4)kg·hm~(-2)四个不同氮肥水平对冬小麦茎部形态特征、力学特征及抗倒伏性能的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,滴灌冬小麦的株高逐渐增高,重心高度升高,平均节间长度增长,单株鲜重增加,而基部节间直径减小,茎秆基部的机械强度及抗倒伏指数降低;随着生育进程的推进,冬小麦茎秆基部的机械强度及抗倒伏指数均呈降低的趋势。茎秆的机械强度和抗倒伏指数与株高、重心高度、单茎鲜重显著负相关,与基部节间直径呈显著正相关。N_2处理小麦倒伏率较低,产量最高,为6 315.76kg·hm~(-2),分别较N_1、N_3、N_4处理产量高4.72%、6.69%和13.59%。在本试验条件下,适当控制施氮量可以降低滴灌小麦倒伏率,增加产量。     

花生抗旱性研究进展

花生是我国重要的油料和经济作物.随着全球气候变暖的加剧,水资源短缺的形势更加严峻,干旱已成为影响花生生产的主要环境因子.解析花生抗旱分子调控机制,培育抗旱花生品种对减轻干旱灾害及其造成的损失具有重要的意义.本文通过综述国内外在花生抗旱性研究方面取得的主要进展,表明花生的抗旱性鉴定方法主要有聚乙二醇模拟干旱、盆栽试验和旱...     

辽宁省无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

对辽宁省稻区无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸抗药性进行研究,结果表明:辽宁省稻区的无芒稗对二氯喹啉酸都产生了一定程度的抗性,但抗性水平不高,抗性比值小于2的敏感性生物型14个,占37.83%,抗药性生物型23个,占62.17%,其中相对抗性比大于3的8个,占21.62%,高抗生物型的1个,占2.7%。     

6个枇杷品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

为探究枇杷对低温胁迫的生理响应,综合评价不同枇杷品种的抗寒能力,本研究以6个枇杷品种为试验材料,研究了低温胁迫对枇杷幼果种胚相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明：随处理温度的降低,各枇杷品种幼果种胚相对电导率REC呈现“小-大-小”的“S”型曲线变化,结合Logistic方程得出不同枇杷品种种胚的半致死温度介于-4.759 ~ -2.73 ℃之间,其中,WT（白肉芽变）幼果种胚的半致死温度最低,大五星幼果种胚的半致死温度最高;6个枇杷品种的脯氨酸（Pro）含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量随低温胁迫均呈现出先升高后降低的倒“V”型变化趋势,但增幅和达到峰值的时间点不同;可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,均在-5 ℃时达到最大值;通过隶属函数综合分析,得出6个枇杷品种材料的抗寒能力表现为WT（白肉芽变）>冠玉>宁海白>龙泉5号>早钟6号>大五星。综上所述,WT（白肉芽变）对低温的胁迫具有较强的适应性,抗寒能力强;半致死温度LT₅₀结合隶属函数法的综合评价能准确鉴定枇杷品种的抗寒性。本研究为枇杷抗寒种质的筛选及寻找提高抗寒性的新途径提供理论依据。     

水稻抗病基因同源序列的克隆及测序分析

 根据已知的NBS LRR类及丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类抗病基因结构中氨基酸的保守区域，设计了两组简并引物用于扩增广谱抗稻瘟病品种云系2号中的抗病基因同源序列。结果一共获得11类的NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源片段及16类的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类抗病基因同源片段。所有11类的抗病基因同源系列均含有NBS-LRR类抗病基因的保守序列，如P-loop、Kinase 2、Kinase 3a以及跨膜区域等。所有16类的蛋白激酶的序列均含有丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶所共有的催化区Ⅵ（共有氨基酸序列：DLKPEN）、Ⅷ（共有氨基酸序列：GT/SXXYXAPE）以及蛋白激酶的其他催化区。两条NBS-LRR类的抗病基因同源片段YR1、YR12分别与抗病基因I2 C-2及Xa1氨基酸同源性很高(>50%)。7条丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类的抗病基因同源片段与已克隆的[WTBX][STBX]Xa21、Pto、Lr10[WTBZ][STBZ]等抗病基因的氨基酸序列超过60%的相同以及76%~78%的氨基酸类似。     

马铃薯防御酶系活性与其抗晚疫病的关系

应用比较生理学方法,以6个对晚疫病抗性不同的马铃薯品种为材料,研究无病原菌浸染及病原菌浸染后抗、感病品种的马铃薯叶片中防御酶系活性的变化与其抗晚疫病的关系。结果表明:无病原菌浸染及病原菌浸染后,抗病品种比感病品种有较高的PPO、POD和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性。因此认为PPO、POD和-β1,3-葡聚糖酶活性与马铃薯抗晚疫病有关。另外,接种后各指标测定结果均不同程度地高于无病原菌浸染时期,表明病原菌浸染后诱导马铃薯体内与抗晚疫病有关的防御酶活性升高。本研究从防御酶活性变化方面阐明马铃薯抗病的生理基础,为马铃薯抗病生理选种提供理论依据。     

抗氧化系统参与水杨酸诱导烟草幼苗抗冷性提高的生化机制

烟草苗期冷害是影响烟草农业生产的一个重要问题,通过各种农艺措施来提高烟苗抗冷性有重要的实际意义。以2个烟草主栽品种‘云烟97’和‘K326’为材料,用浓度为0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mmol/L的水杨酸（SA）对其幼苗进行预处理后进行10℃的低温处理12 d。结果表明,与未处理的对照相比,SA预处理能显著降低‘云烟97’和‘K326’幼苗在低温胁迫过程中叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量和电解质渗漏率,减缓干物质的消耗速度,增加叶绿素含量和增强根系活力,改善幼苗的根长、表面积、体积和根尖数,促进根系的生长,最终提高烟草幼苗的抗冷性。不同品种有不同的适宜的SA浓度,‘云烟97’的最适浓度为1.5 mmol/L,‘K326’的最适浓度为1.0 mmol/L;SA预处理后,与未预处理的对照相比,在进入低温处理前和低温处理期间,烟草幼苗抗氧化系统中的主要抗氧化剂还原型抗坏血酸（ASA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量均保持在较高的水平,而氧化型ASA和GSH含量则保持在较低水平,还原型抗氧化剂在总抗氧化剂中的比例提高;主要的抗氧化酶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GP...     

气候变化下红茴砂在中国潜在适生区的最大熵生态位模型预测

红茴砂是姜科茴香砂仁属多年生草本植物,我国仅在海南地区有自然分布,是具有很高药用价值的濒危植物。为了解红茴砂在未来气候变化下的潜在适生区及其主要环境影响因子,以期对红茴砂的保育提供科学指导,将45条红茴砂分布位点数据与20个环境因子相结合,运用最大熵生态位模型MaxEnt和ArcGIS软件模拟了当前气候和未来2050年RCP2.6和RCP8.5两种不同气候条件下红茴砂在中国的潜在分布区,并分析影响红茴砂分布的主导环境因子。结果表明：当前气候条件下,红茴砂适生区总范围在18°~32° N、27°~122° E,面积约为1.24×10⁶ km²,主要集中分布在海南、贵州、福建、广东、广西、云南等地;影响红茴砂地理分布的主导环境因子为最湿月降水量、最暖季度降水量、年均温度变化范围、最冷月份最低温、海拔和最热季度均温,累计贡献率达87%;在未来2050年RCP2.6和RCP8.5两种不同气候情景下,红茴砂适生区域丧失面积均达到95%以上,潜在分布区缩小到云南、四川、西藏、贵州和台湾这5个省区,新增区域主要在西藏东南部和四川中南部,同时潜在总适生区和高适生区的质心有向西北方迁移的趋势。     

Effects of Powdered Rice Chaff Application on Si and N Absorption,Lodging Resistance and Yield in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Rice chaff, a major by-product of rice cultivation, is generally known for its high content of Si. Pot and small field plot (concrete plot) experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of rice chaff in powdered form (Cp) and normal rice chaff (Ch) with or without bio-decomposer application on lodging resistance, yield, Si and N absorption of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Hatsushimo). The results showed that the absorption of Si by plants could be promoted by Gp supplied together with a bio-decomposer, although the N content in plants was not increased. In the concrete plot experiment, lodging resistance was improved by Cp applied under a lightly-fertilized condition due to the high breaking strength and strong bending stress caused by the high Si content in the plants. Cp application tended to increase under a lightly-fertilized condition, but decreased the yield under a heavily-fertilized condition. It was suggested hat Cp application is effective on rice growth under a lightly-fertilized condition, and that Cp may be useful as an alternative of inorganic Si fertilizer and contribute to a sustainable Si recycle system in rice cultivation.     

我国长江中下游稻区稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性研究

2008至2011年,采集了我国长江中下游稻区的42个稗草[Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.]生物型,采用盆栽法测定了其对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性。结果表明,湖南省益阳县(R1)和望城县(R2)的稗草生物型的抗性水平最高,分别达到21.84倍和32.31倍;浙江、江苏以及湖南省其他地区稗草生物型的抗性指数均在1.12～7.32倍,抗性较弱。经二氯喹啉酸处理后1d,上述两个抗性生物型稗草(R1、R2)的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸合成酶(ACS)活性明显下降,为对照的49%和56%;2d后小幅回升,并维持在对照之下,然后继续下降,处理4d后下降至对照的34%和35%。经二氯喹啉酸处理后,R1和R2的β-氰丙氨酸合成酶(β-CAS)活性上升;处理5d后达到最高值,分别为对照的1.80倍和2.05倍。     

Characteristics of Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence during Senescence of Flag Leaf in Different Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars Grown under Nitrogen-Deficient Condition

Abstract

Effects of nitrogen (N) deficiency on photosynthetic gas exchange and photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry of flag leaves during grain-filling stage were investigated in six rice cultivars, Kasalath (a conventional indica), IR36 (an improved indica), Shirobeniya (a conventional japonica), Nipponbare (an improved japonica), Akenohoshi (an improved japonica-indica intermediate type) and BSI429 (an improved tropical japonica, a new plant type line) grown hydroponically in N-sufficient (NS) and N-deficient (ND) solution. From 3 to 24 days after heading (DAH), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (F_v/F_m), quantum yield of PSII electron transport ( Φ_psii), and contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in the flag leaves decreased, particularly under the ND condition in all six cultivars. A substantial difference was observed among the ND plants for the sustainability index (SI, the ratio of the value at 24 DAH to that at 3 DAH) of P_n, F_v/F_m, Φ_psii, Chl content and Rubisco content; SIs of those parameters of Akenohoshi, BSI429, Nipponbare and Shirobeniya were higher than those of IR36 and Kasalath. The SI of P_n showed significant positive correlations with those of F_v/F_m, Φ_psii, and the contents of Chl and Rubisco under the ND condition. It was concluded that the sustainability of photosynthesis in the flag leaves was mainly due to those of PSII photochemistry and electron transport, which was associated with the maintenance of Chl and Rubisco under the ND condition.     

Heritability of,and genotypic correlations between,aflatoxin traits and physiological traits for drought tolerance under end of season drought in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

More rapid progress in breeding peanut for reduced aflatoxin contamination should be achievable with a better understanding of the inheritance of, aflatoxin trait and physiological traits that are associated with reduced contamination. The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of aflatoxin traits and genotypic (r_G) and phenotypic (r_P) correlations between drought resistance traits and aflatoxin traits in peanut. One hundred-forty peanut lines in the F_4:6 and F_4:7 generations were generated from four crosses, and tested under well-watered and terminal drought conditions. Field experiments were conducted under the dry seasons 2006/2007 and 2007/2008. Data were recorded for biomass (BIO), pod yield (PY), drought tolerance traits [harvest index (HI), drought tolerance index (DTI) of BIO and PY, specific leaf area (SLA), and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR)], and aflatoxin traits [seed infection and aflatoxin contamination]. Heritabilities of A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination in this study were low to moderate. The heritabilities for seed infection and aflatoxin contamination ranged from 0.48 to 0.58 and 0.24 to 0.68, respectively. Significant correlations between aflatoxin traits and DTI (PY), DTI (BIO), HI, biomass and pod yield under terminal drought conditions were found (r_P = −0.25** to 0.32**, r_G = −0.57** to 0.53**). Strong correlations between SLA and SCMR with A. flavus infection and aflatoxin contamination were also found. Positive correlations between SLA at 80, 90, and 100 DAP and aflatoxin traits were significant (r_P = 0.13** to 0.46**, r_G = 0.26** to 0.81**). SCMR was negatively correlated with aflatoxin traits (r_P = −0.10** to −0.40**, r_G = −0.11** to −0.66**). These results indicated that physiological-based selection approaches using SLA and SCMR might be effective for improving aflatoxin resistance in peanut.     

Correlation between Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics in the Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown under Salinity

Abstract

The seedlings of Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare grown by hydroponic culture for 3 wks were treated with 75, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl for 14, 14, 6 and 3 days, respectively, and examined for chloroplast ultrastructure in the region where chlorophyll fluorescence had been recorded. NaCl treatment decreased the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence yield (F_v/F_m) and caused swelling of thylakoids. The swelling of thylakoids was quantified by the percentage of the length of swollen thylakoids to the total length of thylakoids. This value was increased with increasing NaCl concentration. Although F_v/F_m decreased at all concentrations of NaCl, the minimal fluorescence yield F₀ was not increased by the treatment with 75 or 100 mM NaCl. The percentage of the length of swelling was low at 75 and 100 mM NaCl. On the other hand, F₀ increased and the swelling of thylakoids was prominent with 150 and 200 mM NaCl treatment. These results suggest that the decrease in F_v/F_m due to the increase in F₀ under salt stress correlates with the ultrastructural damage. The decrease in F_v/F_m due to the increase in F₀ is expected to be useful as an indicator to evaluate the damage in chloroplasts, especially in thylakoid membranes, under salinity.     

Yield and growth characteristics of erect panicle type rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar,Shennong265 under various crop management practices in Western Japan

Erect panicle rice cultivars utilize solar energy effectively and have improved ecological growing conditions. Among such cultivars, Shennong265 has been grown successfully throughout Northern China. Nevertheless, no studies have yet examined the relationships between crop dry matter productivity, weather conditions, and nitrogen uptake of the erect panicle type rice cultivar in Japan. The objective of our study was to evaluate the productivity of erect panicle rice Shennong265 in Western Japan under varied conditions. Three rice cultivars, Shennong265, Nipponbare, and Takanari were grown in the field under different fertilizer and plant density conditions in Western Japan; using this information, we compared yield and growth characteristics of Shennong265 with those of Nipponbare and Takanari. Although Shennong265 had radiation use efficiency similar to that of the high yielding cultivar (Takanari) and much higher leaf nitrogen content than Takanari and Nipponbare, the average grain yield of Shennong265 grown under normal fertilizer and plant density conditions was approximately 6.9 t ha^?1 as against 6.2 t ha^?1 for Nipponbare and 9.6 t ha^?1 for Takanari. These results suggest that, while Shennong265 has a high yield potential, the environmental conditions including climate, fertilizer, and planting period provided in this study were not suitable for achieving its maximum yield. The reduced performance of Shennong265 may be caused by insufficient fertilizer after heading and by shorter growth periods, as well as by the climate of Western Japan. Additional fertilizer application during the heading stage and earlier transplanting may be needed to obtain higher Shennong265 yields in Western Japan.     

云南大理油棕自交子一代对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

低温是限制油棕生长发育和产量的重要影响因子,探究低温条件下油棕的生理响应机制,为油棕耐寒种质资源的选育及推广提供理论依据.以云南大理抗寒高产油棕成龄树的自交F1代有性系苗木为试验材料,在4℃低温胁迫下处理0(对照)、1、3、5 d,根据叶片寒害程度及其恢复生长情况将其划分为4个寒害等级,即1级(无)、2级(轻)、3级(...