Effects of High Temperature on Growth,Yield and Dry-Matter Production of Rice Grown in the Paddy Field

Abstract

The effect of high temperatures on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field was examined during the whole growth period in a temperature gradient chamber (TGC) from 2002 to 2006. Experimental plots, TG1 (control), TG2, TG3 and TG4, were arranged along the temperature gradient (from low to high temperature) in TGC. The mean and maximum air-temperatures in TG4 were 2.0 –3.6ºC and 4.0º7.0ºC higher, respectively, than those in TG1. The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1. Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8?16.4% heavier than that in TG1. In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1. The increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening period was smallest in TG4. The decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening period, which represents the amount of assimilate translocation to the panicle, was also larger in TG2-4 than in TG1. The increase in the dry weight of stem in TG2-4 at maturity was also larger than that in TG1. The photosynthetic rate in TG2-4 was up to 35.6% lower than that in TG1 because of the acceleration of leaf senescence. Brown rice yield in TG4 was 6.6?39.1% lower than that in TG1. This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets. The relation between brown rice yield and mean air-temperature during 20 days after heading showed that the brown rice yield declined when mean air-temperature exceeded 28ºC.     

Effects of high temperature and shading on grain abscisic acid content and grain filling pattern in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

ABSTRACT

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key factor regulating starch biosynthesis genes and is involved in assimilate partitioning to individual spikelets. The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of high temperature and shading during grain filling on grain ABA content and the grain filling pattern of spikelets located at different positions in a panicle. We grew the rice cultivar ‘Koshihikari’ in pots in 2009 under two temperature regimes and two light conditions during grain filling. We periodically measured grain dry weight and grain ABA content (pmol per grain) and concentration (pmol per grain dry weight). Shading increased a grain weight difference between superior and inferior spikelets while high temperature decreased the difference regardless of light condition. High temperature decreased ABA content and concentration in grains. There was a close correlation between mean grain ABA content and mean grain-filling rate averaged over the first half of grain filling.     

镉积累差异水稻幼苗的Cd吸收和转运比较分析

为探讨镉(Cadmium, Cd)在籽粒Cd积累量差异较大的2个常规籼型水稻品种‘黄华占’（Cd低积累）和‘IR68144’（Cd高积累）幼苗中的吸收和转运特性,分析了在不同浓度Cd胁迫下2个水稻品种幼苗的生长发育和Cd在根系及地上部的积累特征,以及随着时间推移Cd在根系和地上部的富集动态。结果表明：（1）与‘IR68144’相比,‘黄华占’更易受到高浓度镉胁迫的毒害,但低浓度镉对其生长的促进作用也更强;（2）在不同浓度Cd胁迫下,‘黄华占’根系对Cd的吸收能力强于‘IR68144’;低Cd条件下,‘黄华占’地上部的Cd含量也高于‘IR68144’,但高Cd浓度时,‘IR68144’的地上部Cd转移系数远远高于‘黄华占’,导致其地上部Cd含量高于‘黄华占’;（3）除Cd处理初始阶段外,‘黄华占’根系的Cd含量都高于‘IR68144’;在Cd处理早期,2个品种地上部的Cd含量相当,之后‘IR68144’的Cd含量更高,其原因可能是其地上部Cd转移系数上升。     

The QTL Analysis of RuBisCO in Flag Leaves and Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Leaf Sheaths of Rice Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines and Backcross Progeny F2 Populations

Abstract

In rice (Oryza sativa L.), the maintenance of high photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and the carbon remobilization from leaf sheaths after heading is a critical physiological component affecting the yield. To clarify the genetic basis of RuBisCO content of the flag leaf, a major determinant of photosynthetic rate, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration in the third leaf sheath at heading, we carried out quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis with 39 Koshihikari/Kasalath chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) and backcross progeny F₂ population derived from target CSSL holding the QTL/Koshihikari in the field. QTLs for RuBisCO content and NSC concentration at heading were detected between R2447-C1286 and R2447-R716 on chromosome 10, respectively, by comparing Koshihikari with four CSSLs for chromosome 10 (SL-229, -230, -231 and -232). The progeny QTL for RuBisCO content and for NSC concentration at heading qRCH-10 and qNSCLSH-10-1, respectively, were detected at similar marker intervals between RM8201 and RM5708. In addition, QTLs for RuBisCO content at 14 d after heading, qRCAH-10-1 and qRCAH-10-2, were detected in regions different from that of qRCH-10. No QTL for NSC concentration at 14 d after heading was detected between RM8201 and R716, the region analyzed in this study. The QTLs qRCH-10 and qRCAH-10-1 for RuBisCO content would have additive effects. These QTLs for RuBisCO content and NSC concentration newly found using CSSLs and their backcross progeny F₂ population should be useful for better understanding the genetic basis of source and temporary-sink functions in rice and for genetic improvement of Koshihikari in terms of their functions.     

ABT生根粉处理对水稻高节位茎段扦插繁殖的影响

以2个常规水稻品系为材料,分别用100 mg/L ABT1、ABT2和ABT6浸泡高节位茎段1 h后,进行水培试验。结果表明:(1)ABT生根粉处理后,根鲜重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径、根鲜重均比对照显著增加,说明生根粉处理后促进了根系生长;(2)对照组的根系活力在抽穗后急剧下降,而处理组的根系活力在生长后期下降较慢,说明生根粉处理有提高根系活力的作用;(3)处理组根系中的可溶性蛋白含量显著高于对照组,与种子繁殖株的根系无显著差异,说明生根粉处理能提高根系可溶性蛋白的含量,提高根系某些酶的含量。     

Differential Sensitivity of Rice Cultivars to Salinity and Its Relation to Ion Accumulation and Root Tip Structure

Abstract

Effects of NaCl on the growth, ion content, root cap structure and Casparian band development were examined in four rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different salt resistance (salt-sensitive indica-type IR 24 and japonica-type Nipponbare and salt-resistant indica-type Nona Bokra and Pokkali). Experiments were conducted to find the differences in salinity resistance during early seedling and developed seedling stages among the cultivars. For salinity treatment, sodium chloride (NaCl) was added to nutrient solution at concentrations of 0, 25 and 50 mM for 7 days from germination to the 7th day (early seedling stage) or from the 7th day to 14th day (developed seedling stage). Growth inhibition by salinity was more prominent in the early seedling stage than in the developed seedling stage. Based on the growth, the order of the sensitivity was IR24 > Nipponbare > Nona Bokra > Pokkali. The growth of NaCl-treated rice cultivars relative to control was significantly and negatively correlated with the Na⁺ content and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio in roots and shoots in both stages. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that the root cap tissues proliferated and extended to the basal part of the root tip by salinity. The length of root cap was, however, reduced by 50 mM NaCl in sensitive cultivars due to peeling off. An endodermal Casparian band was formed in the basal region of the root tip. Development of the Casparian band was more prominent in sensitive cultivars than in tolerant cultivars. Root cap proliferation might be related to NaCl resistance in rice seedlings, but the Casparian band may not function efficiently in Na⁺ exclusion. Essentially the present results suggest that exclusion of Na⁺ from roots plays a critical role in expression of Na⁺ resistance in rice seedlings and the root cap is important for Na⁺ exclusion.     

水稻产量对生殖生长阶段不同时期高温的响应差异

[目的]研究水稻产量对不同时期不同类型高温的响应差异,为耐热水稻品种的筛选与培育提供依据.[方法]在桶栽条件下,于人工气候室内,以耐热水稻品种Nagina 22、汕优63和热敏感品种两优培九为材料,设置三个处理时期,即穗分化期、开花期和灌浆期;四种处理温度,即白天高温、夜间高温、全天高温和适宜温度,研究水稻产量和产量构...     

Genotypic Variations in Response of Lateral Root Development to Fluctuating Soil Moisture in Rice

Abstract

Developmental plasticity in lateral roots may be one of the key traits for the growth of rice plants under soil moisture fluctuations. We aimed to examine responses in seminal root system development to changing soil moisture for diverse rice cultivars. Special attention was paid to the two different types of lateral roots ; the generally long, thick L type capable of branching into higher orders, and the non-branching S type. Plants were grown in half-split polyvinyl chloride tubes fixed with transparent acrylic plate for root observation under glasshouse conditions. When plants were grown first under drought conditions, then rewatered, the seminal root system development in terms of dry weight and total length was promoted as compared with plants grown under continuously well-watered conditions in IR AT 109 and Dular, drought tolerant cultivars. Promoted production of L type lateral roots mainly contributed to the development of the longer seminal root system. Plants exposed to soil submergence before they were grown under drought conditions did not show such promoted responses in these two cultivars. However, in KDML 105, a drought tolerant cultivar, the production of especially L type laterals was substantially promoted under drought and rewatered conditions. Honenwase was characterized by the shallow root system and great reduction in root system length when soil moisture becomes limited. These facts show that genotypic variations exist in the plastic response of rice seminal root system and that the L type lateral root plays a key role in manifestation of this plasticity.     

Functional Role of Mucilage - Border Cells: A Complex Facilitating Protozoan Effects on Plant Growth

Abstract

In rhizosphere soil, mucilage and root border cells (RBCs) form a functional entity, the mucilage border-cell complex (MB complex). Carbohydrates of the MB complex are utilized by rhizosphere bacteria, which are under strong grazing pressure of the soil food web, in particular protozoa. We investigated the role of the MB complex for protozoan effects on plant growth. First, the MB complex formed by 16 rice cultivars belonging to different ecotypes and subspecies were quantified. These cultivars were subsequently used to investigate protozoan effects on plant growth. The differences between the highest and lowest MB complex producers were 3.1 and 5.3 times for fully hydrated mucilage and RBCs, respectively. Mucilage production and RBCs showed a significant positive regression (R² = 0.92) in Japonica. Presence of protozoa generally enhanced shoot biomass, lateral root growth and plant nitrogen uptake. Further, upland cultivars showed significantly higher growth enhancement than lowland cultivars in presence of protozoa. A significant positive regression between MB complex and increased lateral root growth by amoeba revealed that the MB complex facilitated protozoan effects on plant growth, which is the first evidence for a new functional role of the MB complex.     

Responses of Eighteen Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Temperature Tested Using Two Types of Growth Chambers

Abstract

Genetic variation in the growth response to temperature is a basis for developing adaptation measures to global warming, but evaluation of cultivars for the temperature responses may depend on other environmental factors such as light. In this study, we tested the growth responses of 18 diverse rice cultivars to constant day/night temperature of 25, 28, 31 and 34ºC in artificially-lit growth chambers (ALC) in Wagga Wagga (7.8 MJ m-² d-¹), and in naturally-lit chambers (NLC) in Yanco (25 and 28ºC and 13.4 MJ m-² d-¹; 31 and 34ºC and 11.5 MJ m-² d-¹), both in NSW, Australia. There was a significant interaction between temperature and chamber type for total shoot and panicle biomass; total shoot biomass was largest at 31ºC in ALC, and at 25 and 28ºC in NLC. From the average of all temperatures, the total shoot biomass declined by 29.5% in plants grown in ALC compared with those grown in NLC. Importantly, cultivar performance in ALC was similar to that in NLC at these temperatures, as evidenced by the highly significant correlation in total shoot biomass between ALC and NLC. Among 18 cultivars, IR64, IR72, N22, Vandana, Takanari and Koshihikari commonly produced a larger total shoot biomass under higher temperature conditions. Leaf area at earlier measurement date was highly correlated with the final total shoot biomass at the higher temperature more than specific leaf area.     

土壤温度对作物根区环境及玉米根冠生长的调控研究进展

土壤温度对作物的生长发育具有很强的调控作用。在全球气候变化背景下,根区土壤温度对玉米生长的影响及其调控机制已成为当前研究的一个热点。结合目前农业生产中土壤低温和高温对玉米造成危害的现状,从土壤温度对作物根区土壤环境以及玉米根系生长、冠层发育与产量形成的影响方面,综述土壤温度对玉米生长发育调控作用的研究进展,介绍改变土壤温度的措施以及对玉米土壤温度研究的发展方向进行展望,为今后的研究提供参考。     

Effects of Salinity Stress on the Seminal Root Tip Ultrastructures of Rice Seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Growth and structural changes in the seminal root tip of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) in response to NaCl salinity were studied. Seedlings were grown in agar medium with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% NaCl(agar culture), and in water with 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.1% NaCl (water culture). Seedling growth was significantly suppressed by higher concentrations of NaCl. The effect of NaCl appeared faster in water culture than in agar culture. In both agar and water cultures, root growth was markedly suppressed over shoot growth. Under saline conditions, epidermis, cortex and root cap cells appear to be damaged to a greater extent than the meristem and stelar cells. The most notable ultrastructural change in response to salinity was the development and increment of vacuoles, which seem to provide a space for accumulation of excess ions. Many electron dense deposits were observed in the larger vacuoles of the epidermal and cortical cells. Under saline conditions, cell wall thickening of the epidermis, an increase in endoplasmic reticulum, myelin figures, less compact Golgi bodies and inhibited production of Golgi vesicles were also observed.     

A Varietal Difference in Coleoptile Growth is Correlated with Seedling Establishment of Direct Seeded Rice in Submerged Field under Low-Temperature Conditions

Abstract

To elucidate the physiological characteristics relating to better seedling establishment in submerged field under low-temperature conditions, we compared the time required to reach various growth stages after seed imbibition among rice {Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in the performance of seedling establishment. Two experiments were conducted. In the field experiment, the percentage of seedlings with expanded second leaf at 30 days after sowing (PSSL) was measured and regarded as the index of establishment rate for each variety. In agar-bed experiment, the number of germinated seeds, the seedlings with the coleoptile elongated to the medium surface, and the seedlings with the 1st leaf apparent were counted daily under a 16°G condition. A sigmoid model was applied to the above values to evaluate the time requirements. There was a significant correlation between the duration from 50% germination to 50% emergence in the agar-bed experiment and PSSL in the field experiments. However, the duration from imbibition to 50% germination, and that from 50% emergence to 50% appearance of the first leaf were not significantly correlated with PSSL. We found that fast growth of the coleoptile is an important characteristic for the varieties that can provide stable and excellent seedling establishment at low temperature.     

Effects of Variations in Starch Synthase on Starch Properties and Eating Quality of Rice

Abstract

We evaluated the effects of functional variation in three starch synthases in rice (Oryza sativa L.)?granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI, wx), starch synthase I (SSI, SSI), and starch synthase IIa (SSIIa, alk)?between indica cultivar Kasalath and japonica cultivar Nipponbare on starch properties and eating quality. We used three near-isogenic lines?NIL(Wx^a), NIL(SSI ^k), and NIL(Alk)?containing chromosomal segments of Kasalath on a Nipponbare genetic background. The Wx^a allele explained most of the difference in amylose content between the two cultivars, and decreased the peak viscosity and breakdown to less than half of those of Nipponbare. These changes reduced the quality of cooked rice both just after cooking and after storage at 5ºC. The variation in SSIIa also affected the eating quality after storage of cooked rice at 5ºC : NIL(Alk) became harder and less sticky than Nipponbare, although the rices were comparable just after cooking. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed faster retrogradation of the once-gelatinized starch in NIL(Alk). The variation in SSI alleles hardly affected these properties.     

水稻短根毛突变体ksrh1的遗传分析和基因定位

从EMS诱变的籼稻品种Kasalath突变体库中筛选获得了一个短根毛突变体,命名为ksrh1。该突变体在苗期表现为根毛变短,除此之外其表型与野生型没有显著差异。遗传分析表明,该突变性状受1个隐性单基因控制。将突变体ksrh1与粳稻品种日本晴杂交构建F2定位群体,利用已公布的水稻SSR标记和自行设计的STS标记对突变位点进行基因定位,最终将KSRH1定位在水稻第1染色体长臂上的S3578和S3584之间,物理距离约为67kb。     

低温对水稻幼苗类囊体膜脂肪酸组分和膜脂过氧化的影响

以高产杂交稻组合两优培九和常规杂交稻汕优63为材料,设10℃低温和25℃常温对照两个处理,研究了夜间低温对幼苗类囊体膜膜脂过氧化和脂肪酸组分的影响。低温处理后,两个组合叶片的叶绿素含量明显下降,但两优培九下降幅度较小。两个组合的低温处理组脂肪酸组分中的16:0和18:0含量下降,常温对照组的下降幅度较小;而低温处理组脂肪酸组分中的18:1、18:2和18:3含量均上升。脂肪酸的不饱和度均呈上升趋势,但两优培九不饱和度整体上比汕优63小。低温处理下,两个组合的MDA和超氧阴离子含量都呈上升趋势,但两优培九MDA含量上升幅度远远比汕优63小。由结果可知,两优培九在苗期对低温不敏感,抗冷性较强。夜间低温引起叶片的类囊体膜膜脂过氧化加剧,脂肪酸不饱和度上升,这两方面的变化有着密切的关系,且都与杂交稻的冷适应发展有紧密的联系。     

拟禾本科根结线虫对水稻根系的侵染特性及其生活史

在人工接种情况下,利用次氯酸钠-酸性品红染色方法,研究拟禾本科根结线虫对汕优63杂交稻幼苗根系的侵染特性及其生活史。结果表明:在26℃大量群体接种情况下,2龄线虫在接种后4～6 h内侵入根系,主要侵入时间为接种后24～48 h;2龄幼虫侵入部位为根尖分生区或伸长区,侵入后虫体迁移方向与根纵中轴平行,在皮层薄壁细胞间迁移,最终聚集于根冠最内侧的分生区,直待分生区原形成层发育成维管束后,2龄幼虫才侵入维管束内取食;根冠内侧分生区至伸长区的2龄幼虫呈侵染态线状至长颈瓶状逐渐发育膨大过程,其发育快慢可能与2龄幼虫开始定殖并侵入维管来取食时间先后有紧密关系;2龄幼虫可直接在根内孵化,并迁移至发育中的侧根,或迁移到新根根冠内侧分生区处,待分生区原形成层发育成维管束后进行再侵染;拟禾科根结线虫最短生活史在26℃下为22 d,在26～37℃环境温度下为18 d,其侵染具有群体优势特性。     

Genotypic Variation of Stomatal Conductance in Relation to Stomatal Density and Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Stomatal conductance (g_s) is an important trait responsible for the genotypic difference in gas diffusion for photosynthesis and transpiration in rice (Oryza sativa L.). We measured g_s, stomatal density and stomatal length (guard-cell length) at two weeks before heading for 64 accessions from a rice diversity research set of germplasm (RDRS) and for three high-yielding cultivars (HYC) under field conditions. Considerable variations in g_s, and stomatal length were observed among varieties in RDRS, and it was considered that RDRS covers the species diversity of the stomatal characteristics in rice. When it was compared among the varieties with similar plant earliness, g_s was higher in HYC than in most varieties of RDRS. Stomatal density did not correlate with g_s, and there was a negative correlation between stomatal density and stomatal length. However, noticeable variance existed in the latter relation, where HYC exhibited a higher stomatal density and slightly shorter stomatal length than RDRS. High g_s in HYC is attributable to their high stomatal density and moderate specific stomatal conductance (g_s / stomatal density) while the high-g_s varieties in RDRS tended to have a lower stomatal density and higher specific stomatal conductance. Stomatal length is related to specific stomatal conductance, but there are remarkable differences between these traits. Specific stomatal conductance in HYC has not reached the upper limit for their stomatal size, which raises a possibility of further improvement of HYC in g_s.     

外源油菜素内酯缓解水稻穗分化期高温伤害的机理研究

【目的】明确水稻穗分化期高温下喷施2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide, EBR)对穗生长及颖花形成的影响,并探究其生理机制。【方法】以热敏感型水稻IR36为材料,在幼穗分化期设置40℃高温和32℃适温两个处理,并喷施EBR,研究幼穗碳水化合物供应、蔗糖代谢、细胞分裂素代谢及抗氧化能力的变化。【结果】1)高温和适温喷施EBR,水稻每穗粒数分别比不喷施的对照增加13.7%和45.7%,其中以喷施0.15 mg/L效果最好,缓解了高温对水稻幼穗生长的抑制,增加颖花分化数和降低颖花退化率。2)喷施EBR对叶片净光合速率无显著影响,但促进幼穗中干物质和非结构性碳水化合物积累。EBR喷施增加高温下幼穗中蔗糖转运基因OsSUT1、OsSUT2和OsSUT4的表达,并显著提高蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,EBR对高温下碳水化合物利用的促进作用大于适温处理。3)喷施EBR降低高温下细胞分裂素氧化酶基因OsCKX5和OsCKX9的表达量,同时促进细胞分裂素合成和信号调节相关基因的表达,并在适温下也表现出类似的效应。4)喷施EBR降低高温下超氧阴离子含量,增强了超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性。【结论】高温下,喷施适宜浓度的EBR促进碳水化合物向幼穗的转运,抑制细胞分裂素分解,同时降低高温引起的过氧化伤害,进而缓解了高温对颖花形成的伤害。适温条件喷施EBR也对颖花形成具有一定的促进作用。