香稻不育系GHS香味遗传及其杂交育种研究

以香稻不育系GHS与无香味恢复系和香稻品种杂交,采用咀嚼法测定杂交组合F1米粒和KOH溶液法测定杂交组合F1、F2、BC1 F1植株的香味遗传特点。结果表明,恢复系无香味为显性性状,GHS的香味为隐性性状;GHS的香味基因与粤香占、湘晚籼17号的香味基因不等位;GHS的香味基因与玉香油占、天龙香103、新万香、创香5号香味基因可能存有等位位点。与无香味恢复系杂交组合F2植株群体无香味与有香味之比符合3∶1的分离比,BC1 F1植株群体符合1∶1的分离比,GHS的香味遗传受1对隐性核基因控制。在杂交水稻育种中,利用GHS系统选育出琼香S,并选配出一批香型杂交稻组合,其中琼香两优1号、琼香两优2号等高产优质组合已通过省级审定,具有较好的应用前景。     

杂交稻产量相关性状的灰色关联度分析

对构成杂交水稻产量的相关性状进行了分析,结果表明在构成产量性状的相关因素中,灰关联系数结实率〉播始历期〉千粒重〉株高〉穗长〉有效穗〉穗均粒数,表明结实率、生育期和千粒重三者对产量影响较大。试验结果以期为高产杂交稻的选育提供参考。     

杂交香稻的香味遗传模式及育种研究

 以川香28A和川香84A与无香味的恢复系CDR22、成恢177等杂交,研究F₁和F₂单粒稻米的香味遗传特点。结果表明F₁稻米无香味,恢复系的无香味表现胚乳直感现象;杂种稻米(F₂)无香味∶有香味符合15∶1的遗传分离比。川香28A与香稻恢复系636杂交,F₁和杂种稻米(F₂)的每粒米都有香味。结合过去的有关研究,提出杂交香稻香味遗传的双基因模式。介绍了运用香稻亲本转育香味基因,选育香稻保持系、恢复系和杂交香稻的育种方法和进展。     

MR365的香味遗传及在杂交稻育种中的利用

以MR365及其作香味供体育成的香稻不育系湘香2号A、新香A、湘香2号S与V20B、V41B、珍汕97B、明恢63等非香亲本杂交,采用KOH溶液法测定杂交组合F1、F2、B1F1植株和F2米粒的香味表现,结果表明,MR365的香味遗传受1对隐性核基因控制.在杂交水稻育种中,利用MR365育成了几个香稻不育系,并选配出一批香型杂交稻组合,其中香优63、新香优77、新香优80等高产优质组合已通过省级审(认)定,具有较好的应用前景.     

浙江省“八五”早籼稻区试品种(系)品质、农艺性状研究

 探讨了浙江省“八五”早籼区试品种品质、农艺性状进展趋势。结果表明,“八五”参试品种较“七五”参试品种品质有极显著提高,而且有着生育期缩短、有效穗数减少、穗型增大趋势,迟熟组尤为明显。分析“八五”参试品种各项品质性状表现,参试品种品质仍不理想,大多数品种整精米率、垩白率、垩白面积、粒型表现欠佳。剖析待改良品质的各效应方差分量发现,除整精米率品种×年份互作效应高于品种效应以外,其余品质性状均以品种效应为主。     

利用香稻改良杂交水稻稻米品质

To improve grain quality of the high-yielding hybrid rice in China, we introduced the aromatic rice MR365, an improved Indian cultivar with aroma and other desirable grain quality characters such as long grain and low chalkiness, from IRRI in 1984 and began to transfer its aroma and good quality characters into the existing maintainer lines with good combining ability but poor grain quality. In the meantime, we also conducted the research on the inheritance of aroma for increasing the breeding efficiency. Through years of research and breeding practices, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A and a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids mated from these aromatic CMS lines have been developed and released for commercial production in China. It was found that the inheritance of aroma in MR 365 and its derivatives including Xiangxiang 2 A, Xinxiang A and Xiang 2B S was controlled by one pair of recessive major genes based on the identification of aroma by the KOH-soaking method. We also found that there existed disparity in aroma degree among different grains of F2 generation, and different aromatic CMS lines derived from the same aromatic donor such as Xiangxiang 2 A and Xinxiang A had also a little difference in the degree of aroma, which implies that, besides the major genes, aroma may also be affected by the genetic backgrounds or minor genes. Xiangxiang 2 A, developed from the cross of V20A∥V20B/MR365, is the first aromatic CMS line bred in China. It is not only aromatic but has good grain quality and combining ability. Using it as female parent, Xiangyou 63 (Xiangxiang 2A/Minghui 63), the first quasi-aromatic hybrid rice combination in China, was developed and approved to release to farmers in 1995. Xiangyou 63 is characteristic of quasi-aromatic or partially aromatic (because only a portion of or NOT ALL grains are aromatic), good grain quality, high-yielding ability, good blast resistance and wide adaptability. However, Xiangxiang 2 A has an evident drawback, i.e., instablility in male sterility under higher temperature conditions resulting from the existence of restoring minor genes in it, which greatly hampered the extension of its elite hybrid Xiangyou 63 with both high yield and fine quality in commercial production. To improve Xiangxiang 2 A, we made hybridization of Xiangxiang 2 B with V20 B again in 1990. A new aromatic CMS line Xinxiang A was successfully developed in 1994. It not only retains the favorable characteristics of Xiangxiang 2 A in grain quality and combining ability, but also expresses complete and stable male sterility and high seed production yield potential. Up to now, by using it as female parent, a series of quasi-aromatic hybrids have been developed. Some of them such as Xinxiangyou 63 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 63), Xinxiangyou 77 (Xinxiang A/Minghui 77), Xinxiangyou 80 (Xinxiang A/R80), Xinxiangyou 207 (Xinxiang A/R207) and Xinxiangyou 96 (Xinxiang A/R96) have been released to farmers. Such hybrids have been preferred and well welcome by the farmers in China, because they can not only yield higher or as high as but also possess a better grain quality than the current common high-yielding hybrid rice varieties, especially, they are naturally-mixed aromatic rice so that it can be consumed daily just like non-aromatic common rice. The planting area under these hybrids is increasing rapidly in China. It is expected that the quasi-aromatic hybrid rice will have a good prospect in the coming years.     

优质早籼水稻品种主要经济性状的相关与通径分析

本文研究了优质早籼水稻品种主要经济性状间的相互关系程度及其对产量的通径作用，结果表明，单株粒重与其他８个调查性状间除与千粒重呈负相关外均有不同程度的正相关。其中与每穗粒数，穗长分别达显著或极显著水准。每穗粒数对单株粒重的直接贡献最大，其次是结实率和每株穗数。结实率对产量的作用明显地受到环境的影响。穗长和着粒密度对单株粒重的直接效应为效大的负值，但通过每穗粒数而对产量产生强大的间接正效应。在优质早籼     

不同旱稻品种产量与性状的主成分分析

为了明确旱稻品种的生长发育规律,以及与产量形成的主要因素,为旱稻育种与栽培研究提供理论依据。本试验以10个参试旱稻品种(系)为试材,采用随机区组设计,通过对旱稻品种的主要农艺性状进行主成分分析,研究结果表明:参试品种在不同性状间差异较大,尤其在有效穗数、穗实粒数等高产育种性状上存在较大差异。吉林省旱稻主栽品种粒数因子较为重要,贡献率为40.428%,并以穗粒数、每穗实粒数的分量值较高,而产量的提高应进一步提高株高,同时提高有效穗。因此,在旱稻高产育种中,应适度增加材料的株高和选择多穗的材料,可增加选育材料的单株产量。     

水稻穿梭育种的选择效应

 研究了中国水稻研究所和国际水稻研究所间穿梭育种各世代材料性状的表现和相关，明确了水稻穿梭育种的有效性。穿梭育种材料在中国杭州种植时， 生育期较长，植株较高，有效穗数较少。杂种上下代性状均达显著或极显著相关。在中国杭州和菲律宾洛斯巴尼奥斯两个不同生态环境条件下对水稻性状特别是直链淀粉含量、粒重． 株高、生育期和褐稻虱抗性等的选择是可靠的，对单株产量则应通过每穗实粒数和有效穗数进行间接选择， 应注重对大穗型或穗重与穗数兼顾型材料的选择。     

“十二五”四川省审定高产型中籼迟熟杂交稻经济性状及产量分析

对"十二五"期间四川省审定的51个高产型中籼迟熟三系杂交稻组合的经济性状和产量进行了分析,并研究了经济性状与产量间的相关关系。结果表明,这51个组合的平均有效穗数为13.89万/667 m~2、穗着粒数为176.87粒、结实率为80.99%、千粒重为29.52 g、稻谷产量为547.22 kg/667 m~2、增产率为5.36%。单产与有效穗数和增产率呈极显著正相关,与穗长、穗着粒、结实率和千粒重相关性均不显著;有效穗数与穗着粒数、千粒重呈极显著负相关,与穗长呈显著负相关;结实率与千粒重呈显著负相关。因此,在四川省这样的生态条件下,要进一步突破水稻产量水平,应在保持一定单穗质量的基础上,平衡协调穗、粒结构,适当增加有效穗数。针对不少品种结实率不高的问题,提出了提高新育杂交稻结实率的主要途径。     

粳型光敏核不育系配制组合杂种优势分析

对用粳型光敏核不育系Ｎ５０８８Ｓ和７００１Ｓ与７５个不同类型的恢复系配制的１５０个两系杂交稻组合杂种优势进行分析结果表明,单株产量、单株有效穗、千粒重、穗总粒数等性状具有较强的超父优势和竞争优势,株高、穗长、生育期等性状表现负向超父优势和竞争优势。分析了杂种与父本之间各主要性状的相关关系,讨论了在选育两系杂交稻中应注意的一些问题。     

籼爪交和粳爪交杂种F1代性状间关系的研究

对229个籼爪交组合、98个粳爪交组合的农艺性状进行了相关分析,对籼爪交和粳爪交组合的单株粒重、结实率进行了通径分析,对籼爪交组合农艺性状和品质性状进行了典型相关分析.籼爪交和粳爪交组合间性状相关性表现不同,独立性强的性状籼爪交组合中为谷长、粳爪交组合中为谷宽,其余性状间表现出复杂的相关关系.籼爪交和粳爪交组合均表现每穗实粒数和单株穗数对单株粒重的直接正效应大;每穗实粒数多、单株穗数多且生育期短或适中是提高籼爪交组合单株粒重的选育方向;粳爪交杂种提高单株产量的育种方向是选育每穗实粒数多并且单株穗数也多的组合,同时要兼顾增加每穗总粒数.每穗实粒数对籼爪交杂种结实率的直接正效应大,籼爪交杂种结实率的提高主要依赖每穗实粒数的增加,而其它性状的选择和改良作用不大.提高粳爪交杂种结实率可从3个方面入手,即选育每穗实粒数较多、每穗总粒数较多、且千粒重较大的组合,但主要是提高每穗实粒数.农艺性状和品质性状间存在典型相关.     

早籼稻品种遗传改良进程中株型的演变特征

 以不同年代育成的28个代表性早籼稻品种为材料,在同一生态条件下种植,系统研究了叶型、茎型、穗型若干株型性状的演变特征。结果表明,早籼稻品种改良进程中,上部3片功能叶均变短、变厚、变直、变挺;各节间变短、变粗,节间密度变大,尤以基部节间和穗下节间最为显著,而单位鞘重变化不显著;每穗粒数、二次枝梗数、着粒密度均变大。据此认为,早籼稻叶型改良应在保持现有叶片曲率的前提下增加叶长;茎型改良应增加基部节间的粗度和穗下节间的长度;穗型改良应增加每穗粒数和枝梗数。     

籼粳交重组自交系群体主要农艺性状分析

采用方差分析、相关分析和多元逐步回归分析等方法对籼粳交（Lemont×特青）构建的一套包括265个重组自交系（RIL）群体(F14)的株高、生育期、产量和产量构成因子等10个重要农艺性状进行了研究。结果表明,除株高和有效穗以外,8个农艺性状在双亲之间均存在显著或极显著差异。各性状在RIL群体中呈连续变异,分布频率大致接近正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象。单株产量与结实率、粒数和株高呈极显著相关;除千粒重外,所有性状均与株高具有相关性。对单株产量作用大的性状依次为结实率、有效穗、每穗粒数和千粒重,这4个性状解释了单株产量90.7%的变异。另外还对6份优良株系进行了评价。这些结果可为水稻数量性状基因定位分析提供有用的信息,也为水稻育种改良提供理论依据。     

水稻品种8504的广亲和性及其利用价值

对原产澳大利亚的品种８５０４的广亲和性进行了测交验证，并分析和评价了该广亲和品种的利用价值．该品种广亲和性好、亲和谱广，熟期适宜，米质较好，中抗稻瘟病，与籼、粳杂交，杂种优势均较强，且广亲和性遗传简单．     

大麦冠层性状与穗部经济性状的遗传相关分析

通过对20个大麦品种（系）（16个二棱、4个多棱）的冠层性状及穗部经济性状的差异性及遗传相关分析，结果表明：1）除倒二叶、倒三叶叶面积及单株有效穗数的品种间差异不显著外，其余各研究性状在品种间的差异均达极显著水平。2）株高、穗长、每穗粒数的遗传力较高（＞0．80），其余各性状的遗传力相对较低，3）二棱大麦每穗粒重与千粒重、每穗粒数间正相关极显著，而千粒重无明显相关。4）二棱大麦上三叶面积与穗长正相关达显著或极显著水平，而多棱大麦只有倒三叶面积与穗长正相关达显著水平。     

Agronomic Performance of F1 Hybrids of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japonica-Indica Crosses

Summary

Generally F₁ hybrids from crosses between japonica and indica rice show variable degrees of sterility. Previous studies revealed that among the indica rice, the Aus type has sexual affinity with japonica cultivars giving higher fertility in F₁ hybrids. Therefore, we made an effort to obtain higher grain yield by producing F₁ hybrids between japonica and Aus-type indica. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the heterosis in these F₁ hybrids for dry matter accumulation, spikelet fertility, yield and yield attributes, to find cross combinations with higher grain yield, and examined the relationships of grain yield with some agronomic characters. F₁ hybrids flowered earlier than their parent cultivars. Heterosis for dry matter accumulation was positive at the panicle initiation stage, at heading and at maturity. The average heterosis for number of panicles, grain and straw yield per plant, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000-grain weight was positive. A few F₁ hybrids showed positive heterosis for number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and harvest index; but the average heterosis for these traits was negative. Among the yield components, a higher number of panicles per plant and higher number of spikelet per panicle contributed to higher grain yield in F₁ hybrids. A significant and positive relationship existed between spikelet fertility and grain yield per plant. The higher grain yield was attributed to higher dry matter production rather than higher harvest index in F₁ hybrids, although low spikelet fertility limited yield potential in some F₁ hybrids.     

Quality of Irrigated Water with Nanometer Pottery Tray Treatment and Its Effects on Seed Soaking

To study the impacts of nanometer pottery trays(NPTs) on different rice varieties, three rice varieties, Zhongzheyou 1, Jinzao 47 and Xiushui 09, were treated with four NPTs(NPT-A, NPT-B, NPT-C and NPT-D) with different energies, respectively. The results showed that when the same rice variety was treated with different NPTs or different rice varieties were treated with the same NPT, the impacts on seed germination rate, seedling growth, plant height, panicle length and weight, the number of filled grains, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight varied between different rice variety-NPT interaction groups. In general, high energy NPT-C and NPT-D treatments obviously enhanced the functions of most examined rice characters. For example, NPT-C and NPT-D treatments improved the germination rate of all the three rice varieties, and promoted the root growth of seedlings, and increased seedling fresh weight, single panicle weight, filled grain number per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight. On the contrary, low energy NPT-A treatment restrained the seed germination rate in Jinzao 47 and Zhongzheyou 1, and decreased the seedling fresh weight in Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-B treatment restrained the seedling growth in Jinzao 47 but increased the panicle length of Zhongzheyou 1. NPT-A and NPT-C treatments obviously decreased the 1000-grain weight in Xiushui 09. Therefore, when treating crop seeds or plants using nanomaterials or nanotechnologies, different types of crops/varieties should select the nanomaterials or nanotechnologies with suitable energies to reduce the negative effects.     

杂交粳稻同核异质不育系细胞质效应的研究

 以具有ChinsurahBoroⅡ（BT）、滇型（D）、野败型（WA）和野栽型（WC）4种不育细胞质的不育系南粳11A和南粳34A及其相应保持系与77302－1、宁恢3－2、C57和C堡4个恢复系配制的杂种F₁为材料,探讨了不育系细胞质对F₁代12个性状的遗传效应。不育系细胞质对F₁代的株高、穗颈长、每稳实粒数、结实率、收获指数和单株产量等性状有明显的负效应,而对稳数、每穗总粒数、千粒重和生物产量则有明显的正效应。不育系细胞质的这种遗传效应随细胞质来源的不同表现明显的差异,D型和BT型细胞质在多数性状上的表现优于WA型和WC型细胞质。此外,不育系细胞质与保持系细胞核和恢复系细胞核及三者之间的互作在多数性状上也有明显差异。     

硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂对五常水稻长势及产量的影响

以当地农户的常规施肥为对照,探讨将硅钙钾镁土壤调理剂做基肥施入土壤后对五常稻花香水稻长势及产量的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,施用土壤调理剂后对水稻的农艺性状及产量有较大影响,可降低水稻株高8~12 cm,增强抗倒伏能力;提高水稻穗粒数20~30粒,有效穗数提高7.0%~12.6%,千粒重增加0.8~1.1 g;施用土壤调理剂后水稻增产可达10%以上,为农民增收约3750元/hm^2。