Growth behavior of suckers derived from transplanted sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.)

During the growth of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.), primary suckers appear from the main stem (MS) of transplanted suckers. Then, secondary suckers appear from the primary suckers. After the MS (trunk) is first harvested 10 and several years after transplantation, trunks can be harvested persistently using the primary, secondary, and subsequent suckers, which are designated as derivative suckers, growing with the MS. However, little knowledge exists about the growth behavior of derivative suckers. This study clarified how derivative suckers, especially the primary and secondary suckers, spread in the horizontal direction, and how they form a plant with the MS during the creeping growth stage. Most derivative suckers crept in the direction of about 70° subtended by the mother stem. However, two primary suckers that appeared early after transplantation crept in an obtuse angle to the creeping direction of the MS. As the reason for this obtuse angle direction, we considered the following four factors: (1) the existence of petiole, (2) distance from the sucker to the ground surface, (3) enlargement of the MS, and (4) space for sucker growth. The growth behaviors of the two primary suckers and the other derivative suckers differed. Therefore, in sago palm cultivation, the two primary suckers which appeared first from the MS were very important for formation of the framework of the plant with the MS, in terms of efficient utilization of space for the growth of derivative suckers.     

Influence of bud position on the formation of tubers on multiple node cuttings of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Stem cuttings with variable number and position of leaves and variable number and age of buds were used to study the preference of tuberization at certain buds when several potential tuber sites were present. These cuttings were exposed to different orientations of the cuttings themselves and/or their light source. Inverting the cuttings did not affect overall tuberization, but had significant effects on individual buds, probably by the interaction between the original basipetal patterns in the cuttings and gravity effects. A smaller angle to the horizontal and lighting from below increased the overall expression of the tuberization stimulus. Leaf and bud position or age affected expression in a complicated manner, but the distance between screened bud and light-exposed leaf was crucial; buds most distant from illuminated leaves showed the strongest induction. The basic pattern of tuberization was basipetal.     

锦绣杜鹃花芽分化与叶片物质变化的相关性研究

观察锦绣杜鹃的花芽分化结构变化,测定来自不同开花率的植株叶片中蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉和叶绿素含量,初步探讨这些物质变化与其花芽分化过程的相关性。结果表明:广州地区的锦绣杜鹃在6月下旬开始花芽形态分化,约40 d形成完整的小花结构,8月中下旬出现肉眼可见花蕾。锦绣杜鹃在花芽分化过程中,高成花率植株的功能叶中干物质含量趋于稳定。蛋白质含量出现升高-降低-升高-降低的起伏变化,直至花芽分化完成后再一直回升趋于平稳;可溶性糖、叶绿素含量均呈升高-降低-再回升的变化趋势;淀粉含量呈降低-升高-降低-再回升的变化。蛋白质、可溶性糖、淀粉和叶绿素在花芽分化前的快速有效积累和后期的有效利用,对锦绣杜鹃花芽分化具有非常重要的作用,并与植株成花率有一定的关系。     

头季稻株营养物质与再生稻生育的关系

以汕优６３为材料，研究了头季稻中后期的营养状况对再生芽（苗）生长、再生稻的生育期及植株性状与经济性状的影响和头季稻后期茎书与再生芽（苗）的糖、Ｎ供求关系以及分析头季稻茎节的糖、Ｎ含量与活芽（苗）率、芽长、芽穗分化率和芽穗分化期等的相关性。指出促成头季稻茎节淀粉和全糖积累的措施均有利于强秆壮芽，争取再生稻多收。     

澳洲坚果不同外植体愈伤组织诱导与不定芽增殖研究

以澳洲坚果品种'H2'的幼嫩茎段和种子为材料,获取腋芽、子叶和上胚轴等外植体,开展愈伤组织诱导及不定芽增殖研究,再通过石蜡切片法对不同愈伤组织的细胞结构进行观察,分析比较不同外植体诱导的愈伤组织性质与不定芽分化效果.结果表明:适合腋芽愈伤诱导和分化的培养基为MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L KT,腋芽...     

采用Design-Expert优化2种药剂对香蕉除芽效果最佳配比研究

以皇帝蕉母株及其抽生的吸芽为试材,在单因素试验基础上,采用Design-Expert.V8.0.6软件对磷酸二氢钾和多效唑混合药剂除芽效果试验进行了方案设计,分析混合药剂不同处理的除芽效果及对香蕉母株生长的影响,结合互作效应结果,预测出最佳药剂配比并进行田间验证。结果表明:磷酸二氢钾和多效唑药剂量在1.5~8 g范围内共有13个处理组合,其中以8 g磷酸二氢钾与3.84 g多效唑混合(即配比约为2∶1时),除芽效果及对香蕉母株生长的促进作用最佳,处理3 d后吸芽外表已萎蔫、腐烂,死亡率为100%,后期多次观察未出现再生长现象。与此同时,8 g磷酸二氢钾与3.84 g多效唑处理吸芽15 d,香蕉母株假茎生长速度最快,株高和茎粗增长率分别为9.76%、6.94%,与2种药剂的互作效应分析结果相似。因此,生产上推荐磷酸二氢钾和多效唑混合配比为2∶1作为高效、安全、经济的香蕉除芽药剂。      

不同代数蕉园中吸芽生长情况调查与分析

研究调查了不同代数蕉园中的吸芽生长情况,并对台风后两种不同倒断形式的香蕉吸芽高度、叶片数等指标进行分析对比,结果表明吸芽的生长受蕉园代数、球茎等因素影响,其中连根倒类型植株的吸芽数、吸芽高度、叶片数都低于半倒类型的植株,同时,不同代数蕉园吸芽生长情况不同,生产中宿根蕉园应注重适当留芽。     

水涨龙眼结果母枝内源激素含量变化对花芽分化的影响

应用酶联免疫法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,测定了涨龙眼花芽分化期间结果母枝内源激素ｉＰＡｓ、ＧＡｓ、ＡＢＡ及ＩＡＡ的含量变化。结果表明,生理分化期花芽内源激素含量：ＡＢＡ〉ｉＰＡｓ〉ＩＡＡ〉ＧＡｓ;形成分化期为：ＡＢＡ〉ＩＡＡ〉ｉＰＡｓ〉ＧＡｓ。生理分化期主形态分化期叶芽内源激素含量均为：ＡＢＡ〉ｉＰＡｓ〉ＧＡｓ〉ＩＡＡ。生理分化期：与叶芽相比,花芽的ｉＰＳｓ、ＧＡｓ和ＩＡＡ含量高,ＡＢＡ含量低。形态分化期：     

A Method for Estimating Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Leaf Area after Trunk Formation

Abstract

It is important to measure the individual leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) to determine the appropriate planting density and maintain populations that are highly productive with regard to starch production. However, the accurate estimation of sago leaf area from the entire leaf profile or the projecting area of the plant is not possible. Thus, we developed a method for estimating leaf area of sago palm after trunk formationby integrating the leaflet areas. All leaflets were diagrammatically converted to rectangles, each having the same area asthat of the corresponding leaflet, and these rectangles were arranged on the rachis to initiate the shape of a leaf without overlapping leaflets and gaps between their bases and between their tips. The leaf shape thus produced by the arrangement of these rectangles was represented as ellipsoidal in the apical half and as trapezoidal in the basal half. The ratiosof the estimated to the actually measured area of the apical and the basal half of the leaf were 99?107% and 94?108%, respectively. The ratio of the estimated area of the whole leaf to the measured area was 98?104%. From these results, the method for estimating the whole leaf area by converting the leaflets diagrammatically to rectangles, andcalculating the area as the sum of the ellipsoidal apical half and trapezoidal basal half, is considered to be accurate and simple.     

生长素响应及转运信号在玉米不同节位腋芽发育过程中的分布模式分析

玉米多穗影响玉米的产量和品质,受环境因素及基因型等诸多因素调控。生长素作为一种重要的植物发育调控因子,其代谢和转运在植物的器官形成和分化中均发挥重要作用。借助DR5rev::mRFPer和pZmPIN1a::ZmPIN1a::YFP的转基因植株,通过分析红色荧光蛋白标记的生长素响应信号和黄色荧光蛋白标记的生长素转运蛋白PIN1a的分布模式发现,在植株发育早期,不同节位上的腋芽处于同一发育时期,未发生成花转变,生长素响应信号和生长素转运蛋白的分布模式是一致的,均匀分布在整个腋芽原基中。随着植株的生长,不同节位上的腋芽发育开始出现不同步,生长素响应信号和生长素转运蛋白的分布模式产生明显差异,位置越靠上的腋芽生长素响应信号越强,极性转运越活跃。研究结果暗示,生长素局部合成和极性转运在玉米腋芽发育过程中均发挥作用。     

杂交水稻腋芽再生特性

 以培两优500和汕优63为供试材料，研究了其腋芽再生特性。与汕优63相比,培两优500腋芽萌发好,活芽率高,在头季稻后期茎部干物质积累和非结构碳水化合物含量表现出明显的优势。成熟期茎节各节位干物质量、可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量与活芽率呈显著正相关；齐穗后20 d茎部SOD、POX酶活性均有所回升，至成熟期达最大，活性氧自由基清除能力强，腋芽萌发好；头季稻后期根系吸收面积和比表面积大,活力强，根系衰老缓慢,有利于腋芽萌发生长。     

Effect of Low pH on the Growth,Physiological Characteristics and Nutrient Absorption of Sago Palm in a Hydroponic System

Abstract

The dry matter production, photosynthetic characteristics and nutrient concentrations in the plant tissues of sago palmseedlings cultured for 4.5 months in a hydroponic system at pH 5.7, 4.5, and 3.6 were examined. Plant growth in weekly increment of length, leaf emergence, leaf senescence, and total leaflet area was similar at all pHs. There was no significanteffect of pH on the dry matter weight, although it tended to be lighter at pH 3.6 than at pH 5.7. Similarly, the photosynthetic rate and its related parameter were not significantly affected by the pH. However, the photosynthetic rate at pH 3.6tended to be lower than that at pH 5.7, which was attributed to a decrease in the stomatal conductance. The effect of the low pH on the nutrient concentration in plant tissues was not distinct. We concluded that sago palm seedlings could maintain leaf morphogenesis and nutrient uptake in growth media at a pH ranging from 5.7 to 3.6 for 4.5 months, which led to a high growth rate and maintenance of dry matter production even at pH 3.6.     

种苗大小对菠萝生长、产量和品质的影响

本文以巴厘种菠萝作为试验材料,分析种苗大小对菠萝生长、产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,收获期大苗试验区的菠萝株高、叶片数、D叶长、植株鲜重、果长、果径和单果重极显著高于小苗试验区;与小苗试验区相比,大苗试验区的菠萝产量比小苗试验区增产15.74 t/hm2,商品果率高,罐头果率低,每株菠萝生产的芽苗数多;大苗试验区果实中Vc含量和可滴定酸（TA）含量高于小苗试验区,但可溶性总糖、可溶性固形物（TSS）和TSS/TA略小于小苗试验区。因此,要提高菠萝的产量,建议在定植时选择大苗作为种苗。     

Influence of irradiance on branch growth of white clover stolons in rejected areas within grazed swards

Development of white clover stolons ( Trifolium repens ) was compared when grown in rejected areas and in adjacent defoliated areas over 28 days in May - June in continuously stocked grass/white clover swards. In the cut areas more branches were borne on stolons with more but shorter internodes and shorter petioles than in the rejected areas. Red (R)/far red (FR) ratio at the base of the cut sward was significantly higher than in the rejected sward.
Five experiments were carried out in which red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) supplied supplementary irradiation at the node of the youngest fully expanded leaf on white clover stolons growing in association with dense canopies of perennial ryegrass. Axillary bud/branch length was the only significantly affected aspect of development that was measured, irradiation enrichment increasing length by about three-fold over a 2–4 week period. One of the experiments involved identification of the site of perception of the R/FR effect. Natural and supplementary light were excluded from the stolon (by covering with a 2-cm layer of black beads), petiole (by wrapping in aluminium foil), both or neither and showed that exposure of the stolon/ petiole base to supplementary light was necessary to stimulate axillary bud growth.
It is concluded that the relative content of red light, and possibly absolute level, in irradiance at the base of the canopy in rejected areas is implicated in the young branch growth and that release of the buds can be achieved by defoliation, presumably due to increasing the red light content; however, the effect of increased photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching stolons and young leaves cannot be discounted as an additional factor.     

菠萝果重与营养器官的相关性分析

用回归和相关分析法对菠萝果重与营养器官的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:菠萝果重与茎叶重量的相关关系达到极显著水平。茎叶越重,果实就越大越重。果重与裔芽数、裔芽重量、吸芽数、吸芽重和冠芽重等营养芽均呈正相关,其中,果重与裔芽重关系最为密切,与裔芽数次之,都达极显著水平;但在排除茎叶重的影响后,对果重与营养芽的关系进行偏相关分析表明,果重与冠芽重、裔芽数、裔芽重、吸芽数、吸芽重均未达到显著的相关水平。在茎叶重一定的情况下,果重与裔芽数、裔芽重量和吸芽重及冠芽重的关系不大。不同菠萝种类、不同杂交种其营养芽的数量不等。大果类型其营养芽的数量明显少于小果类型,应是一种遗传特性;此外,裔芽与吸芽间存在负相关关系。因此,在菠萝生产中除芽是否能达到显著增产,有待进一步研究。      

外源GA3对芍药花芽发育的影响

花芽分化启动后,外源GA3处理对“英雄花”和“金奖红”两个芍药品种的花芽分化进程有非常明显的影响,较高浓度处理的促进作用更明显,同时GA3对植株有促进春化的作用。综合考虑外源GA3处理对花芽分化进程和秋发两方面的影响,在本试验中,300mg／L GA3处理为最佳的选择。当花芽分化完成后,外源GA3处理对芍药萌芽期、花茎及其节间的伸长、花的大小以及花期的早晚均有较明显的促进作用。高浓度GA3处理改善了“紫芙蓉”的缩蕾现象,促进开花,在本试验中,以500mg／L处理最佳。     

Growth and Nutrient Accumulation of Winged Bean and Velvet Bean as Cover Crops in a Subtropical Region

We examined biomass dry matter and nutrient uptake of live plant parts, leaf area index, and litter of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) 12, 18, 24 and 30 weeks after sowing (WAS). The two plants had similar leaf and stem+petiole biomasses. At 30 WAS winged bean had a significantly lower pod yield than velvet bean. Between 18 and 30 WAS, winged bean produced less litter than velvet bean due to differences in growth stages. The total mulch of live parts and litter of winged bean and velvet bean completely covered the ground by 18 and 12 WAS, respectively. Compared to velvet bean, the leaf and stem+petiole of winged bean had a significantly higher N concentration; significantly higher N uptake at 24 and 30 WAS; significantly lower C/N ratio; and significantly higher P, K and Mg concentrations. In winged bean, P uptake was significantly higher in the leaf at 30 WAS and in the stem+petiole at all harvesting times. The total biomass of the leaf, stem+petiole and litter of winged bean was 317–561 g DM m-², and their N content was 12.3–17.7 g m-². The total biomass of live parts and litter of winged bean might be sufficient to suppress weeds and increase soil N. Winged bean is an appropriate legume cover crop and green manure due to its longer growing period and superior ground-covering ability and high N input.     

耐阴与不耐阴大豆茎叶性状的变异及差异比较研究

大豆不耐阴品种的性状变异大于耐阴品种,茎叶性状中,叶形指数的变异最小、柄角的变异最大,表明叶形性状较稳定、柄角性状易受环境影响,对照单作,大豆间作后,节长增加,节径和柄茎变细,比叶鲜,干重下降,两类型大豆有着基本一致的消长趋势,但在消长平准上,不耐阴品种比耐阴品种显著。柄角,柄长和叶片的长、宽及面积等五性状,在中、高节位上的叶层变化及差异,表现了不耐阴品种对弱光环境反应的敏感和耐阴品种的钝性。耐阴     

杂交中稻抽穗后再生芽生长与头季稻茎鞘物质积累的关系

 1993～1995年，以汕优63、K优3号和K优5号为材料，研究了杂交中稻抽穗后再生芽生长与头季稻茎鞘物质积累的关系。头季稻齐穗后15 d内，叶片光合产物主要输送到穗部，以致再生芽生长缓慢，该期即使有较好的光照条件和氮素营养，对再生芽伸长也无作用；头季稻齐穗后20 d，即穗部籽粒充实度达90%左右，叶片较多光合产物逐渐向茎鞘输入，再生芽生长开始加快，此期光照和施氮促进再生芽伸长的作用才表现。头季稻籽粒灌浆速率与再生芽伸长速率呈极显著负相关，头季稻穗部物质积累量和收获指数分别与再生芽长呈极显著负相关。头季稻生长后期叶片光合产物的输送方向是影     

澳洲坚果花芽分化的形态学观察

据对澳洲坚果的花芽分化形态学观察结果：花芽分化初期正常,小花分化是从外往内。其生殖器官属于适于异花传粉的雌雄蕊异长型;花芽分化过程中在花托中部、花被、药隔周围等均出现了大量的后含物;花序发育过程中出现了大量脱落的小花;花粉囊结构正常,花粉母细胞为连续性减数分裂;四分体解体后绝大多数单核花粉粒异常,花粉囊内仅约1／9花粉粒正常发育,另有约1／9花粉粒死亡;剩余的7／9花粉粒均为残片。残片周围均环有胼胝质壁。后期花粉囊有大量中空败育的花粉粒,从形态解剖学的角度来看,这是澳洲坚果结实率低的最重要的原因之一。