Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of the Grains between Old- and New-Types of Rice Cultivars in Japan

Abstract

The physicochemical properties of the grains of 16 old- and 21 new-type rice cultivars in Japan were investigated in 1995 and 1996. Among the old- and new-type cultivars, we found a similar pattern of varietal differences in physicochemical properties in both years, and in both the fields with and without nitrogen fertilizer applied. Between the two types, no significant differences in the mean protein and amylose contents in the rice grain were observed. The old-type rice cultivars tended to be lower in mean maximum viscosity and breakdown values than the new- type cultivars, although the difference was not significant. Cooked rice of the old-type cultivars tended to be higher in mean hardness/adhesion ratio (H/-H) and hardness/adhesiveness ratio (H/A₃) than that of the new -type cultivars. The physicochemical properties which showed superior values in the standard partial regression coefficients against the taste of cooked rice were the protein content, breakdown value and H/-H. These, physico-chemical properties can be efficient indicators for evaluating the taste of cooked rice. The coefficient of parentage of each cultivar to cultivar Koshihikari showed tight negative correlations with amylose content, H/-H and H/A₃, and tight positive correlations with maximum viscosity and breakdown values. The coefficients showed a loose positive correlation with protein content. However, Sasanishiki, Domannaka, Chiyonishiki, Nakate shinsenbon and Rikuu 132 were superior in their physicochemical indicators, in spite of their small coefficients of parentage to Koshihikari. This suggests that a highly palatable cultivar that is widely different from Koshihikari can be developed by utilizing genetic resources with superior physicochemical indicators.     

Physicochemical Properties of Eight Popular Glutinous Rice Varieties in Korea

Abstract

The physicochemical properties of eight popular glutinous rice varieties (Hwasunchal, Dongjinchal, Sangjuchal, Seolhyangchal, Jinbuchal, Sangnamchal, Hangangchal, Milyang-167) in Korea were evaluated. The starch granules in Seolyangchal, Sangnamchal, Hangangchal, and Milyang-167 rice showed greater crystallization than that of the other varieties, which were more loosely packed with larger air spaces in between granules. Dongjinchal rice showed lowest amounts of potassium and calcium with 44.51 and 3029.50 ppm, respectively. This variety also exhibited the highest sugar content with 1.30–16.82 μg g-¹ and fastest hydrolysis rate of 771.5 mg g-¹. Sangnamchal, Sangjuchal, and Jinbuchal varieties showed abundant amounts of essential amino acids and highest pasting values (73.6°C, 3.0 min). On the other hand, lowest pasting values (69.6°C, 2.7 min) and total amino acid content of 452.61 ng mg-¹ were observed in Milyang-167 rice. Hwasunchal and Sangnamchal samples contained the highest concentration of unsaturated fatty acids with 760 mg g-¹ and lowest level of saturated fatty acids with 230 mg g-¹. The highest viscosity values were obtained in Hangangchal variety, while the lowest values were found in Jinbuchal sample. This study illustrates the wide variation in the physicochemical properties of the glutinous rice varieties analyzed. The results could serve as baseline information for the quality evaluation of rice with unique characteristics suitable for specialty food processing.     

珍稀稻种资源越冬糯稻89-1研究初报

糯稻８９－１是通过腋芽露地越冬翌年可再生的新材料。研究表明,该材料抗寒力强,越冬后再生稻产量与正季相当,达６．２９１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,是一珍贵的稀有稻种资源。     

河北省糯稻研究利用历史、现状及发展方向

回顾了河北省糯稻种植及育种历史,分析了自上世纪九十年代,河北省糯稻选育走过的从引进到自主研发创新的过程,展望未来,提出了以优质、高产、抗病、熟期适宜作为糯稻新品种选育目标,合理布局,政策扶植,加大招商力度,树立品牌形象,做大做强糯米产业等发展对策。     

优质高产糯稻新品种圣香糯1号的选育及栽培技术

圣香糯1号是以镇稻88为母本、广陵香糯为父本,并用镇稻88回交,经系谱法选育而成的粳糯新品种。该品种具有品质优、产量高等优点,2019年6月通过山东省农作物品种委员会审定(审定编号:鲁审稻20196011),适宜在鲁南及沿黄稻区种植利用。     

Differences in the Rate of Seedling Emergence among Rice Cultivars under Low Soil-Moisture Conditions

Abstract

The objective of this study was to identify rice cultivars with high emergence ability under low soil-moisture conditions using a large number of rice cultivars, and to clarify the differences between the rates of emergence in lowland and upland, white- and red-kerneled, and non-glutinous and glutinous cultivars. First, 30 cultivars with a high emergence rate at 14 days after sowing (DAS) were selected at a soil water potential of -1.17 to -0.89 MPa from 382 cultivars through fourscreening experiments. In these experiments, the emergence rate was significantly higher in the upland cultivars than in the lowland cultivars. The red-kerneled cultivars also had a significantly higher emergence rate than the white-kerneled cultivars. However, no difference in emergence rate was observed between the non-glutinous and glutinous cultivars. Second, the emergence rates of various cultivars were examined at a soil water potential of -1.62, -1.23, and -1.07 MPa. The higher the soil water potential, the higher the emergence rate at 28 DAS and the shorter the time to the emergence. The order of cultivars in their emergence rate at 13 DAS at -1.07 MPa was similar to that at 28 DAS at -1.62 MPa. Therefore, the dataat 13 DAS at -1.07 MPa were used to compare the selected 30 cultivars for their emergence ability under low soil-moisture conditions. Moulla Topa showed the highest emergence rate (78.1%) and Gaiya Rate Bhasunamathe the shortest time to 50% emergence (11.1 d) under these conditions.     

Optimization of High-Protein Glutinous Rice Flour Production Using Response Surface Method

A response surface method was employed to study the effect of α-amylase concentration, hydrolysis temperature and time on the production of high protein glutinous rice flour (HPGRF). The suspension of glutinous rice flour (15%) that contained 6.52% protein was gelatinized and subsequently hydrolyzed by thermostable α-amylase. The hydrolysis yielded 0.144–0.222 g/g HPGRF with 29.4%–45.4% protein content. Hydrolysis time exerted a significant effect, while enzyme concentration and hydrolysis temperature showed insignificant effect on the protein content and production yield of HPGRF. The result of response surface method showed that the optimum condition for the production of HPGRF that contained at least 36% protein was treating gelatinized 15% glutinous rice flour suspension with 0.90 Kilo Novo α-amylase Unit (KNU)/g α-amylase at 80 °C for 99 min. By carrying out the predicted hydrolysis condition, HPGRF with 35.9% protein and 61.8% carbohydrates was resulted. The process yielded 0.172 g/g HPGRF. HPGRF contained higher amount of essential amino acids compared to glutinous rice flour. HPGRF had higher solubility and lower swelling power, and also showed no pasting peak compared with glutinous rice flour.     

优质籼稻品种黄华占和扬稻6号稻米理化特性和淀粉精细结构比较

以携带相同Wxb基因的籼稻品种黄华占和扬稻6号为试验材料,系统分析了这2个优质籼稻品种的理化特性和淀粉精细结构.结果表明,黄华占稻米蛋白质含量显著低于扬稻6号,而表观直链淀粉含量高于扬稻6号,其他理化品质如胶稠度、总淀粉含量和碱消值两者无显著差异;黄华占稻米具有较高的糊化温度和热焓值.黄华占和扬稻6号稻米淀粉粘滞曲线较...     

糯稻新品种版纳糯18号特征特性及栽培技术

版纳糯18号是西双版纳州农业科学研究所1996年早季采用滇引313号作母本与勐腊糯作父本杂交选育而成的中熟白糯稻品种,具有高产、优质、适口性好、千粒重大等特点,2014年通过云南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。本文详细介绍了该品种的特征特性和高产优质栽培技术。     

播种期对杂交稻组合稻米直链淀粉和蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响

选用湖南省洞庭湖区种植的20个杂交稻组合在9个播期下获取的180个稻谷样品,进行了直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的分析,并对杂交稻汕优63的9个播期获取的9个样品进行了17种氨基酸含量的分析.结果表明,20个杂交稻组合的9个播期的稻米直链淀粉含量平均值变幅为15.0％～24.8％,平均极差为9.8％,变异系数变幅为2.8％～21.7％;而其蛋白质含量平均值变幅为7.3％～8.6％,变异系数变幅为4.3％～11.6％.表明杂交稻组合的直链淀粉含量与蛋白质含量受播种期的影响较大,而且,其影响程度还存在明显的杂交稻组合间遗传差异.研究结果还表明,杂交稻组合汕优63的各种氨基酸的绝对含量和相对含量受播种期的影响较大,并且存在显著的氨基酸间差异.     

Characterization of Aroma and Agronomic Traits in Afghan Native Rice Cultivars

Abstract

In this study, we collected native aromatic rice cultivars from north, east and northeast of Afghanistan, and check cultivars from Japan, Thailand and India. We characterized some important agronomic characters such as plant height, panicle number per plant, grain number per panicle, 1,000-grain weight, grain length and grain width to find the desirable characters for breeding programs. Many of them were classified into tall culm rice according to IRRI index, but had thin and slender grain, and strong aroma which are favorable characteristics in Afghanistan and surrounding regions. The aromatic character was characterized by three methods, 1.7% KOH sensory test, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. These three methods gave similar results. Six out of 10 Afghan native rice cultivars were aromatic and four non-aromatic. Among the check cultivars, Basmati 370, Jasmine 85, Izayoi, Oitakoutou and Jakouine were aromatic and Nipponbare non-aromatic. Improvement of aromatic and high yielding rice and reduction of plant height are the important objectives for rice breeding in Afghanistan. The results showed that Pashadi Konar from Afghanistan has the intermediate plant height, heavier 1,000-grain weight (32 g), longer grain (11 mm) and favorable aroma. Therefore, this cultivar may be a good source of aromatic rice germplasm in Afghanistan. To clarify the genetic nature of aroma in rice, we crossed non-aromatic cultivar Nipponbare with aromatic cultivar Jasmine 85, and examined the aromatic character in the F₂ generation by 1.7% KOH sensory test and PCR analysis. Non-aromatic and aromatic characters were segregated at a ratio of 3:1, showing that aroma is controlled by a single recessive gene.     

中国糯稻遗传育种研究进展

对中国糯稻种质资源和品种现状进行了分析,显示加强糯稻资源保护和利用、新品种选育迫在眉睫;基于当前水稻育种技术基础,提出了糯稻育种方法和技术的新思路;通过分析糯稻产量、米质相关的研究现状,指明了研究成果的高效利用策略;展望了中国糯稻产业发展方向,提出中国糯稻遗传育种应适应当前耕作制度、市场和社会发展要求.     

不同粳稻品种(系)机插稻生态适应性生产力试验报告

2012年高邮市选择广适性好、综合性状优良的粳稻品种(系),进行机插稻生态适应性生产力比较试验,分析不同品种生长特性、产量水平等综合性状,结果表明:南粳49、武运粳27、武运粳24产量较高,可扩大示范种植;扬粳4227、南粳5055熟期偏迟,有一定的种植局限性;     

高产氮高效型粳稻品种的叶片光合及衰老特性研究

 选用6个具代表性的低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了叶片光合、衰老特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明,高产类型群体叶面积指数(LAI)、高效叶面积率及有效叶面积率、剑叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率以及剑叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于低产类型品种,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于低产类型。高产品种间比较,随着氮效率提升,生育前中期(够苗、拔节、齐穗期)群体叶面积指数下降,成熟期上升;灌浆前期(齐穗后0 d~10 d)剑叶净光合速率并未明显变化,灌浆中后期(齐穗后20 d~40 d)显著增高,主要原因如下：叶绿素分解少,保证了叶片对CO2的高同化能力;SOD活性高,保证了植株更强的抗氧化能力,MDA含量少,膜脂破坏程度低。说明抽穗前合理控制无效及低效叶面积生长以适当减小群体叶面积规模,抽穗后有效延缓植株衰老,以保证叶片持续较高的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,是促进水稻高产品种进一步提升氮效率的重要途径。     

不同直链淀粉含量小麦淀粉理化性质与消化特性研究

为深入理解小麦直链淀粉含量与淀粉理化性质及消化特性之间的关系,以4份直链淀粉含量差异较大的小麦品种为材料,分析了其淀粉理化性质以及消化特性方面的差异。结果表明,随着直链淀粉含量的增加,回生值呈增加趋势;在体外消化前期,4个小麦品种的淀粉消化速率差异显著,西农836最慢,陕糯1号最快。这种差异与直链淀粉含量及回生值密切相关,说明直链淀粉比支链淀粉更易于回生,糊化后的冷却过程中更容易发生分子间部分重排和再结晶,重新组装成有序的聚集体,导致供试材料之间快速消化淀粉含量及总体消化程度不同。直链淀粉含量高的品种具有更多的B型小淀粉粒,但是大量B型小淀粉粒的存在并没有导致淀粉消化速率以及淀粉总体消化程度的提高,说明淀粉充分糊化后,粒度的差异并不改变淀粉消化特性。     

孝感糯稻生产的历史回顾与产业化发展设想

回顾了孝感糯稻生产的历史,分析了孝感糯稻各生产阶段的特点,提出了发展糯稻产业化和育种攻关的设想。     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性水稻某些生理特性和光合特性的影响

选取较耐盐的水稻品种‘HH11’、‘JX99’和盐敏感水稻品种‘YSXD’,设置6个土壤NaCl浓度处理(0、1、2、3、4 g/kg),在防雨棚下盆栽并培育至孕穗期,分析NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性水稻生理生化及光合特性的影响,结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫抑制水稻的生长,表现为随着NaCl浓度增加,水稻的株高逐渐降低,但在3～4 g/kg土壤含盐量下耐盐水稻的株高显著高于盐敏感水稻品种。(2)耐盐水稻和盐敏感水稻的可溶性总糖对NaCl胁迫的响应差异明显,在1～4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下,盐敏感水稻叶片可溶性总糖显著降低,但是耐盐水稻可溶性总糖大量合成并积累,并且显著高于盐敏感品种。(3)NaCl浓度增加迫使水稻叶片丙二醛不断积累,导致细胞膜透性逐渐增大,但是耐盐水稻丙二醛的积累量较少,细胞膜受盐害程度显著小于盐敏感水稻。(4)NaCl胁迫抑制了水稻光合速率,但不同的NaCl浓度下导致水稻品种光合速率下降的原因各有差异,其中在0～1 g/kg NaCl胁迫下盐敏感水稻光合速率降低是非气孔因素导致的,而在2～4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下是由气孔因素造成的;0～2g/kg盐浓度下耐盐水稻HH11的光合速率降低是非气孔因素导致的,3～4 g/kg盐浓度处理是由气孔因素导致的;气孔因素是0～4 g/kg盐处理耐盐水稻JX99的光合速率降低的主要原因。(5)盐胁迫下耐盐水稻的叶片蒸腾速率显著降低,并且显著低于盐敏感水稻,相反水分利用效率和气孔限制值却明显升高,并且显著高于盐敏感水稻品种,表明盐浓度增加迫使耐盐水稻气孔阻力增大,减少水分的流失,抑制了蒸腾速率,使耐盐水稻叶片保持较高的水势;同时提高了叶片水分利用效率,碳同化效率提高,以满足耐盐水稻正常代谢生理需求,进行正常生命活动。     

不同海拔条件下耐冷性粳稻品种的稻米淀粉RVA谱特性

以4个强耐冷性粳稻品种和5个弱耐冷性粳稻品种为材料,比较分析了云南高原粳稻区不同海拔条件下不同耐冷性粳稻品种的稻米淀粉RVA谱变化特征。随种植海拔的升高,弱耐冷性品种的消减值明显增大,峰值黏度和崩解值显著减小,而强耐冷性品种的峰值黏度和崩解值呈先降后升趋势,消减值则表现先升后降趋势。强耐冷性品种的稻米淀粉RVA谱特性受海拔变化的影响较弱耐冷性品种小,蒸煮食味品质表现相对稳定,但弱耐冷性品种的蒸煮食味品质随海拔升高明显呈变劣趋势。     

水稻抗感纹枯病品种Ospgip1基因的表达特征

 从水稻基因组DNA中扩增出1 184 bp的Ospgip1基因片段。该片段包含930 bp的完整开放阅读框,终止密码子为TAA,无内含子。RT PCR结果表明,Ospgip1基因在水稻抗、感纹枯病品种中均能表达,但不同生育期、不同部位表达量有差异。实时PCR结果显示,抗病品种YSBR1和中感品种Jasmine 85中Ospgip1的表达量要明显高于感病品种Lemont;稻苗黄化处理后,无论是抗病品种还是感病品种的Ospgip1表达量均显著提高;纹枯病菌侵染使得抗病品种Ospgip1表达量大大增加,而对感病品种影响不大。     

水稻品种对稻瘟病的质量抗性和数量抗性的初步研究

 选择三黄占2号等一些具有不同抗性水平的品种，从质量抗性和数量抗性两个方面探讨了不同类型抗性之间的关系。研究结果显示，三黄占2号等三个品种表现出稳定持久的抗性与其具有较高的质量抗性和数量抗性有关。结果表明，品种对病菌的抗性频率并不完全与品种的病斑数呈负相关，抗性频率和品种的病斑数可能受两种不同类型的抗性基因控制，反映出两种不同类型的抗性(质量抗性和数量抗性)。同时，也可看出，抗病品种的质量抗性与数量抗性水平必须以本地区的菌株与品种互作和环境条件反应的实际情况来综合评价。