过湿条件下大豆不定根的发生及其生理作用研究

大豆是实行水旱轮作的重要作物之一,在缺乏良好排水条件的水田中实行水旱轮作时,长期涝渍所致的伤害成为大豆生长不良及产量低的重要原因.通过盆栽和大田试验在大豆生育初期进行过湿处理,调查培土或无培土条件下不定根的发生情况,揭示不定根对伤流速度,氮素的吸收运转等的影响,讨论了不定根与大豆耐湿性的关系.淹水条件下培土对不定根及根瘤的发生产生较大的影响,淹水条件下发生的不定根的量占总根重的43.1%,这些不定根提供了81.4%的伤流速度.不定根的呼吸速度为2.61 mg CO2g-1h-1,是初生根的近3倍.淹水导致全叶位叶片的叶色变淡,不定根的发生改变了伤流液中不同形态氮素的组成和全氮含量,可使下位叶的叶色维持较高水平.淹水条件下大豆的冠根比比对照小.不定根取代了受涝渍伤害而失去功能的初生根的作用,积极地进行养分和水的吸收,确保了涝渍逆境下物质生产的顺利进行.     

Root System Development of Cassava and Sweetpotato during Early Growth Stage as Affected by High Root Zone Temperature

Abstract

Root zone temperature (RZT) is an important factor that affects the establishment of crops in the field. This study was conducted to determine the effect of high RZT on the root system development of cassava and sweetpotato and to assess the response of each root system component of cassava and sweetpotato to high RZTs. Cassava and sweetpotato are widely grown crops in soils that are prone to reach a high temperature especially during the dry season. The plant root system was the primary object of investigation in this study. Cassava and sweetpotato cuttings were grown in pots for 20 days in a growth chamber where two different soil temperature regimes were maintained : 40°C (high RZT) and 25°C (normal). High RZT significantly decreased the total length of the adventitious roots (ARs) and the number and total length of the first order lateral roots (LRs) in both cassava and sweetpotato. Reduction in these root growth parameters was greater in the latter than in the former. High RZT caused a marked increase in the number of the second order LRs in sweetpotato and tended to enhance the formation of the third order LRs. Under high RZT, in cassava, a higher proportion of the total number of ARs and the first order LRs, and thus, a greater fraction of the total root length came from the lower nodes of the cuttings that were buried deep in the soil at planting. In sweetpotato, a greater proportion of the total number and total length of the ARs and the first order LRs was observed in the nodes of the cuttings that were buried closer to the soil surface than those buried deeper. An opposite trend was evident in both cassava and sweetpotato grown under a normal RZT. In the screenhouse experiment where plants were grown for 12 days, root growth of cassava was significantly reduced by the high RZT that prevailed when the soil was not covered with mulch materials. The root development in the mulched soil was similar to that under normal RZT in the growth chamber.     

Genotypic Variation in Responses of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to Drought and Rewatering: Root System Development

Abstract

Soil moisture condition is a major factor that affects root system development and thus, crop production. This study aimed to evaluate genotypic variations of cassava in root system structures and their responses to different soil moisture conditions by examining various root traits including production and elongation of adventitious roots and their laterals. Four pot experiments were conducted and different genotypes of various backgrounds were grown under well-watered, droughted, droughted to rewatered conditions. One field experiment was also conducted with selected genotypes till maturity. Results showed that substantial genotypic variations exist in root system structure, and the effects of the soil moistures were significant for most of the root traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the lateral root development mainly accounted for the variations in root system structure regardless of soil moisture conditions. The PCA on the differences between droughted and well-watered control, and droughted-rewatered and the control further indicated that the branching ability of adventitious roots was mainly responsible for the root system responses to drought as well as rewatering. Genotypic ranking in root system responses to drought was almost consistent among the pots and field experiments. Genotypicvariations in rooting depth were relatively small while those in horizontal spread were apparent in the field experiment.The ability to maintain adventitious root elongation under drought, resulting in relatively large horizontal spread of root system and to recover sharply from drought by lateral root branching may be related to good growth and yield performance under field.     

水稻SUMO化E3连接酶SIZ1调控缺磷条件下根的发育和根构型形成

植物应对磷胁迫的方法之一是改变根系的构型。以水稻SUMO化E3连接酶SIZ1突变体ossiz1为供试材料,研究了OsSIZ1在水稻根发育中的作用以及其与磷胁迫、生长素之间的关系。与野生型相比,OsSIZ1抑制ossiz1种子根和不定根的伸长,促进侧根密度的增加和根毛的增多。缺磷时,突变体ossiz1的反应更强烈,即不定根伸长、侧根密度增大和根毛增多的趋势更加明显。说明OsSIZ1参与调控水稻根构型的改变,低磷时效果更明显。ossiz1地上部和地下部的总磷浓度显著高于野生型,说明OsSIZ1在水稻中负调控磷素的吸收利用。定量RT-PCR结果显示,ossiz1中OsYUCCA1和OsPIN1a/1b的相对表达量显著高于野生型,说明OsSIZ1负调控根中生长素的合成与极性运输,并且缺磷时负调控作用减弱。结果表明,SUMO化E3连接酶OsSIZ1调控缺磷条件下根构型的形成,而且这一过程可能是通过调控生长素分布完成的。     

超级杂交稻五优308根系形态特征研究

对五优308在不同生育时期的根系形态特征及其与常规超级稻合美占的差异进行了分析。结果表明:除苗期外,五优308单株不定根数和总根长在各生育时期都比合美占具有明显优势,但单茎根系及单条不定根性状与合美占的差异不明显。五优308与合美占单株根数和总根长的差异主要是由于分蘖特性的差异所致。在超级稻育种中,可在选择适宜茎蘖数量的基础上,注重选择单茎根数较多和单条不定根长较长的品种。     

Root growth dynamics and stomatal behaviour of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under aerobic and flooded conditions

Aerobic rice culture is a new technology designed to reduce water use, but the vulnerability of rice to aerobic condition has limited its development. The objective of this study was to characterize the root growth and stomatal behaviour of four rice cultivars grown in flooded and aerobic culture for 2 years. In aerobic culture, where the soil water potential at 20-cm depth averaged between −15 and −30 kPa, total root biomass was significantly lower than in flooded culture for the whole growth period, owing to a reduction in root biomass in the surface layer. Dry-matter partitioning to roots decreased, but the ratio of deep root biomass to total root biomass tended to be higher in aerobic culture than in flooded culture. The low root-to-shoot ratio and poor root growth in the surface layer in aerobic culture are attributable to the considerable reduction in adventitious root number. As a result, the varietal difference in total root biomass was due largely to individual root growth in aerobic culture. Stomatal closure was distinct at the vegetative stage in aerobic culture, even when the soil water potential was near field capacity, partly because of the poor rooting vigour. When the soil water potential at 20-cm depth was below −50 kPa, the stomatal behaviour reflected the root growth in the subsurface layer. These results suggest the role of vigorous root growth in soil water uptake and hence, in maintaining transpiration in aerobic rice culture.     

珍汕97/明恢63重组自交系群体根系性状对产量的影响

在群体水培条件下,以珍汕97/明恢63重组自交系群体的204个株系(F12,F13)为供试材料,研究重组自交系群体抽穗期根系有关性状与产量的关系,以期为水稻根系改良和根系数量性状基因定位提供依据.结果表明,影响产量的主要根系性状为单株根系活性、颖花根活量、每株根干重、最长不定根长、众数根长、每条不定根长及每条不定根粗,其中以单株根系活性对产量的影响最大;增加单株根系活性、每株根干重、最长不定根长和每条不定根粗能显著提高产量,增加颖花根活量、每条不定根长和众数根长将使产量显著下降.增加高产类型水稻抽穗期的每株根干重、每条不定根重、单位长度根重及单株根系活性能显著提高产量.每株根干重与高产水稻关系密切,而每株不定根数则与低产水稻关系密切.颖花根活量的增加对高产水稻株系的产量有提高作用,对中低产水稻则有负面影响.     

Root plasticity under fluctuating soil moisture stress exhibited by backcross inbred line of a rice variety,Nipponbare carrying introgressed segments from KDML105 and detection of the associated QTLs

In rainfed lowland rice ecosystem, rice plants are often exposed to alternating recurrences of waterlogging and drought due to erratic rainfall. Such soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) which is completely different from simple or progressive drought could be stressful for plant growth, thereby causing reduction in yield. Root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation under such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in dry matter production and yield under SMF using Nipponbare, KDML 105 and three backcross inbred lines (BILs) and to identify QTL(s) associated with root traits in response to SMF at two growth stages using Nipponbare/KDML105 F₂ plants. A BIL, G3-3 showed higher shoot dry matter production and yield than Nipponbare due to its greater ability to maintain stomatal conductance concomitant with greater root system development caused by promoted production of nodal and lateral roots under SMF. QTLs were identified for total nodal root length, total lateral root length, total root length, number of nodal roots, and branching index under SMF at vegetative and reproductive stages. The QTLs detected at vegetative and reproductive stages were different. We discuss here that relationship between root system of G3-3 and the detected QTLs. Therefore, G3-3 and the identified QTLs could be useful genetic materials in breeding program for improving the adaptation of rice plants in target rainfed lowland areas.     

Genotypic variations in the plasticity of nodal root penetration through the hardpan during soil moisture fluctuations among four rice varieties

Rainfed lowland rice fields are characterized by soil moisture fluctuations (SMF) and the presence of hardpan that impedes deep rooting and thus limits water extraction from deep soil layer during the periods of drought. In this study, we used rootboxes with three layers; shallow layer, artificial hardpan, and deep and wet layer below the hardpan, to evaluate differences in the plasticity of nodal roots elongation through the hardpan and promote root branching below the hardpan in response to SMF among four rice varieties; Sasanishiki, Habataki, Nipponbare, and Kasalath. Experiments were conducted during the summer and autumn seasons. Plasticity was computed as the difference in root traits within each variety between the SMF and continuously well-watered treatments. In both experiments, Habataki consistently tended to exhibit higher root plasticity than the other three varieties by increasing number of nodal roots that penetrated the hardpan during rewatering period in SMF, when the soil moisture increased and penetration resistance decreased. This root plasticity then contributed to greater water use at the deeper soil during the subsequent drought period and overall shoot dry matter production. Habataki had significantly higher δ¹³C value in roots at deep layer than roots at the shallow and hardpan layers under SMF, which may indicate that these were relatively newly grown roots as a consequence of root plasticity. This study also indicates that CSSLs derived from Sasanishiki and Habataki varieties may be suitable for the analysis of QTLs associated with root plasticity expression in rainfed lowland with hardpan and experiencing SMF.     

Genotypic Variations in Responses of Lateral Root Development to Transient Moisture Stresses in Rice Cultivars

Abstract

Soil water regimes under field conditions inevitably tend to fluctuate ranging from drought to waterlogging. Genotypes that adapt better to such changing hydrologic conditions are assumed to have the ability to maintain root system development under such conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the responses of root system development based on lateral root production to transient moisture stresses, and the contribution of the elongation of seminal and nodal root axes and their lateral, root branching, and aerenchyma development in the seminal root axis, to root system development. The seedlings of two aerobic genotypes (UPLRi7 and NSICRc9) and one irrigated-lowland genotype (PSBRc82), and two parental genotypes (Nipponbare and Kasalath) of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) were grown by hydroponics. The seedlings were exposed to a drought condition by adding polyethylene glycol to the solution for 7 days and then to an O₂-deficient stagnant condition for 7 days (drought-to-stagnant condition), or to reverse successive conditions (stagnant-to-drought condition). Under both conditions, the aerobic genotypes showed greater ability to produce lateral roots than the irrigated-lowland genotype. Under the transient stagnant-to-drought condition, the root traits that contributed to greater lateral root production in the aerobic genotypes were faster seminal root elongation that was closely associated with branching of lateral roots, and greater nodal root production. Under transient drought to stagnant condition; these were faster seminal root elongation mediated by higher aerenchyma formation, and greater nodal root production. Kasalath showed much greater ability to produce lateral roots under both transient moisture stress conditions than Nipponbare. This indicates the potential utility of the CSSLs for precise identification of desirable root traits with less genetic confounding.     

低磷胁迫下水稻根系的发生及生长素的响应

 研究了5个磷浓度下（0,10,50,100,300 μmol/L）水稻植株的生物量以及水稻根系发生和伸长,并测定正常供P（300 μmol/L）与低磷(10 μmol/L)条件下水稻不同部位生长素浓度以及生长素外流蛋白OsPIN家族基因的表达情况。结果表明,与正常供P处理相比,随着供P浓度的降低,水稻地上部的干质量降幅显著,进而导致根冠比显著增加;与正常供P处理相比,低P处理的水稻根冠比增幅约为100%。水稻种子根、不定根和侧根的长度随供P浓度降低而显著增加,而不定根数及侧根密度随着供P浓度的降低而降低。与正常供P处理相比,低P处理的水稻倒1叶、根茎结合处和根系的生长素浓度显著上升,增幅分别为85%、161%和86%,差异达显著水平。RT PCR结果表明,与正常供P相比,低P处理24 h和96 h的水稻根系OsPIN5a表达上调。低P胁迫下水稻生长素合成和从地上部到根系极性运输的增强是水稻根系发生对低P胁迫响应的重要生理机制之一。     

我国超级稻根系特性及根际生态研究现状与趋势

以超级稻为代表的一批超高产水稻研发成功使水稻单产获得大幅度提高。较大的根系生物量、根重密度、根长、根长密度和根直径,根系偏向纵深分布且土壤深层根系生物量增大是超级稻根系生物学主要特征;高的单株根系氧化力、总吸收表面积、活跃吸收表面积、根系细胞分裂素(玉米素与玉米素核苷)含量是超级稻扩库增产的重要根系生理基础。生产中的施肥管理、水分管理、种植方式和根际土壤生态环境pH、氧、微生物、氮素形态等均可显著影响水稻根系的生长发育。通过适当的技术措施调控水稻根际生态环境向有利于水稻生长生理需求方向发展,以促进水稻根系健壮生长,实现水稻增产。水稻高产群体根系构型的形成与根际土壤生态因子匹配原理与调控,高产水稻地下根系、根际生态因子与地上群体的互作机制与调控路径,水稻根系定量化等方面是今后水稻根系深入研究的主要方向。     

Genotypic Variations in Response of Lateral Root Development to Fluctuating Soil Moisture in Rice

Abstract

Developmental plasticity in lateral roots may be one of the key traits for the growth of rice plants under soil moisture fluctuations. We aimed to examine responses in seminal root system development to changing soil moisture for diverse rice cultivars. Special attention was paid to the two different types of lateral roots ; the generally long, thick L type capable of branching into higher orders, and the non-branching S type. Plants were grown in half-split polyvinyl chloride tubes fixed with transparent acrylic plate for root observation under glasshouse conditions. When plants were grown first under drought conditions, then rewatered, the seminal root system development in terms of dry weight and total length was promoted as compared with plants grown under continuously well-watered conditions in IR AT 109 and Dular, drought tolerant cultivars. Promoted production of L type lateral roots mainly contributed to the development of the longer seminal root system. Plants exposed to soil submergence before they were grown under drought conditions did not show such promoted responses in these two cultivars. However, in KDML 105, a drought tolerant cultivar, the production of especially L type laterals was substantially promoted under drought and rewatered conditions. Honenwase was characterized by the shallow root system and great reduction in root system length when soil moisture becomes limited. These facts show that genotypic variations exist in the plastic response of rice seminal root system and that the L type lateral root plays a key role in manifestation of this plasticity.     

Effects of Soil Moisture Conditions before Heading on Growth of Wheat Plants under Drought Conditions in the Ripening Stage: Insufficient Soil Moisture Conditions before Heading Render Wheat Plants More Resistant to Drought during Ripening

Abstract

Plants growing on soil with insufficient moisture need deep and dense roots to avoid water stress. In crop plants, the production of dry matter during ripening of grains is critically important for grain yield. We postulated that shoot growth would be suppressed but root growth would continue under an insufficient soil moisture condition before heading, while shoot growth would be more vigorous than root growth under a sufficient soil moisture condition. We anticipated that the plants growing under an insufficient soil moisture condition before heading would produce more dry matter and grain under an insufficient soil moisture condition during ripening. In order to examine our hypotheses and to determine the fundamental conditions for improving grain yield and efficient use of irrigated water under limited irrigation, we grew wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Ayahikari) in pots (30 cm in diameter, 150 cm in height) with insufficient soil moisture (PD-D pots) or sufficient soil moisture (PW-D pots) for six weeks before heading followed by full irrigation, and then insufficient soil moisture condition during ripening. The growth of shoots was suppressed significantly but that of roots was not before heading in PD-D plants, with a higher resultant ratio of root to shoot than in PW-D plants. The former retained a high leaf water potential and, therefore, were able to produce more dry matter and grain during soil moisture depletion during ripening as compared with the latter plants. We also obtained similar results with field-grown plants.     

不同氮肥处理下机插杂交稻的根系动态生长特征研究

【目的】研究不同氮肥用量下机插杂交稻的根系生长特征的变化规律及其与产量关系。【方法】以两个杂交水稻组合全两优1号和全两优681为供试材料,设置N_0(0 kg/hm~2)、N_1(150 kg/hm~2)和N_2(250 kg/hm~2)氮肥处理。利用Minirhizotron分析两个品种移栽后20 d至开花期在0~30 cm土层中的根系分布和动态变化特征。【结果】研究结果表明,氮肥处理对两个杂交稻根数、根长、根体积和根表面积影响显著。N2处理下两个品种的总根数显著多于N1,且全两优1号和全两优681的总根数相比对照N1分别增加了12.3%和17.6%,两个品种的总根量在移栽后65 d达到最大值。随着施氮量的增加,两个杂交稻品种的根数、根长、根体积和根表面积在0~10 cm和10~20cm两个土层深度均有所增加,其中以10~20 cm土层深度的根量增幅最为显著。10~20 cm土层深度的总根长与产量、根数与产量显著相关,且相关系数分别高达0.80和0.87,且全两优681在10~20 cm土层深度为的总根量要显著高于全两优1号。【结论】高氮下总根量增加,但10-20 cm土层中的根系分布对产量影响最大,因此,生产中通过培育和增加深层根系的比例有利于水稻实现高产高效。     

Functional roles of root plasticity and its contribution to water uptake and dry matter production of CSSLs with the genetic background of KDML105 under soil moisture fluctuation

Soil moisture fluctuation (SMF) stress due to erratic rainfall in rainfed lowland (RFL) rice ecosystems negatively affect production. Under such condition, root plasticity is one of the key traits that play important roles for plant adaptation. This study aimed to evaluate root plasticity expression and its functional roles in water uptake, dry matter production and yield under SMF using three chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) with major genetic background of KDML105 and a common substituted segment in chromosome 8. The CSSLs showed greater shoot dry matter production than KDML105 under SMF, which was attributed to the maintenance of stomatal conductance resulting in higher grain yield. The root system development based on total root length of the CSSLs were significantly higher than that of KDML105 due to the promoted production of nodal and lateral roots. These results implied that the common substituted segments in chromosome 8 of the 3 CSSLs may be responsible for the expression of their root plasticity under SMF and contributed to the increase in water uptake and consequently dry matter production and yield. These CSSLs could be used as a good source of genetic material for drought resistance breeding programs targeting rainfed lowland condition with fluctuating soil moisture environments and for further genetic studies to elucidate mechanisms underlying root plasticity.     

磷素对甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡的影响

通过2年盆栽试验研究不施磷P₀（P₂O₅ 0 g/kg）、适量施磷P_0.04（P₂O₅ 0.04 g/kg）和过量施磷P_0.08（P₂O₅ 0.08 g/kg）对鲜食型甘薯‘烟薯25’和‘普薯32’生长前期（栽后0~40 d）根系活力、根系形态分化、潜在块根重量、结薯数、薯块重量、根生物量、叶面积、茎叶生物量、根干物质分配比例、茎叶干物质分配比例及根冠比的影响。结果表明,在块根形成期（栽后0~30 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷显著提高了甘薯总根条数、根尖数、总根长、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根系体积和总根鲜重,并显著提高了根系活力,提高了潜在块根鲜重;显著提高叶面积、叶鲜重、茎鲜重、地上部总鲜重;显著提高甘薯茎叶干重、根干重和植株干重,显著增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,为块根形成提供良好的物质基础。而过量施磷抑制干物质在根中的分配比例,导致根冠比降低,不利于块根的形成。在封垄期（栽后40 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷可以显著增加单株结薯数（主要提高直径5 mm以上的块根数量）、单薯重和单株薯重,若继续增加施磷量将导致单株结薯数和单薯重显著降低。因此,适量施磷可以促进甘薯根系和茎叶发育,增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,增加甘薯单株结薯数和单薯重,提高单株薯重,促进甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡,为甘薯丰产奠定基础。     

向日葵不定根的研究——向日葵不定根的形态结构

向日葵除了由种子的胚根长成的主根及其侧根外,还能够自胚轴处再长出不定根。到开花期不定根总量已超过自主根上发出的侧根的重量,以后还在继续增加。向日葵的主根及其侧根的初生结构为典型的4原型,导管发育较迟,而不定根则为6原型,主要是受到胚轴结构的影响,根与胚轴的结构很协调。从不定根的结构特点导致吸收功能等较主根侧根强盛,表现出结构与功能的一致性。     

水肥耦合对橡胶树根系垂直分布的影响

水分和养分是限制橡胶树生长和产胶量的重要因子.以17a树龄的热研7-33-97橡胶树为试验材料,通过田间小区试验研究了不同水肥耦合水平对橡胶树根系垂直分布特征的影响,结果表明:橡胶树吸收根系主要分布在0～20 cm土层,随土壤层次的加深,橡胶根系干重在垂直分布上呈递减趋势,可用乘幂函数模型表示.适量增施氮、磷肥均能促进0～20 cm土层根系的生长；氮肥施用量过大,深层根系比重增大；轻度降低土壤水分能够促进根系扎深.水肥耦合对根系生长和分布具有调节作用,本试验条件下,各土层根系干重总量以丰氮丰水和丰磷丰水组合处理最高,分别达0.33和0.31 kg/m3,并且根系在土壤剖面上的分布与养分分布具有一致性.     

Association between root growth angle and root length density of a near-isogenic line of IR64 rice with DEEPER ROOTING 1 under different levels of soil compaction

DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) of rice controls the gravitropic response of root growth angle. In order to clarify the effects of DRO1 on root growth angle and root length density under different soil resistance to penetration, and to quantify the relationship between root growth angle and root length density, we assessed the root growth of Dro1-NIL (a near-isogenic line homozygous for the Kinandang Patong allele of DRO1 in the IR64 background) under upland Andosol field conditions in Japan in 2013 and 2014. The trial included three levels of soil compaction (none, moderate, and hard). Root length density at a depth of 30 to 60 cm was largest in Kinandang Patong, followed by Dro1-NIL, and was least in IR64 in both years and in all compaction treatments. Root length density at this depth decreased with hard compaction (to 70% of control) and increased with moderate compaction (to 135%). The number of roots with a deep angle (i.e. 45° to 90° from the horizontal) measured by the basket method was similar at maximum tillering and maturity stages, and its value as a proportion of the total number of roots was strongly correlated with the root length density at 30 to 60 cm in both years, which demonstrates the importance of a deep root angle for the development of deep roots. Dro1-NIL had a higher proportion of deep roots than IR64, but the difference was small under hard compaction, with a significant genotype × compaction interaction.