油菜皮壳中多酚氧化酶活性的组织化学检定及其与粒色的关系

以组织化学法及抑制剂处理研究了油菜种子成熟前皮壳中的多酚氧化酶活性有无、存在部位及其与粒色的关系。结果表明,甘蓝型和白菜型油菜种子成熟前,皮壳(包括种皮和糊粉层,下同)的栅栏层存在较强的多酚氧化酶活性;黄籽皮壳的活性略低于黑籽皮壳的,但当有足够的多酚化合物存在时,黄籽皮壳也能象黑籽皮壳一样变为黑色。黑籽油菜变色前的种子用抗坏血酸处理,多酚氧化酶活性受到抑制,呈色过程中断,种子呈纯黄状态。说明多酚氧化酶对籽粒的呈色极为重要。     

陕北黄芥黄色种皮的遗传研究

本研究采用黄芥（Brassica juncea L.）与两个不同来源的褐籽类型芥菜型油菜杂交，研究黄芥黄色种皮的遗传。结果表明：黄芥的粒色主要受母体基因型控制，褐色对黄色为显性；F2和BC1世代株间乃至株内颜色不尽一致，但黄色单株和褐色单株能够明显区分，褐色和黄色的比例分别符合3:1和1:1的分离比例，证明黄芥的粒色主要受一对主效基因控制，同时受修饰基因和环境的影响。黄籽和褐籽杂交F2代粒色与几个品质性状的相关分析，结果证明除含油量与粒色密切相关外，其脂肪酸组分的平均值与种皮颜色也有一定的相关性。     

Natural seed coats provide protection against penetration by Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) larvae

The seed coat is the first host or non-host tissue contacted by bruchids, suggesting its participation in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to favor legume seeds. In the present work, we studied the influence of seed coat on the ability of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae F.) larvae to penetrate, develop in and survive on seeds. Our results showed that the oviposition, larval eclosion and adult emergence of C. maculatus were drastically reduced in some seeds and that the time necessary for the surviving larvae to perforate the seed coat increased by up to 100% in these seeds. The surviving larvae that crossed the Phaseolus vulgaris (Leguminosae B.) seed coat reached only 55.6% of the mass of a normal larva. The seed coat of some seeds was very toxic to insect larval development. Despite individual variations, seed coats were generally highly restrictive to the development and survival of the bruchid. The study of the seed coat efficiency as a protection tissue against penetration of insects can provide an important tool for new strategies for crop protection. The strengthening of the seed coat defense mechanisms may represent an efficient strategy because the seed chemical defense barrier would be moved to the outer structures and damage to the embryo would be minimized or avoided.     

Comparative evaluation of seed coat dormancy breaking treatments in Stylosanthes seabrana

The efficiency of microwave treatment in breaking the hard seed coat dormancy in Stylosanthes seabrana was compared with three other conventional methods including mechanical scarification, hot water treatment (100°C for 1 min) and acid scarification (5 min). The microwave treatment was as efficient in breaking hard seed coat dormancy as the hot water treatment. The ranking of treatments followed the order microwave ≥ hot water ≥ acid > mechanical scarification > control. The electrical conductivity of microwave‐treated seeds, although less than that of hot water, was greater than untreated control seeds, indicating increased permeability of the seed coat for water uptake. Seedling vigour, based on seedling length, was also similar for these treatments. Respiration was found to be higher in microwave‐treated seeds. Although levels of food reserves were not measured, future studies could hypothesize that increased imbibition of water in microwave‐treated seeds could cause a faster breakdown of food‐reserve material that is supplied to the germinating seed, resulting in increased evolution of CO₂ through respiration. Scanning electron micrographs indicated the appearance of cracks and blisters on the seed surface of microwave‐treated seeds. These are most likely the sites of water entry during imbibition.     

The Role of Seed Structure and Oxygen Responsiveness in Pre-Germination Flooding Tolerance of Soybean Cultivars

Abstract

Flooding during germination often inhibits the germination and emergence of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], but little is known about the mechanisms involved in the tolerance of soybean cultivars to the damage caused by the flooding. The objectives of this study were to characterize the germination responses of soybean cultivars to pre-germination flooding and low oxygen conditions, and to identify possible seed traits responsible for the tolerance. A comparison of germination percentages among 18 cultivars under optimal and flooding conditions for 3 d enabled the identification of two tolerant cultivars (Williams and Peking), and two susceptible cultivars (Nakasennari and Enrei), which were used for further analyses. A comparison of the water absorption speed (WAS) in the following seed forms: embryo only (E), embryo with aleurone layer (E + AL), and intact seed with aleurone layer and seed coat (E + AL + SC) revealed that the aleurone layer provides a barrier to water penetration during the first hour of inundation regardless of cultivar. The intact seeds of a tolerant cultivar, Peking absorbed water more slowly than the other cultivars in the first hour of flooding. When the oxygen concentration in the seed container was reduced to 70 mL L-¹ for 3 d, the germination percentage of susceptible cultivars was reduced to approximately 70 % whereas that of tolerant cultivars remained high, indicating that responsiveness to low oxygen could also be responsible for pre-germination flooding tolerance of soybean cultivars.     

皇后帝王花种皮特性对种子休眠的影响

以皇后帝王花种子为实验材料,对其进行形态解剖、种皮超微结构观测、种皮透水性与含水量检测,以了解皇后帝王花种皮结构与种子休眠的关系。结果表明:(1)皇后帝王花种子的种皮分为3层,外种皮的栅栏结构增强了种子的不透性,高度木质化的中种皮使种子坚硬,内种皮较薄却被一层不易透水的蜡质包裹;(2)酸蚀处理能使皇后帝王花种子种皮表面结构疏松,种皮变薄,种孔露出。但酸蚀4 h种子的中种皮及内种皮已经出现破坏性开裂,严重影响到胚活力;(3)完整干种子与酸蚀0.5 h种子在前14 h均能快速吸水,吸水50 h后近饱和状态,自此,二者吸水率小范围波动直至完全饱和;(4)酸蚀处理种子并不能使胚更好的吸水保水。因此,皇后帝王花种皮结构对胚的吸水并未形成阻碍,但不能排除其对胚呼吸的影响及对胚根的伸长和生长产生机械阻力的可能。     

种子吸水速率对玉米种子活力测定的影响

以农大108、先玉335、郑单958和中农大4号为材料,采用划伤种皮及改变发芽时种胚的摆放位置两种处理,测定吸水速率和活力,研究吸水速率对种子活力检测的影响。结果表明,不同玉米品种吸水速率和活力水平不同,两者之间没有明显的相关性。对于同一品种,划伤种皮及种胚朝下处理,吸水速率加快,可显著提高种子的活力指数、幼苗长度等检测值。中农大4号划伤种皮后活力指数提高0.229,苗长增加0.7 cm;郑单958种胚朝下处理,活力指数提高3.563,苗长增加2.95 cm。在进行种子活力检测时,应充分考虑到种皮透性对检测结果的影响,玉米种子采用纸上发芽时,应统一使种子的胚接触发芽纸,检测到的种子活力才更加准确可靠。     

Anatomical Changes during in Vitro Direct Formation of Shoot Bud from Root Tips in Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

Abstract

The germination and emergence of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can be adversely affected by the presence of excessive water as a result of continuous rainfall. The pre-germination flooding-tolerant cultivars can be tolerant to hypoxia in the flooding field. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between germination under hypoxia at different temperatures and pre-germination flooding tolerance. Seeds of 6 soybean cultivars were subjected to 5 oxygen concentrations and 3 temperatures. Seeds of all 6 cultivars hardly germinated under an oxygen concentration of 20 mL L^–1, but germinated with increasing oxygen concentration regardless of temperature. The pre-germination flooding-tolerant cultivar ‘Peking’ exhibited poorer germination under hypoxia than the other cultivars. Seed coat of ‘Peking’ did not dehisce when seeds did not germinate under hypoxia regardless of temperature. The pre-germination flooding-susceptible cultivar ‘Nakasennari’ exhibited higher seed coat dehiscence, but the dehiscence mostly occurred on the seed surface rather than micropyle under hypoxia at 25°C and 30°C. Seven days after termination of 3-d hypoxia treatment at 30°C, the percentage of seedlings with root hairs and/or lateral roots relative to that after ambient oxygen treatment was maintained in ‘Peking’ but decreased in the other cultivars, especially in ‘Nakasennari’. Pre-germination flooding-tolerant cultivar, especially ‘Peking’, is characterized by a delay in germination processes under hypoxia, and exhibits vigorous germination after release from hypoxia.     

Relation of Seed Structures to Soybean Cultivar Difference in Pre-germination Flooding Tolerance

Abstract

Flooding during germination inhibits the sprouting and emergence of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], reducing subsequent growth and yield. Previous studies revealed that cultivars tolerant to pre-germination flooding have a mechanism of reducing water absorption speed (WAS) during the initial stage of inundation; however, seed structures involved in WAS have not been fully clarified to date. The objectives of this study were to identify possible seed structures responsible for cultivar difference in WAS and pre-germination flooding tolerance. WAS of two tolerant cultivars (Peking and Williams) and two susceptible cultivars (Nakasennari and Enrei), which were identified in our previous study, was compared in relation to seed structures. In Peking, WAS was markedly lower than that of the other cultivars, either in intact seed or seed with the seed coat removed, suggesting that both the seed coat and the embryo have a mechanism of reducing WAS in this cultivar. WAS of the hilum side tended to be higher than that of the back side, and sealing of the micropyle significantly lowered WAS, showing that the micropyle rather than the hilum appeared to be responsible for the higher WAS of the hilum side regardless of cultivar. A comparison of cross section area of the hilum revealed that the tolerant cultivars tended to have a larger area than the susceptible cultivars, suggesting that an inner space of the hilum can act as a reservoir at the initial stage of inundation, thereby reducing WAS in tolerant cultivars.     

大豆种皮裂纹的研究进展

大豆是我国重要的经济作物,大豆种皮在不同的胁迫条件下会开裂形成裂纹。大豆种皮裂纹性状不仅会降低大豆种子的外观表现,还会影响种子的贮藏能力及活力,从而降低了大豆种子的商品价值。尽管人们早已注意到种皮裂纹这一性状,但国内外详细研究这方面的内容并不多。鉴于此,综述了大豆种皮构成、种皮裂纹的特点、引起种皮开裂的因素、裂纹的遗传分析、裂纹检测识别技术以及降低裂纹率措施研究进展,为未来大豆的抗种皮裂纹育种及种子加工贮藏提供可借鉴的理论依据。     

吸胀期低温与水分条件对油菜种子萌发的耦合效应

为了探讨晚播油菜适宜播种的田间温度和水分条件,以华杂62和华双5号品种为材料,在土壤和PEG溶液两种介质中研究了吸胀温度与水势对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,吸胀期温度和水分条件对油菜种子的萌发具有显著影响。在5~15℃范围内,种子萌发活力随吸胀期土壤温度的升高而提高。在10℃和15℃下吸胀,土壤相对含水量为58.6%、水势为-0.1MPa时较适宜于种子萌发;在5℃低温下吸胀,适当降低土壤水势有利于种子萌发。华杂62种子具有吸胀冷害现象,在低温和高水势下吸胀,种子萌发活性降低,吸水速度加快,种子浸泡液K+渗漏量升高,而Na+渗漏量和Na+/K+比值降低。华双5号种子则具有较强的抗吸胀冷害能力,表现为在低温下吸胀受水势的影响较小。     

种子包膜处理对延迟玉米种子发芽的作用机理研究

试验对3种玉米种子进行了3种包膜处理,研究了包膜延迟种子吸水的作用机理。3种包膜均能有效地延迟种子吸水,保证了经过长期低温条件处理包膜种子的田间出苗率。     

Varietal Difference in Nitrogen Redistribution from Leaves and Its Contribution to Seed Yield in Soybean

A large amount of nitrogen is redistributed from vegetative organs to the seeds during seed filling in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). However, the effect of nitrogen redistributed from leaves on the seed yield production is not clear. We evaluated the varietal difference in nitrogen redistribution and its contribution to the seed yield. Ten soybean cultivars were cultivated under conventional conditions in the field in Saga, Japan. The plant samples were collected at various reproductive stages, and then the nitrogen contents in each part were determined. The redistributed nitrogen was estimated by the difference in the nitrogen contents of leaves between the plants at the R5 and R7 stages. The nitrogen content of leaves began decreasing after R5 stage in all cultivars, indicating the start of nitrogen redistribution. About 13.8% to 37.9% of the total nitrogen in the seeds was estimated to have been redistributed from the leaf tissues in the ten cultivars. The seed yield was correlated positively with the amount of redistributed nitrogen from leaves but neither with the nitrogen concentration in the leaves at R5 nor with the proportion of redistributed nitrogen in the seeds. However, in high seed yielding years, 2008 and 2009, the seed yield was not associated with nitrogen redistribution; and the lowest nitrogen redistribution was associated with a relatively high seed yield in Tamahomare. Our results indicated that redistribution of a large amount of nitrogen does not always contribute to high seed yielding, implying the direct nitrogen uptake during seed filling could be more important factor for high seed yielding depending on the cultivars.     

野生大豆种皮形态结构和萌发特性的研究

通过种皮的透水性,种皮结构的电镜扫描和酸蚀种子萌发,对野生大豆种皮构造与种子休眠关系进行研究.结果表明:野生大豆种子属于典型硬实,栅栏层是引起种皮不透水的主要原因,种脐是水分进入种子的主要通道,酸蚀20～30 min能有效打破种皮的不透水性障碍.     

大豆种子泥膜蔓生性和种皮色的遗传及其与蛋白质含量的关系

本文应用6个种间杂交组合研究了种子泥膜、种皮色和蔓生性的遗传以及它们各自与籽粒蛋白质含量的相关。结果表明:种子泥膜的遗传存在基因互补作用,蔓生性是数量性状;种皮色遗传较复杂。种子泥膜和种皮色基本上与籽粒蛋白质含量无关;蔓生性与蛋白质含量有一定相关。     

小麦铭贤169休眠解除期间种子结构与主要成分的变化

为探究小麦种子休眠解除期间的成分变化对发芽率的影响,了解种子休眠解除机制,以铭贤169为材料,在收获后不同储藏时间(间隔20 d)取样,通过显微设备观察了种子后熟期间的结构变化,测定了相关生理指标和成分,以探究铭贤169种子休眠性原因。结果表明,铭贤169种子休眠解除过程中,种皮细胞结构、组织结构、淀粉粒结构、蛋白基质等均发生变化,淀粉含量、粒径、糊化特性、热稳定性随贮藏时间延长变化显著。铭贤169的离体胚在花后25 d就具有发芽能力,但种子在花后35 d仍处于休眠。收获后熟期间,种胚活性、种子吸水率、含水量、淀粉含量、淀粉糊化谷值粘度和峰值时间、热稳定性逐步上升,与发芽率正相关。A型淀粉粒表面破损,淀粉粒与蛋白质结合紧密,种皮结构松散;淀粉粒径、淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量和沉降值减小;面筋和粗蛋白含量变化不大。推测铭贤169种子的休眠性与种子母体成分有关,休眠解除期间发芽率变化受种皮结构、淀粉的分解程度、淀粉粒与蛋白质的结合方式、可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和性质以及淀粉酶活性等因素影响。     

NADPH Oxidases Act as Key Enzyme on Germination and Seedling Growth in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in seed germination. Although hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a type of ROS, enhances the germination rate of various plant seeds, little is known about the mechanism. NADPH oxidases catalyze the production of superoxide anion (O₂^-) that is one of the ROS and the enzymes regulate plant development. We, therefore, investigated the role of NADPH oxidases in seed germination and seedling growth in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The production of O₂^- was observed both in embryo and aleurone layers in barley seeds treated with distilled water (DW). However, it was suppressed in seeds treated with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) chloride, NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Moreover, DPI markedly delayed germination and remarkably suppressed α-amylase activity in barley seeds, indicating the importance of NADPH oxidases in germination of barley seeds. The gene expression and the enzyme activity of NADPH oxidases gradually increased after imbibition, and the enzyme activities were closely correlated with seedling growth after imbibition. Besides, DPI markedly suppressed the seedling growth. These results indicated that NADPH oxidases perform a crucial function in germination and seedling growth in barley. These facts clearly reveal that O₂^- produced by NADPH oxidases after imbibition regulates seed germination and seedling growth in barley.     

我国南方春大豆及春秋两用型早熟秋大豆良种的繁育体系

对育成的春秋大豆新品种，采用当地和异地不同时期种植等农艺措施，提高了种子的发芽率，复壮了种性，从而完善了我国南方春大豆及春秋两用型早熟秋大豆的良种繁育体系（图１）。     

引发剂结合固体基质引发对三倍体西瓜种子发芽性能的影响

种子发芽出苗率低是制约三倍体无籽西瓜生产的主要原因。试验以红小玉为材料,用0.1%H2O2,0.1%CuSO4+2%KNO3+KH2PO4混合液和20 m g/kg的GA3丙酮溶液作引发剂,在固体基质中吸湿32 h后回干,通过砂床发芽试验,测定种子萌发率和幼苗素质。结果表明,种子萌发率提高了44.6~62.4个百分点,并显著提高了发芽势、幼苗鲜重和根系活力。其中,GA引发处理的种子发芽率达88.23%,与破壳处理(CK 1)接近,比未处理(CK 2)提高了62.47个百分点;3种处理的苗鲜重均显著高于CK 1和CK 2,处理间差异不显著;3种处理均显著提高了幼苗根系活力,以0.1%H2O2处理效果最佳。3种引发剂结合固体基质引发处理,均可有效提高三倍体西瓜种子萌发率,并为培育壮苗奠定了基础。在固体基质处理过程中,西瓜种子吸水缓慢,给细胞膜的修复提供了时间,是种子可以达到引发促萌的原因之一。