水、陆稻在水田、旱地栽培的生态适应性研究：II．稻株碳、氮代谢的生态适应性观察

 旱种条件下，不论水稻还是陆稻，全糖、全氮含量均高于水种条件，醇溶糖占全糖的比例较高，碳／氮比低：陆稻的醇溶糖占全糖的比例远远高于水稻，这一特性很少随种植条件的改变而产生很大的变化，这可能是其对旱地适应性较强的生理原因之一。同时发现，贮藏性物质的增加是水稻旱种条件下的重要生理表现。     

宋代的水稻生产

宋代(公元10～13世纪)是中国科学技术高度发展的朝代,在中国科学技术史上占有突出的地位。无论是天文、数学、地学、兵器、造船、印刷术、医药、建筑、纺织、冶金、瓷器等领域或行业,都有可观的成就。农业生产也不例外,特别是水稻的生产(以及蚕桑)在中国历史上第一次超过北方的粟麦,使水稻的生产从此更为巩固和进一步得以发展。介绍了宋代水稻的生产状况。     

日本水稻生产发展变化及对我国的启示

社会经济的发展对稻米生产流通具有重要的影响。利用日本农林水产省的统计数据,分析了60年来日本水稻生产方式、劳动时间、消费流通渠道的变化,并结合目前我国稻米产业所处现状,探讨日本稻米产业发展对我国的启示。60年来,随着GDP的增长,日本水稻种植面积和水稻总产不断下降,得益于稻作技术的发展,水稻生产劳动时间显著缩短,且单产不断提高;随着人民生活水平的提高,稻米消费量不断下降,而民众对稻米品质的要求提高,日本优异的水稻品种资源奠定了其优良品质的基础;20世纪70年代以来,日本政府减少稻米统购统销数量,逐渐形成了以农协为主、直销为辅的稻米流通方式,极大提高了流通效率,新兴销售方式-电商等的出现又进一步提高了农户的种稻效益。近年来,我国水稻生产机械化程度逐步提高,稻米市场进一步开放,稻米产业发展正处于转型时期,少数已经达到比较好的水平,但大多数跟日本20世纪70-90年代时的稻米产业状况较相似。借鉴日本的稻米生产及流通方式的变化,我国应积极调整水稻生产方式,扩大水稻生产个体规模,加快水稻生产机械化进程,增加水稻生产公共基础设施建设,进一步引导优质稻发展,加强稻米品牌建设,实现产销对接。     

日本水稻生产和消费现状、问题与启示

利用大量图表和统计资料详细介绍了50年来日本水稻栽培面积,产量,主栽品种,生产成本,大米消费以及国际贸易等方面的动态变化趋势,分析了日本水稻生产和消费的历史、现状和问题,并对今后我国水稻的育种方向以及国际国内稻米市场开拓提供了一些有益的建议。     

北方旱作水稻研究现状及发展前景

阐述了我国北方旱稻研究现状,分析了旱作条件下水稻生物学性状、生理生化变化规律及旱作水稻产量及其构成因素与其它性状、品质与其它性状的相关关系,指出产量的提高与品质的改良并不存在矛盾,育种工作者完全可以培育出集高产、优质于一身的旱稻品种。评价了旱作水稻各抗旱性鉴定指标,指出综合抗旱力指数K值法作为一种鉴定水稻品种的综合抗旱能力研究方法较为客观、准确,且易于掌握利用。并从旱作水稻研究现状、生产实际出发,结合我国北方气候特点、水资源情况,分析了我国北方发展旱稻的可行性及其广阔的发展前景。     

北方旱作水稻研究现状及发展前景

阐述了我国北方旱稻研究现状,分析了旱作条件下水稻生物学性状、生理生化变化规律及旱作水稻产量及其构成因素与其它性状、品质与其它性状的相关关系,指出产量的提高与品质的改良并不存在矛盾,育种工作者完全可以培育出集高产、优质于一身的旱稻品种。评价了旱作水稻各抗旱性鉴定指标,指出综合抗旱力指数K值法作为一种鉴定水稻品种的综合抗旱能力研究方法较为客观、准确,且易于掌握利用。并从旱作水稻研究现状、生产实际出发,结合我国北方气候特点、水资源情况,分析了我国北方发展旱稻的可行性及其广阔的发展前景。     

不同旱稻品种产量与性状的主成分分析

为了明确旱稻品种的生长发育规律,以及与产量形成的主要因素,为旱稻育种与栽培研究提供理论依据。本试验以10个参试旱稻品种(系)为试材,采用随机区组设计,通过对旱稻品种的主要农艺性状进行主成分分析,研究结果表明:参试品种在不同性状间差异较大,尤其在有效穗数、穗实粒数等高产育种性状上存在较大差异。吉林省旱稻主栽品种粒数因子较为重要,贡献率为40.428%,并以穗粒数、每穗实粒数的分量值较高,而产量的提高应进一步提高株高,同时提高有效穗。因此,在旱稻高产育种中,应适度增加材料的株高和选择多穗的材料,可增加选育材料的单株产量。     

吉林省的旱稻研究及其发展前景

从历年研究课题和取得的科研成果两方面回顾了吉林省旱稻研究的历史过程;客观地分析了旱稻研究的现状,从承担国家旱稻品种试验到旱稻栽培和新品种选育研究,并介绍了旱稻研究存在的主要问题;种植旱稻是实现节水农业的有效途径之一,研究领域和前景十分广阔。     

稻米：一百年,一千年,一万年

大致说来,一万年前是中国稻作的起源时期,一千年前则是中国稻作传统的形成时期,而最近一百年则是中国稻作发展最快的时期。用一百年、一千年、一万年这三个大致的时间节点,全景展示中国稻米的历史、稻米对于国计民生的重要性、千百年来中国人民为解决吃饭问题所做的努力、近百年来中国稻作科技的发展与进步,展望未来稻米所可能遇到的挑战和前景。     

Anatomy of Nodal Roots in Tropical Upland and Lowland Rice Varieties

abstract

Nodal root anatomy was compared among twelve upland and lowland rice (Oryza sative L.) varieties with tropical origin which were grown in hydroponic culture and under field conditions. The traditional upland japonica varieties showed the largest diameter of root, stele, and xylem vessel followed by modern upland varieties. There was a clear varietal difference in the ratio of stele to root diameter, which was associated with the genetic group rather than with the ecosystems. The japonica varieties had a significantly larger stele diameter relative to the root diameter than indica and aus varieties. The indica and aus varieties displayed more xylem vessels per unit area of stele than the japonica varieties, but the diameter of xylem vessel was smaller. Equivalent xylem vessel diameter (De) was more dependent on the number of xylem in the indica varieties than in the japonica varieties. Distinctly different types of sclerenchyma anatomy were identified among the varieties. The development of sclerenchyma was classified into four different types based on thickening of cell wall in the outer cortical parenchyma and the number of sclerenchymatous cell layers. Like the xylem anatomy, the varietal differences in sclerenchyma development were more associated with genetic group rather than the ecotype. The japonica varieties had higher frequency of the types which have a doubled cell layer in sclerenchyma with thick cell wall than indica and aus. The difference among the genetic groups was nearly consistent across growing conditions, aerobic and submerged soils. These results indicated that sclerenchyma development is controlled by a genetic factor.     

Differences in the Rate of Seedling Emergence among Rice Cultivars under Low Soil-Moisture Conditions

Abstract

The objective of this study was to identify rice cultivars with high emergence ability under low soil-moisture conditions using a large number of rice cultivars, and to clarify the differences between the rates of emergence in lowland and upland, white- and red-kerneled, and non-glutinous and glutinous cultivars. First, 30 cultivars with a high emergence rate at 14 days after sowing (DAS) were selected at a soil water potential of -1.17 to -0.89 MPa from 382 cultivars through fourscreening experiments. In these experiments, the emergence rate was significantly higher in the upland cultivars than in the lowland cultivars. The red-kerneled cultivars also had a significantly higher emergence rate than the white-kerneled cultivars. However, no difference in emergence rate was observed between the non-glutinous and glutinous cultivars. Second, the emergence rates of various cultivars were examined at a soil water potential of -1.62, -1.23, and -1.07 MPa. The higher the soil water potential, the higher the emergence rate at 28 DAS and the shorter the time to the emergence. The order of cultivars in their emergence rate at 13 DAS at -1.07 MPa was similar to that at 28 DAS at -1.62 MPa. Therefore, the dataat 13 DAS at -1.07 MPa were used to compare the selected 30 cultivars for their emergence ability under low soil-moisture conditions. Moulla Topa showed the highest emergence rate (78.1%) and Gaiya Rate Bhasunamathe the shortest time to 50% emergence (11.1 d) under these conditions.     

Survey of Rice Cropping Systems in Kampong Chhnang Province,Cambodia

Although Cambodia might have achieved self-sufficiency and an exported surplus in rice production,its rice-based farming systems are widely associated with low productivity,low farmer income and rural poverty.The study is based on a questionnaire village survey in 14 communes containing 97 villages of Kampong Chhnang Province from March to June,2011.It analyzes the prevailing rice-based cropping systems and evaluates options for their improvement.Differences in cropping systems depend on the distance from the Tonle Sap water bodies.At distances greater than 10 km,transplanted wet-season rice cropping system with low productivity of about 1.6 t/hm 2 prevails.This deficiency can be primarily attributed to soils with high coarse sand fractions and low pH (< 4.0),use of ’late’ cultivars,and exclusive use of self-propagated seeds.To improve this cropping system,commercial ’medium’ cultivars help prevent crop failure by shortening the cultivation period by one month and complementation of wet-season rice with non-rice crops should be expanded.Areas adjacent (≤ 1 km) to the water bodies become inundated for up to seven months between July until January of each year.In this area,soils contain more fine sand,silt and clay,and their pH is higher (> 4.0).Farmers predominantly cultivate dry-season recession rice between January and April.Seventy-nine percent of the area is sown directly and harvested by combines.Adoption ratio of commercial rice seeds is 59% and yields average 3.2 t/hm 2.Introduction of the second dry-season rice between April and July may double annual yields in this rice cropping system.Besides upgrading other cultivation technologies,using seeds from commercial sources will improve yield and rice quality.Along with rice,farmers grow non-rice crops at different intensities ranging from single annual crops to intensive sequences at low yields.     

Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth,Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan

Abstract

The suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m^?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m^?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility.     

Nitrogen Uptake by the Rice Plant and Changes in the Soil Chemical Properties in the Paddy Rice Field during Yearly Application of Anaerobically-Digested Manure for Seven Years

Abstract

This study investigated the changes in the chemical properties of the plow soil during a 7-year period with yearly application of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM), and the effect of the different ADM application methods on nitrogen (N) uptake by rice plants and the apparent N balance (input N minus output N). Among the treatments significant differences were observed in the pH, total N, and available N in the plow soil. The cumulative N uptake by rice plants in the ADM split application plots was significantly higher than that in single application plots. Consequently, the apparent N balance (input N minus output N) in the single ADM application plots was more positive. This result suggests that split application of ADM is more favorable for N uptake by rice plants. Although the apparent N balance was negative in the plots without N fertilizer, with chemical N and with low ADM, there was no observable decline in the total N and available N in the plow soil. This result implies that input and output of N in these plots were well balanced by additional N supply other than fertilization. On the other hand, the apparent N balance during the 7-year study under standard and heavy application of ADM was positive, indicating the preservation of soil fertility.     

中国水稻生产、市场与进出口贸易的回顾与展望

新中国成立以来,我国水稻科技不断取得重大突破,单产连创新高,年人均稻谷占有量突破150 kg,稻米供求实现了由长期短缺到总量平衡有余的历史性跨越,优质稻占比持续提高;市场从统购统销到合同定购,从保护价收购到托市收购,市场化程度不断加深,国家宏观调控能力不断增强,稻米市场价格稳步上涨;国家持续加强对大米贸易的宏观调控,改...     

云南陆稻品种抗瘟性鉴定及其与抗旱性的相关分析

为了明确陆稻在不同逆境胁迫下的抗性表现,利用云南省4个稻瘟病菌优势小种对30个云南陆稻品种进行抗稻瘟病鉴定,并对其进行抗旱性评价及SSR多样性分析。结果表明:抗病能力中等以上品种占所检测品种的60%,抗旱能力中等以上品种占所有供试品种的66.7%,平均有效等位基因数为1.097 5、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.077 8;相关分析结果显示,供试品种的抗瘟性与抗旱性间存在显著的相关关系。本研究结果表明,供试品种间存在丰富的遗传多样性变异,且在面临不同逆境胁迫时具有相近的抗性表现,使得育种过程中培育兼具较好抗瘟、抗旱能力的栽培稻新品种成为可能。     

宁夏水稻

从宁夏水稻的生产历史、地理生态条件、生产及科研现状、发展中存在问题、发展之展望五个方面比较全面地介绍了宁夏水稻。明确指出了宁夏水稻的发展是伴随着宁夏引黄灌区的开发而发展,宁夏水稻高产而上乘的品质是与宁夏独特的生态条件相关联。阐述了宁夏水稻品种、栽培技术演变及其成效。从宁夏种稻所具有的良好经济功能和生态功能强调了宁夏引黄灌区种稻的重要性,分析宁夏水稻生产发展中的问题,展望了宁夏未来水稻面积、区域优化布局、品种、栽培技术多样化发展趋势。     

“双季稻+西兰花”水旱轮作模式增产增效栽培技术研究

在温光资源适宜地区,因地制宜开展“早晚稻+西兰花”水旱轮作栽培技术研究,旨在探究在保证粮食生产条件下提高稻田周年生产效益的途径。试验对比了“双季稻+冬闲”“双季稻+西兰花”两种模式水稻产量、水稻季氮肥偏生产力以及稻田周年生产效益。结果表明,“双季稻+西兰花”模式可以显著提高连作早稻产量、早稻季氮肥偏生产力,降低早稻季肥料投入成本,大幅度提高稻田周年生产效益。“双季稻+西兰花”水旱轮作是实现双季稻绿色节本增效可持续发展的栽培技术。     

Farmer-to-Farmer Extension Facilitated by Agricultural Training Institutions: A Case of NERICA Dissemination in Tanzania

Abstract

The Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training Center (KATC) extension approach has disseminated cultivation techniques for irrigated rice across Tanzania. KATC provides training to extension officers and key farmers (KFs). It also helps subsequent farmer-to-farmer (FTF) extension from KFs to intermediate farmers (IFs) and then to other farmers (OFs). The long-term intensive training for irrigated rice was greatly simplified for the dissemination of NERICA1 that was recently released for rainfed rice fields. While the original approach involves a 12-day residential training and a season-long field follow-up, the simplified one only provides a 2-day residential training. Here, we investigated the extent to which the simplified approach diffused NERICA1. The FTF extension worked almost theoretically from KFs to IFs but not from KFs/IFs to OFs over three cropping seasons. However, the number of OFs gradually increased with little intervention, suggesting that this approach should have some mechanism that encourages participation of OF from an early dissemination stage.     

Yield potential and water use efficiency of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Japan

Intensive rice farming in aerobic soil, referred to herein as aerobic rice, can greatly reduce the water input compared to that of flooded rice cultivation. The objective of this study was to compare the potential productivity of aerobic rice and flooded rice using high-yielding varieties at two locations in Japan in two successive years. In aerobic fields, the total amount of water supplied (irrigation plus rainfall) was 800–1300 mm. The soil water potential at 20-cm depth averaged between −15 and −30 kPa each growing season, but frequently reached −60 kPa. The average yield under aerobic conditions was similar to or even higher than that achieved with flooded conditions (7.9 t ha⁻¹ in 2007 and 9.4 t ha⁻¹ in 2008 for aerobic versus 8.2 t ha⁻¹ for flooded). The average water productivity under aerobic conditions was 0.8–1.0 kg grain m⁻³ water, slightly higher than common values in the literature. The super-high-yielding cultivar Takanari achieved yields greater than 10 t ha⁻¹ with no yield penalty under aerobic conditions in 3 out of 4 experiments. The favorable agronomic characteristic of Takanari was its ample sink capacity (grain number × grain weight). In conclusion, high-productivity rice cultivation in aerobic soil is a promising technology for water conservation. With continued breeding, future aerobic rice varieties will possess large numbers of spikelets and sufficient adaptation to aerobic conditions such that they will consistently achieve yields comparable to the potential yield of flooded rice.