辽宁省2005年审定水稻品种米质情况分析及改良对策

以2005年辽宁省审定的32个水稻品种为材料,对辽宁省水稻品种品质近况进行了分析。在所有的材料中,6项指标全部达到国标一级标准的有3个,达标率为9.38%;达标率最高的是糙米率,其次是胶稠度、整精米率,最低的是直链淀粉含量。同时对辽宁省水稻品质改良中需要着重解决的几个问题进行了探讨。     

水稻抗旱性的研究进展

随着全球水资源的日益匮乏和旱灾的日趋严重,水资源短缺正成为制约我国农业发展的重要因素。培育抗旱栽培稻品种并实现水稻旱种,不但可较大程度地节约水资源,且有利于稳产增产、节约能源和减少环境污染,故栽培稻的抗旱性研究作为稻作科学研究的重要课题显得愈来愈重要。本文从水稻抗旱性鉴定形态指标、生理指标和分子标记研究三方面分别概述,并对今后水稻抗旱性方向进行了探讨。     

Strategy for Use of Rice Blast Resistance Genes in Rice Molecular Breeding

Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice production worldwide. The development and rational use of resistant varieties has been the most effective and economical measure to control blast. In this review, we summarized the cloning and utilization of rice blast resistance genes, such as Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi54, Pigm and Piz-t. We concluded that three main problems in the current breeding of rice blast resistance are: availability of few R(resistance) genes that confer resistance to both seedling and panicle blast, the resistance effect of pyramided lines is not the result of a simple accumulation of resistance spectrum, and only a few R genes have been successfully used for molecular breeding. Therefore, novel utilization strategies for rice blast R genes in molecular breeding were proposed, such as accurately understanding the utilization of R genes in main modern rice varieties, creating a core resistant germplasm with excellent comprehensive traits, screening and utilizing broadspectrum and durable resistance gene combinations. Lastly, the trends and possible development direction of blast resistance improvement were also discussed, including new genes regulating resistance identified via GWAS(genome-wide association study) and improving rice blast resistance using genetic editing.     

抗旱剂“ASA”在水稻生产上应用效果试验

采用拌种试验,并通过在同一时期施用不同数量"ASA"抗旱剂的小区对比试验,分析"ASA"抗旱剂对水稻生产的影响,结果表明:该药剂有促进水稻生长的作用,通过拌种可以增强水稻秧苗素质,对水稻有一定的增产作用,其中40 g/667 m2浓度的处理效果最好,较常规对照区增产1.6%～4.5%。     

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Drought Tolerant and Susceptible Rice Genotypes Using Microsatellite Markers

The introgression of wild chromosomal segments into popular rice varieties is one of the potential approaches for developing varieties for drought stress condition. Sixteen genotypes, including nine indica, two tropical japonica and five chromosome segments substitution lines(CSSLs) with different levels of tolerance/susceptibility to drought stress, were selected for diversity study. Sixty-three microsatellite markers were utilized for assessing genetic diversity. A total of 95 alleles were amplified, and out of them, 60 were polymorphic. Six unique alleles, amplified by the microsatellite loci RM276, RM472,RM488, RM537, RM541 and RM28089, were identified in six genotypes, namely FR13A, Brahamanakhi,RUF44, Swarna-sub1, Brahamanakhi and Satyabhama. The highest genetic similarity was found among CSSLs. Polymorphism information content(PIC) value varied from 0 to 1.00 with an average of 0.66 per locus. Twenty-eight microsatellites were found to be polymorphic, which could be used in marker-assisted selection programme. All the sixteen genotypes were grouped into two major clusters at genetic similarity of 0.64. In the cluster I, five CSSLs identified as diverse genotypes had wild ancestor segments responsible for drought tolerance, and hence they could be utilized as potential donors. The popular Indian varieties, Swarna-sub1 and IR64-sub1, could be used as recurrent parents in the future breeding program for developing varieties for abiotic stresses such as submergence and drought.     

Genetic Improvement of Rice for Bacterial Blight Resistance: Present Status and Future Prospects

The production and productivity of rice has been challenged due to biotic and abiotic factors. Bacterial blight (BB) disease, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is one of the important biotic stress factors, which reduces rice production by 20%–50%. The deployment of host plant resistance is the most preferred strategy for management of BB disease, and breeding disease resistant varieties remains a very economical and effective option. However, it is difficult to develop rice varieties with durable broad-spectrum resistance against BB using conventional approaches alone. Modern biotechnological tools, particularly the deployment of molecular markers, have facilitated the cloning, characterization and introgression of BB resistance genes into elite varieties. At least 46 BB resistance genes have been identified and mapped from diverse sources till date. Among these, 11 genes have been cloned and characterized. Marker-assisted breeding remains the most efficient approach to improve BB resistance by introducing two or more resistance genes into target varieties. Among the identified genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 are being widely used in marker-assisted breeding and more than 70 rice varieties or hybrid rice parental lines have been improved for their BB resistance alone or in combination with genes/QTLs conferring tolerance to other stress. We review the developments related to identification and utilization of various resistance genes to develop BB resistant rice varieties through marker-assisted breeding.     

Increasing Production of Rainfed Lowland Rice in Drought Prone Environments

Summary

Drought is a major production constraint of rainfed lowland rice grown in Thailand and Laos. Adverse soil conditions also reduce yield. In an attempt to increase rainfed lowland rice production in these countries, a major collaborative international project was conducted during a 6-year period in the region. The objectives of the project were to quantify production constraints, determine genotypic variation in yield, and identify an effective breeding strategy. A rice simulation model was developed also and used to investigate the potential impact of strategies for genetic improvement and agronomic management.

Four major physical or biological constraints to higher production levels of rainfed lowland rice were identified, (1) the lack of standing water at the appropriate time of transplanting, (2) severe water stress that often develops at the end of the growing season, (3) low yield potential of the present cultivars, particularly in Thailand, and (4) adverse soil conditions including low pH and low soil fertility. The results of the field experiments and simulation modelling exercises showed that the influence of these constraints can be reduced and yield increased by several methods : in particular, choice of appropriate cultivars and time of sowing to match crop phenology with water availability, application of appropriate fertilizer, adoption of high yielding cultivars, adoption of direct seeding in place of the traditional transplanting system, and reduction of percolation water loss from the paddies.

A technology package currendy being investigated for the rainfed lowland rice is direct seeding early in the season, using cultivars that flower by the end of the rainy season, with application of organic or chemical fertilizer. The appropriate cultivars are early flowering and short-intermediate statured, possess high yield potential and ability to maintain favourable plant water status at flowering, and have the ability to establish well and compete against weed under direct seeding.     

水稻应用膨化砂无土旱育苗技术试验效果初探

为解决水稻旱育秧取"客土"难题,我们采取膨化砂做育秧基质,开展水稻无土育秧试验研究,取得了良好效果。试验结果显示:水稻秧苗健壮,根系发达,盘根良好,适于机械插,插秧后返青快,分蘖早,优质高产,为解决水稻育秧取土难题开辟了有效途径。     

云南陆稻品种抗瘟性鉴定及其与抗旱性的相关分析

为了明确陆稻在不同逆境胁迫下的抗性表现,利用云南省4个稻瘟病菌优势小种对30个云南陆稻品种进行抗稻瘟病鉴定,并对其进行抗旱性评价及SSR多样性分析。结果表明:抗病能力中等以上品种占所检测品种的60%,抗旱能力中等以上品种占所有供试品种的66.7%,平均有效等位基因数为1.097 5、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.077 8;相关分析结果显示,供试品种的抗瘟性与抗旱性间存在显著的相关关系。本研究结果表明,供试品种间存在丰富的遗传多样性变异,且在面临不同逆境胁迫时具有相近的抗性表现,使得育种过程中培育兼具较好抗瘟、抗旱能力的栽培稻新品种成为可能。     

玉米抗旱性研究的现状及展望

本文从玉米的生长发育状况、生物膜结构、激素调节、干旱诱导蛋白等方面综述了干旱胁迫对玉米的伤害及玉米抗旱性的生物学机理,简要介绍了当今玉米抗旱性研究的动向。     

Comparison of Root System Development in Two Rice Cultivars During Stress Recovery from Drought and the Plant Traits for Drought Resistance

Summary

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare root system development of two upland rice cultivars, IRAT 13 and Senshou, during recovery from drought stress and to identify the plant traits that confer drought resistance. From 62 days after sowing (62 DAS), drought stress was given for 6 d followed by rewatering for 14 d. Root length density (RLD) and root diameter (thickness) were measured at the end of the stress and rewatering periods. Control plants were well-watered throughout the study. Gultivar IRAT 13 had thicker roots and higher relative RLD (ratio of RLD in drought-stressed plants to that in control plants) than under drought stress, and significantly higher root growth recovery after rewatering cultivar Senshou. Related plant traits such as evapotranspiration (ET), leaf and stem dry weights and weight of senescent leaves (dead leaves) in IRAT 13 were significantly more favorable for drought resistance compared to Senshou.     

水稻稻瘟病抗性基因及稻瘟病菌无毒基因研究进展

稻瘟病是水稻生产上最为重要的病害之一,可引起大幅度减产.水稻—稻瘟病菌互作机制是目前研究植物与病原物互作的模式系统.关于稻瘟病抗性基因、稻瘟病菌无毒基因的研究取得显著进展,为水稻抗稻瘟病分子标记辅助育种、基因工程育种及稻瘟病绿色防治提供了广阔的前景.对稻瘟病菌侵染机制、稻瘟病抗性基因定位与克隆、抗病基因和无毒基因的互作...     

杂草稻幼苗期耐旱性的初步筛选与评价

采用盆栽试验,在人工设置干旱胁迫条件下,对不同地区杂草稻幼苗期的耐旱性进行了鉴定。杂草稻具有良好的抗逆能力,本文利用33份杂草稻种质资源,在苗期对其进行抗旱性筛选,调查了幼苗存活率,抗衰度等指标,计算了苗期抗旱性综合系数。结果表明,大部分杂草稻在苗期具有较强抗旱性,为下一步更深入的研究奠定基础。     

高抗稻瘟病品种粤标5号的遗传背景及农艺性状分析

粤标5号是应用分子标记技术育成的抗病优质水稻新品种,应用水稻12条染色体的237对SSR标记对该品种的遗传背景进行分析,结果发现:93个标记在亲本间有明显的多态性,多态性比例为39.2%;在各染色体上,基因型来自轮回亲本的比例为30.0%~100.0%,来自供体亲本的比例为0.0~70.0%;除染色体1和9外,该品种在其它染色体上均与轮回亲本存在不同程度的差异位点,背景回复率为83.3%,低于理论回复率。此外,对粤标5号的农艺性状分析表明,该品种有多个性状介于双亲之间,但在每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、粒型等与轮回亲本存在极显著差异。研究结果将为水稻抗病分子育种提供参考依据。     

Root Growth and Water Extraction Response of Doubled-Haploid Rice Lines to Drought and Rewatering during the Vegetative Stage

Abstract

Doubled haploid lines (DHLs) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were used to examine responses to drought and rewatering in controlled rainfed lowland conditions, in order to determine whether confounding by unrelated traits would be less than has been reported previously for contrasting cultivars that differ in genetic background. IR62266 and four DHLs derived from the cross between IR62266 and CT9993 (DHL-32, -51, -54 and -79) were grown in pot experiments in the greenhouse during the 2000 dry and wet seasons at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. There were two water regimes (well-watered and drought). Estimated water extraction obtained by time domain reflectometry (TDR) was similar to cumulative transpiration estimated from pot weighing for each genotype. Genotypic variation was observed in root traits and water extraction, with extraction slower in DHL-32 and faster in DHL-79, especially in deeper soil layers. An upper bound relationship between water extraction from a soil layer and root length density (RLD) in that layer was readily apparent over DHLs and soil depths, suggesting a critical value of RLD for water extraction of 0.30 cm cm^?3 in these conditions. Because soils in the field would not be as homogenous as the puddled soils used in these greenhouse experiments, this critical RLD for water extraction from a soil layer is a reference for ideal conditions, and requires careful validation in the field. Use of DHLs permitted comparisons with reduced confounding by genetic background, with consequent improvements in precision.     

吉林省西部中度盐碱地种稻改良试验报告

通过施用改良剂、生物肥、排水洗盐碱等种稻技术措施,快速改良、培肥、利用盐碱地,充分发挥以稻治涝、以稻治碱、以稻致富的生态农业作用,不断探索和研究中度及重盐碱地改良利用途径,以提高盐碱地种稻的经济效益。     

Improvement of Rice Production under Drought Conditions in West Africa: Application of QTLs in Breeding for Drought Resistance

Rice plays a paramount role in food and nutrition security in many West African countries. Despite the doubling of production during the last decade, rice consumption has grown faster, creating a deficit between the demand and supply. Although the West African sub-region remains the main rice-producing centre on the continent, production is severely hampered by biotic and abiotic stresses. Drought is one of the factors that most severely reduce grain yields of rice. Systems of production need to be established in order to mitigate yield loss as a result of drought. This review discusses the effects of drought on rice production in West Africa and its mitigation with an emphasis on the improvement of tolerance to drought stress. Yield stability can be achieved by developing drought-tolerant varieties through several processes encompassing profiling of known QTLs and identification of new ones, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and extensive multi-locational yield trials. We suggest a comprehensive strategy for breeding drought-tolerant rice varieties in West Africa.     

杂交水稻品质改良的遗传基础和途径

阐述了杂交稻稻米品质的特点以及各品质性状的遗传特征 ,指出选育优质杂交组合必须以收集优质亲本资源为前提 ,并通过杂交选育、回交选育以及群体改良等手段加以改进 ,在创造出更为优良的亲本 (不育系与恢复系 )之后 ,采用优质亲本与中等或中等偏上米质的亲本配组 ,可以选育出适合广大群众所需要的普食型高产优质组合 ;采用优质亲本配优质亲本 ,可以选育出符合特殊消费和出口要求的高档优质组合     

杂交籼稻组合演替过程中植株农艺性状的变化

以大面积推广的23个杂交籼稻组合为材料,研究了品种更替过程中农艺性状的演变特征。结果表明,在杂交籼稻组合的演替过程中,单株有效穗数下降,单株产量和生物量降低,单茎的茎鞘、叶片、穗重增加,抽穗后叶片的光合能力增强。相关分析和通径分析表明,生物量是影响单株产量的主要因素。在杂交稻的育种和栽培中,强调单个有效穗的大穗优势的同时,必须注重品种的分蘖发生能力,建立适宜的群体密度以获取高产。