Analysis of Spike Development of Three Spring Wheat Genotypes under Various Cultural Conditions

Abstract

The spike development in three spring wheat genotypes was studied under various cultural conditions. Two genotypes weakly responsive to cultural conditions in spikelet number per spike (T1 from Nepal and Haruyutaka from Japan) and one weakly responsive to cultural conditions in spike length (U6 from Xinjiang Uygur district of China) were grown under three cultural conditions with different seeding density and fertilization levels : 680 seeds m^?2 without fertilizer (unfavorable), 340 seeds m^?2 with common fertilizer (common) and 170 seeds m^?1 with double fertilizer (favorable). The durations of the vegetative phase, spikelet phase and the spike elongation phase were scarcely influenced by these cultural conditions, although the leaf number was influenced. The development of spikelets seemed to be determined by several factors other than those affecting the developmental processes of the spike. In U6, the increase in shoot apex length during the floral initiation period under the favorable condition was accompanied with an increase in double ridge number and spikelet number per spike, but such a relationship was not observed in T1 and Haruyutaka. T1 and Haruyutaka had a higher rate of spikelet formation under the favorable condition than under the unfavorable condition, but U6 showed a rather lower rate of spikelet formation under the favorable condition. Thus, the effects of the cultural conditions on the spikelet number per spike differed with genotype. At the time of terminal spikelet formation, U6 tended to have a longer spike than T1 and Haruyutaka. However, since the rate of spike elongation was higher in T1 and Haruyutaka than in U6, the spike length at anthesis was shorter in U6.     

不同种植密度下小麦主要性状与产量和蛋白质含量的灰色评判

为了明确不同种植密度下小麦主要性状与产量和蛋白质含量的关系,以4种种植密度下4个小麦新品系(种)的11个性状为指标,运用灰色关联度分析其主要性状对产量和蛋白质含量构成的影响.结果表明,在不同密度下各主要性状对产量的关联度从大到小依次是:穗长＞可孕小稳数＞穗下节长＞株高＞蛋白质舍量＞整齐度＞不孕小穗数＞成穗数＞穗重＞千粒重＞穗颈长.在不同的密度下各主要性状对蛋白质含量的关联度从大到小依次是:株高＞可孕小穗数＞穗重＞千粒重＞穗长＞整齐度＞产量＞穗下节长＞不孕小穗数＞成穗数＞穗颈长.表明不同种植密度下影响产量和蛋白质含量的主要性状各有侧重,在高产优质新品种选育中应重视可孕小穗数和株高这两个主要性状.     

超高产冬小麦四种微量元素的积累及其与产量性状的关系

为了明确超高产冬小麦锰、锌、铜、硼的吸收积累特点及与产量相关性状的关系,于2005-2006年冬小麦成熟期测定了不同小麦品种产量相关性状及植株和籽粒中锰、锌、铜、硼的含量与积累量。结果表明,成熟期不同冬小麦品种植株和籽粒中4种元素的含量和积累量存在不同程度的差异,但都表现为锰>锌>铜>硼。植株锰积累量与穗粒数呈显著正相关,植株锰含量和积累量与单株成穗数呈显著负相关。植株和籽粒锌含量和积累量与每穗小穗数、结实小穗数和穗粒数呈正相关,与不孕小穗数呈负相关,但相关均未达到显著水平。植株铜含量与每穗小穂数、结实小穗数、穗粒数和产量均为正相关,且相关达到显著或极显著水平。植株铜积累量与总小穗数、结实小穗数呈显著正相关,与不孕小穗数呈显著负相关。植株硼积累量与产量达到显著正相关水平。综合分析可知,4种微量元素在增加产量和优化产量构成因素中起着不同的作用,在小麦生产中应针对具体的限制因素确定不同微量元素肥料的施用技术。     

播期对不同穗部特征小麦品种(系)生育期和农艺性状的影响

为了解播期对多小穗和寡小穗小麦生育期及农艺性状的影响,对13份不同来源的小麦品种(系)两年分期播种的生育期和6个农艺性状(株高、单株有效分蘖数、穗长、每穗小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重)进行了分析和评价。结果表明,播期的推迟导致材料间出苗期差异变大,抽穗期差异缩小,但开花期和成熟期差异变化不大,各农艺性状值减小。经方差分析,各农艺性状在不同播期和品种(系)间均存在极显著差异,其中单株有效分蘖数的变异系数最大,穗粒数次之,每穗小穗数最小。多小穗材料10-A和寡小穗材料BE89的穗长、每穗小穗数和穗粒数在播期间差异较小。经相关分析,播种至出苗和分蘖至抽穗天数与温度呈极显著负相关,出苗至分蘖和开花至成熟天数与平均日照时间呈显著负相关,抽穗至开花天数与温度和降水量呈显著负相关。经多元逐步回归分析,日最高温和日均温对多小穗和寡小穗材料的分蘖至抽穗天数有显著影响,平均日照时间在开花期、日最高温在成熟期分别对多小穗材料发育有显著影响。由此可见,小穗数特异性材料的每穗小穗数在不同播期下能保持稳定。     

施氮量对小麦穗花发育及穗粒数的影响

为了解小麦穗发育与氮素营养的关系,通过田间试验,设置90、180、270kg·hm-2三个施氮量水平(分别用N1、N2和N3表示),选用半冬性小麦品种豫麦49和弱春性品种太空6号为材料,研究了施氮量对小麦主茎幼穗长度、第九小穗小花发育进程、每穗总小穗数、不孕小穗数、小穗结实率、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,随着时间的推移,小麦主茎幼穗长度对施氮量响应逐渐明显,豫麦49和太空6号分别表现为N3N2N1和N2N3N1。豫麦49第九小穗第4~6朵小花发育进程对施氮量响应差异显著,且分化程度随施氮水平的提高而增加;太空6号第3~6朵小花进程对施氮量响应差异显著,其中第3朵小花在发育进程前期N2处理快于N1、N3处理,中期和后期N2、N3处理快于N1处理,第4~6朵小花分化程度则一直表现为N2N3N1。不同施氮处理间总小穗数、不孕小穗数、小穗结实率、产量、穗粒数等指标差异亦显著,且品种之间对施氮反应存在差异,其中豫麦49的总小穗数、小穗结实率、产量、穗粒数呈N3N2N1,而太空6号呈N2N3N1;豫麦49小穗结实率呈N3N2N1,而太空6号呈N2N3N1。由此可见,施氮量对小麦产量的影响与其对小穗中部小花发育、每穗总小穗数、不孕小穗数和单穗结实率的影响相一致。     

小麦温光敏雄性核不育系K78S及其衍生不育系的配合力分析

为了评价小麦温光敏核不育系的配合力,采用14×6不完全双列杂交对14个温光敏核不育系和6个恢复系的7个性状进行了配合力分析。结果表明,穗粒数、千粒重、穗长和小穗数的一般配合力(GCA)方差达极显著水平,这些性状以加性效应为主;单株产量、单株穗数和株高的GCA和特殊配合力(SCA)方差均达极显著水平,3个性状同时受加性和非加性效应的共同作用。GCA好的亲本一般都有较大的产量及产量构成因子GCA效应值以及较多的正效GCA产量构成因子,不育系S1、S6、S7、S9、S12、S13、m14均具有较好的GCA。10个单株产量最大组合的产量构成因素SCA效应值分析结果表明,强优势组合产量三要素的重要性依次为穗粒数、有效穗数和千粒重,不育系的小穗数和株高,恢复系的单株穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及株高的田间表型值与其GCA效应值呈极显著正相关,这些性状的表型值可直接用于指导亲本选配。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

小麦产量相关性状的全基因组关联分析

为挖掘小麦产量相关性状的优异等位变异,利用筛选的106对多态性SSR标记扫描236份小麦种质资源组成的自然群体,并进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,利用106对引物共检测到874个等位变异,每对引物平均为8.24个,变化范围为2～23个;主要等位变异频率的变化范围为0.177～0.987,平均为0.545;多态性信息指数(PIC)的变化范围0.026～0.895,平均0.550。采用混合线性模型对4个环境的株高、穗长、主穗粒数、单株穗数和千粒重进行关联分析后,共关联到20对SSR标记,有26个显著关联位点(P0.01),其表型解释率范围为6.25%～18.97%。其中,标记 Xgwm164(1A)在4个环境下均与株高显著关联;Xgwm55(6D)同时与株高和穗长两个性状显著关联; Xwmc415(5B)在2个环境下与单株穗数显著关联。通过对等位变异表型效应的解析筛选出各关联位点的优异等位变异,包括可以降低株高4.24cm的优异等位变异 Xgwm164-1A_(118)、可以增加穗长0.75cm的优异等位变异 Xgwm429-2B_(207)、可以增加单株穗数1.07个的优异等位变异 Xwmc415-5B_(154)、可以增加主穗粒数1.93粒的优异等位变异 Xgwm232-1D_(138)及可以增加千粒重0.92g的优异等位变异 Xgwm610-4A_(170)。     

Old and modern durum wheat varieties from Italy and Spain differ in main spike components

Four field experiments comparing 24 durum wheat varieties grown at different periods during the 20th century in Italy and Spain were carried out to assess the changes caused by breeding activities on the number of grains per main spike and its determinants: number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spikelet, fertile flowering and grain setting. Increases of 0.14 grains spike⁻¹ year⁻¹ (0.43% year⁻¹ in relative terms) and 0.08 grains spike⁻¹ year⁻¹ (0.22% year⁻¹) were observed in Italian and Spanish varieties, respectively. The overall change in the number of grains per spike in Italian germplasm (29.5%) was due to increases in both, the number of spikelets per spike (7.5%) and the number of grains per spikelet (20.3%), while in Spanish varieties the increase in the number of grains per spike (19.5%) was only attributed to the improvement of the number of grains per spikelet. The increase in the number of fertile florets per spike (about 12%) was similar in both countries, but while it explained more than 70% of the changes in the number of grains per spike in Spanish varieties, grain setting was responsible for most of the improvement in the number of grains per spike in the Italian germplasm. The percentage of florets setting grains was 68 and 64% in modern Italian and Spanish varieties, respectively. Most of the changes in the number of grains per spikelet were found in the upper part of the spike on Italian varieties, whilst they were more evenly distributed in the Spanish ones. The main achievement derived from the introduction of the Rht-B1 dwarfing gene was an increase in the number of grains per spikelet, but it did not have any effect on the number of spikelets on the main spike. The lack of genetic associations between grain setting and both the number of spikelets per spike and the number of fertile florets per spike suggests that future yield gains may be obtained through increases in the three components independently.     

Cadmium Concentration in Grains of Japanese Wheat Cultivars : Genotypic Difference and Relationship with Agronomic Characteristics

The contamination of cadmium (Cd) into the food chain can be harmful because Cd causes chronic health problems. To evaluate the breeding potential reducing the Cd concentration in wheat grain, we compared Cd concentrations in 237 wheat genotypes including Japanese landraces, Japanese cultivars and introduced alien cultivars for breeding using grain samples collected from upland fields in 2004?5 and 2005?6 growing seasons. The Cd concentration in wheat grain significantly varied with the growing seasons and with the experimental fields. Cultivars bred in northern Japan, including the recent Japanese leading cultivar ‘Hokushin’, tended to have a low Cd concentration in grain compared with that bred in central and southern Japan. Simple correlation analysis between Cd concentration in grain and agronomic characteristics revealed that the Cd concentration in grain showed significant negative correlations with stem number, culm length and spikelet number per spike, and showed significant positive correlation with SPAD value (chlorophyll content) of flag leaf. Stepwise multipleregression analysis showed that the genotypic variation of Cd concentration in grain was associated with the culm length and spiklet number per spike. This study clarified the geographical pattern of genotypes with different Cd concentrations in grain in Japanese wheat cultivars. Cultivars originating from northern Japan may be useful genetic resources to develop cultivars with a low Cd concentration in grain to be grown in the areas where Cd accumulation in wheat grain is a problem.     

不同燕麦基因型源库关系对穗粒数形成过程的影响

为了解燕麦穗粒数形成过程与源、库特征之间的关系，连续两年以10个不同来源、熟期、穗型、株型、小穗数的燕麦品种为试验材料，测定三叶期至拔节期的幼穗分化阶段及抽穗期源库特征，采用方差分析、聚类分析、逐步回归分析等方法，分析不同燕麦基因型源库特征及对穗粒数形成过程的影响。结果表明，燕麦穗粒数形成过程存在基因型差异，幼穗分化较好品种的穗粒数较全部品种平均值高11.22%~65.43%；幼穗分化较好品种的光合势、干物质量、粒数叶比、收获指数显著高于幼穗分化较差品种，其中粒数叶比和收获指数是影响穗粒数形成的主要因素，粒数叶比和收获指数较全部品种平均值分别高0.99%~68.74%和0.85%~13.80%。综上所述，源库协调是燕麦幼穗分化良好的生理基础，可通过提高光合势和干物质量达到增源的目的，进而提高穗粒数。     

小麦重组自交系群体9个重要农艺性状的遗传分析

为了初步判断小麦重要性状的遗传组成,并筛选适于QTL定位的性状,以小偃81和西农1376及其构建的重组自交系群体(RILs)F7代为材料,采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型研究了株高、叶面积、穗下茎长、穗下节长、穗下节间直径、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和抽穗期等9个重要农艺性状的遗传特点.结果表明,穗下节长性状符合多基因遗传,无主基因存在;株高、小穗数、穗粒数、叶面积、穗长和抽穗期6个性状符合2对主基因+多基因遗传;穗下节间直径性状符合3对主基因遗传,无多基因存在;穗下茎长性状则符合3对主基因+多基因遗传.株高、穗长、抽穗期和穗下节间直径等4个性状的主基因遗传率分别为82.32％、75.75％、81.98％和91.04％,可能含有较大的主效QTL.     

大麦主茎穗与分蘖穗出穗差异及其对穗型的影响

为明确大麦主茎穗与分蘖穗出穗差异及其对穗型的影响,以1个二棱大麦和1个六棱大麦品种为材料,考察大麦主茎穗和不同分蘖穗的出穗顺序及其穗部性状。结果表明:供试品种主茎和分蘖的出穗期不一致,随出穗期延迟,穗长、每穗粒数和千粒质量呈下降趋势,主茎穗与分蘖穗1和分蘖穗2之间的差异较小。因此,大麦高产栽培应控制合理的基本苗和2个左右的分蘖穗。     

二棱啤酒大麦六个农艺性状与其单株产量间的多元回归分析

我们于1986—1987年对15个二棱啤酒大麦的株高(x_1)、单株穗数(x_2)、平均穗长(x_3)、单株粒数(x_4)、千粒重(x_5)、结实率(x_6)和单株产量(y)之间进行了多元回归分析。结果如下:(1)x_4和x_5对y的贡献达极显著水平,它们和y间的直线回归方程为y=-1.972059+0.03661108x_4+0.05663436x_5(F=29.95457~(**),R=0.912756)。根据这一方程可对二棱啤酒大麦的单株产量进行预报;(2)六个农艺性状对单株产量贡献大小的顺序为:单株粒数>千粒重>单株穗数>株高>平均穗长>结实率,因此,在二棱啤酒大麦的育种实践中,应把提高单株粒数作为主要育种目标,千粒重次之。     

干旱胁迫对中亚大麦农艺性状的影响及其相关基因定位

干旱是影响大麦产量的主要非生物胁迫之一。挖掘大麦干旱响应基因,有利于大麦耐旱品种的改良。本研究以167份中亚大麦品种为材料,测定正常灌水(出苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期各灌水1次)、灌水2次(出苗期、孕穗期各灌水1次)以及灌水1次(出苗期灌水1次)处理下大麦的株高、穗长、单株穗数和主穗小穗数,结合群体分子信息,对这4个性状进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)。结果表明,167份中亚大麦没有明显的地理亚群。全基因组关联分析共鉴定到8个与性状关联的位点,筛选到17个与大麦抗旱性相关的潜在候选基因,其中,调控大麦株高、穗长、主穗小穗数和单株穗数的候选基因分别有7、4、4和2个。同时,对耐旱系数(drought tolerance index,DI)进行GWAS关联分析,鉴定到7个与大麦耐旱相关的QTL,分布在1H、4H、5H和7H染色体上,存在96个潜在候选基因。该研究为后期大麦分子育种和抗旱功能基因克隆提供了基础数据。     

控制小麦穗颈长数量性状位点的遗传鉴定

为了解控制小麦穗颈长的遗传位点,以西藏半野生小麦Q1028与郑麦9023(ZM9023)杂交后所构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体为材料,于2011、2012、2013和2014年分别在四川农业大学温江试验田种植,对其穗颈长进行遗传分析。结果表明,群体内穗颈长呈正态分布,符合数量遗传的特点。在四年环境中,总共检测到4个控制穗颈长的QTL位点,分布于3A、5A和6B染色体上,贡献率为7.55%~11.44%。位于6B染色上wPt-669607~wPt-5480标记之间的QTL位点在三年环境中被稳定检测到。同时,四年环境下穗颈长与株高都呈显著正相关(P0.01),而仅在一年环境中与穗长呈显著正相关(P0.01),与小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重、粒长和粒宽无显著相关性(P0.05)。本研究鉴定的QTL为分子标记辅助选育穗茎长度适中的小麦品系及其进一步的精细定位奠定了基础。     

不同种植方式下小麦主要性状与产量的关系

本文以近年黄淮麦区大面积推广应用和正在参加区试的 30个品种 (系 )为材料 ,在两种种植方式下 ,对 9个主要性状进行了方差分析、遗传力分析、相关分析和通径分析。结果表明 ,在方差分析中 ,除行区法中的总穗数外 ,其它性状均达极显著水平。在相关分析中 ,穗粒重与产量的相关在两种种植方式下表现一致 ,达显著水平 ;行区法中还有株高、小穗数和穗粒数与产量的相关达显著水平 ,穴区法中还有总穗数与产量的相关达极显著水平。在通径分析中 ,直接遗传通径系数 ,行区法为 :穗粒数 >穗下节间 >总穗数 >穗长 >株高 >穗粒重>千粒重 >小穗数 ;穴区法为 :穗粒数 >千粒重 >株高 >小穗数 >总穗数 >穗长 >穗下节间 >穗粒重。在遗传力分析中 ,千粒重、穗粒重、穗长、穗下节间长度、株高的遗传力较高 ,说明在早代选择有效。     

地理远缘小麦品种不同播期的生态效应

用来自意大利的7个冬小麦品种和国内的4个冬小麦品种，在同一地点进行不同播期处理，结果表明，所有品种在冬前播种均能完成生活周期；3个中国冬性小麦品种和6个意大利冬性小麦品种于春播时均在ZGS26－32时停止发育，未能抽穗结实，不能完成生活周期；而来自意大利和中国的2个弱冬性品种于第4期播种（3月10日）时能完成生活周期，在第5期播种（3月30日）则不能完成生活周期。冬性品种和弱冬性品种均随播期推迟而株高渐矮，但意大利品种变矮的幅度较小。播期对每平方米穗数和每穗不孕小穗影响最大，对穗长和结实小穗影响较小。冬小麦品种随播期推迟籽粒产量和千粒重渐低，而籽粒蛋白质含量渐高。     

冀东稻区水稻高产栽培的技术路线与对策

将产量构成因素分解成(基本苗×单株分蘖数×成穗率)(×每穗颖花数×结实率)×千粒重,进一步分析了各产量构成因素与产量的关系,结果表明:667 m2穗数与产量呈抛物线关系;成穗率、结实率和667 m2载花量与产量呈极显著的正相关;结实率与成穗率呈正相关。据此提出了“稳定穗数、主攻大穗、争取粒重”的技术路线和培育叶蘖同伸壮秧、少本合理稀植,“稳促蘖、中控苗、后攻粒”的栽培对策。     

Initiation and Development of Spikelets and Florets in Wheat as Influenced by Shading and Nitrogen Supply at the Spikelet Phase

Abstract

The spike of the main culm in winter wheat was examined by scanning electron microscopy from the double ridge to 6 days after the terminal spikelet stage to quantitatively evaluate the effects of shading and nitrogen supply at the spikelet phase on the numbers of spikelets and floret primordia, and the development of florets. Positional differences on a spike in grain setting at maturity were also investigated. Nitrogen supply affected neither the rate nor duration of spikelet initiation, the number of spikelets remaining unchanged. Although nitrogen supply positively affected the initiation and development of florets, it slightly reduced the grain weight per spike at maturity due to a decrease in the number of grains per spike and the reduced grain weight. These results suggested that under the field condition, nitrogen supply at the double ridge stage is too late to have a significant effect on the spikelet number, and might induce competition for nitrogen between the main culm and tillers, or induce mutual shading between plants, resulting in lighter grain weight per spike. Shading decreased the rate of spikelet initiation, resulting in a significant decrease in spikelet number. The initiation and the development of florets were also decreased by shading. Lower non -structural carbohydrate content at the terminal spikelet stage suggested that the limited assimilate supply by shading was likely responsible for the decreases in the initiation and development of spikelets and florets.