Differences in Vegetative Growth Response to Soil Flooding between Common and Tartary Buckwheat

Abstract

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench cv. Shinano No.1) and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. cv. Nepal) were grown in pots to examine their responses to soil flooding. Flooding treatment was carried out during the early growth stage by completely submerging the pots in a nutrient solution from 12 to 36 days after sowing. The plant growth rate, relative growth rate and mean leaf area under the flooding treatment were reduced to 72, 90 and 83% of the control, respectively, in Shinano No.1, and to 29, 71 and 45% of the control, respectively, in Nepal. The excess moisture stress had no effect on the net assimilation rate (NAR) in Shinano No.1, but lowered the NAR to 68% of that in the control in Nepal. Excess moisture stress decreased the total leaf area to 76 and 34% of the control in Shinano No.1 and Nepal, respectively. Leaf growth rate, number of leaves and leaf area per leaf, which influenced the total leaf area, were reduced by the excess soil moisture. The relative water content of leaves was unchanged in Shinano No.1, but was decreased in Nepal. Reduction in bleeding from the cut end of stem due to flooding was greater in Nepal than in Shinano No.1. Excess moisture stress reduced the K⁺ concentration of the stem and increased the Na⁺ concentration of leaves, stem and roots more strongly in Nepal than in Shinano No.1. Development of adventitious roots in the surface layer of the nutrient solution was better in Shinano No.1 than in Nepal. In conclusion, Shinano No.1 (common buckwheat) had a stronger tolerance to excess soil moisture than Nepal (Tartary buckwheat). In Shinano No. 1, leaf growth and photosynthetic rate were not markedly affected and the capacity of absorbing water and nutrients was retained by developing adventitious roots in the solution above the surface of the soil keeping proper physiological activity under excess moisture conditions.     

Varietal Differences of Flood Tolerance during Germination and Selection of the Tolerant Lines in Common Buckwheat

Abstract

We evaluated the varietal difference in the flood tolerance of germinated seed in 17 Japanese varieties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), including both local varieties and bred varieties or lines of different agroecotypes. Germinated seeds were flooded for 1 day in a growth chamber in June, July and August. The mean rate of seedling emergence from the seeds sown on different dates varied with the variety ranging from 20.4 to 57.4%. The mean emergence rate of summer agroecotypes (29.9%) was significantly lower than that of intermediate and late-summer agroecotypes (42.8 and 40.1%, respectively), and that of local varieties (44.2%) was significantly higher than that of bred varieties or lines (31.2%). These results suggest that inherent variation in flood tolerance was decreased by breeding as a result of a bottleneck effect. The local variety ‘Kitou zairai’, which exhibited a high and stable seedling emergence rate, may be a suitable choice in breeding for flood tolerance during germination. We also attempted to select for flood tolerance under mild selection pressure. Mass selection after four generations increased seedling emergence rate in five of six selected lines (with the exception of ‘Kitawasesoba’) compared with those of unselected populations, although the results varied with the line. These results indicate the possibility of breeding for flood tolerance during the germination period.     

不同氮效率玉米杂交种的营养生长及光合特征

以氮效率不同的4个玉米杂交种(组合)为材料,在两个氮水平下分析了营养生长及光合特征。结果表明,施氮条件下玉米营养体的含氮量平均在2.0%左右,低氮处理下降到1.5%左右;氮高效品种的穗位叶光合效率并没有降低,氮低效品种的叶片光合效率则显著降低。氮高效品种在叶片保绿性方面明显具有优势,在低氮条件下保持了较大的绿叶面积和较高的叶绿素含量。这些特征保证了氮高效品种后期光合产物供应能力强,并用于子粒灌浆。     

Evaluation of Cultivar Differences in Preharvest Sprouting of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

Preharvest sprouting of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an important problem, but cultivar differences in preharvest sprouting and their causes have not been investigated. We detected cultivar differences under natural field conditions. Preharvest sprouting of three cultivars was significantly lower than that of the current main cultivar. Seeds collected before rainfall were threshed and incubated on a wet filter paper in a petri dish for 10 days at 10, 20, 30 and 40ºC in the dark, or at an alternating light and temperature condition of 8 h light at 30ºC and 16 h darkness at 20ºC. Germination was promoted by a higher temperature except for 40ºC, suggesting that the risk of preharvest sprouting in buckwheat is higher at a relatively higher temperature. The risk of preharvest sprouting in the field was highly correlated with germination at 20ºC (r = 0.98***) and 30ºC (r = 0.99***) in the dark, suggesting that germination test can be used to predict preharvest sprouting in the field. Preharvest sprouting was significantly correlated (r = ?0.77**) with main stem length, suggesting that ecotype is partly responsible for this phenomenon.     

水稻营养生长期与生殖生长期不同比例施氮量的试验总结

通过2 a对水稻营养生长期与生殖生长期施用不同比例氮肥试验研究,结果表明:营养生长期与生殖生长期的氮肥分配比例以7∶3为宜,可减少无效分蘖、提高成穗率,提高结实率和千粒重,增产40 kg/667 m2。     

氯化钠胁迫下甜菜不同品种(系)种子发芽率和幼苗生长的差异

研究了不同浓度的氯化钠胁迫下甜菜不同品种(系)种子发芽率和营养液培养幼苗生长的差异。以相对发芽率和幼苗干物质量来判断甜菜不同品种的相对耐盐能力,氯化钠胁迫适宜浓度为280mmol/L。甜菜不同品种(系)幼苗相对生长量和种子相对发芽率均存在较大差异,且两者相关性达到显著水平。用种子相对发芽率评价甜菜耐盐能力应统一种子繁育年份;通过营养液培养法用幼苗相对生长量评价甜菜耐盐能力准确可靠。采用上述方法,初步筛选出耐盐较强、中间型和盐敏感品种(系)各10余份。     

Variation in Seed Shape and Husk Color in Japanese Native Cultivars of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

The variation in seed shape and husk color was investigated in 56 Japanese native cultivars of common buckwheat. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the cultivars in seed shape characteristics and husk colors. The 1000-seed weight (1000-SW) ranged widely, from 20.4 to 39.0 g, among the cultivars. The cultivars collected from the Kanto region of the mainland had a large length and width of seed and heavy 1000-SW. On the other hand, the cultivars from the Chugoku and Shikoku regions of Japan had a small length and width of seed. The length and width of seeds showed a high positive correlation. The cultivars with a high 1000-SW showed a slight difference between length and width of seed and were typically the triangular type in seed shape. The length/width ratio (L/W) depended on the width rather than the length of seed, though both were negatively correlated with the L/W. Highly positive correlations were found among the L*, a* and b* husk color value. The L* showed a highly positive correlation with growth duration, and the husk color of the cultivars became more deep black as growth duration decreased. The husk color of the cultivars from the Kyushu region (long growth duration) was grayish brown, but that of the cultivars from Nagano Pref. (the shortest growth duration) was characterized as typically deep black. The cultivars collected at lower latitude regions tended to have a lighter color of husk than those from higher latitude regions. The cultivars from the Tohoku region showed a smaller variation for seed size characteristics and 1000-SW, and the cultivars from the Kyushu region showed a smaller variation for husk color.     

Development of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method to Determine the Fagopyrin Content of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaertn.) and Common Buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench)

Abstract

Buckwheat contains fagopyrin, which induces photosensitization in light-skinned livestock when exposed to sunlight. Here, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure the fagopyrin content of buckwheat. The HPLC profile of the fagopyrin extract purified from Tartary buckwheat ‘Rotundatum’ had 3 apparent peaks. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrum of each peak yielded absorbance maxima ( λ_max) at 547 nm and 591 nm, indicating that these peaks corresponded to fagopyrin and unidentified fagopyrin derivatives. We considered the total content reflected by the 3 peaks to be the fagopyrin content of buckwheat. We determined the fagopyrin content in the leaves of Tartary buckwheat ‘Rotundatum’ and common buckwheat ‘Miyazakiootsubu’ both by UV-vis photometric analysis and the newly developed HPLC method. The fagopyrin content is overestimated by UV-vis photometry because the extracts contain a considerable amount of chlorophyll. Thus, HPLC analysis is more efficacious for fagopyrin-content measurements than UV-vis photometric analysis. The HPLC analysis of fagopyrin is easy, quick and efficacious for screening buckwheat varieties with trace or no fagopyrin. There are only a few reports on the accumulation sites of fagopyrin in buckwheat. We revealed that in Tartary and common buckwheat, fagopyrin is present mainly in the leaves and flowers and slightly in the stems, hulls, and groats. The fagopyrin contents of the leaves and flowers of Rotundatum were approximately 2.6 and 2.8 times higher than those in Miyazakiootsubu, respectively.     

Influence of Day Length on Stem Growth,Flowering, Morphology of Flower Clusters,and Seed-Set in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

The effects of day length on main stem growth, flowering, morphology of flower clusters and seed-set were examined in three buckwheat cultivars Shinanonatsusoba (summer eco-type), Miyazakizairai (autumn eco-type) and BLO 1999 (a long cluster line which usually develops DM clusters at Kade Research Ltd., Canada). Long-day treatment prolonged the stem elongation period, elevated the first flowering node, delayed the first flowering day, increased the numbers of nodes, flower clusters and flowers on the main stem, and decreased the increase rate of flowering-cluster number, the number of seeds and the seed-set ratio on the main stem. It also increased the frequency of DM clusters, the length of the flower clusters and the number of sub-flower-clusters per cluster in Shinanonatsusoba and Miyazakizairai as well as in BLO 1999. The effects of day length varied among the growth parameters and there were three types of responses to day length. The difference between the summer and autumn eco-type cultivars in the responses to day length was elucidated in four groups of parameters; (1) main stem elongation; (2) first flowering node and first flowering day; (3) increase rate of flowering-cluster number on the main stem; and (4) the number of seeds and seed-set ratio.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Planting Density on the Lignin Synthesis in the Culm in Relation to Lodging Resistance of Buckwheat

Abstract

Lodging is an important constraint limiting buckwheat yield and quality by bending or breaking culm on buckwheat production worldwide. This study was conducted with Ningqiao 01, a moderate lodging resistance cultivar of buckwheat, to determine whether lignin synthesis and lodging resistance of buckwheat are affected by nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The results showed that the lignin content at the bottom of the 2nd internode was significantly and negatively correlated with lodging index and lodging percentage, but significantly and positively correlated with snapping resistance. The snapping resistance rose and then fell with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. The snapping resistance decreased with the increase of planting density. The lodging index increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. The lignin content and its related enzymes activities decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density. These results suggested that the lignin content is closely related to the lodging resistance of buckwheat, and a higher lignin content could strengthen the lodging resistance of buckwheat. The increase of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density significantly increased the risk of lodging by decreasing the lignin content and its related enzymes activities at the bottom of the 2nd internode.     

加拿大披碱草与肥披碱草杂种F1的形态学及细胞学研究

为了解加拿大技碱草与肥技碱草杂种F1的育性状况、细胞遗传学基础和育种潜力，用定株观测、花粉染色、染色体制片镜检等方法，对杂种F1的生育特性、染色体构型等进行了研究。结果表明，杂种F1植株生长势很强，生长速度和株高明显超过其双亲，株型倾向母本加拿大技碱草，穗较长，穗型呈中间型，叶片宽大，花粉可育率及结实率均为0；F1为五倍体(2n=5x=35)，其PMCMI平均染色体构型为5．79Ⅰ 14．3Ⅱ 0．17Ⅲ，后期Ⅰ出现染色体桥和落后染色体。     

木霉对滨海盐渍土花生生长发育调控效应的研究

滨海盐渍土的良法栽培对作物打破盐碱地立苗难的瓶颈至关重要,利用木霉制剂处理盐碱地的研究为其改善盐渍土、提高作物耐盐碱性提供理论依据和技术支持。木霉制剂处理土壤后,出苗齐壮,出苗率、成苗率高,植株长势好,株高和有效分枝数增加;开花期延迟,开花下针期集中、时间缩短,双果数、总果数提高;一级、二级、三级侧根数增加,根瘤菌着生早,根瘤数量增加,体积增大,有效根瘤增加;籽仁蛋白质和人体必需八种氨基酸含量提高,百果重、百仁重提高,产量大幅提高。木霉制剂处理盐碱土可降低盐碱对花生生长的危害,促进生长发育,提高产量和品质,促进农业可持续发展。     

Differences in the Ratios of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and Cyanidin-3-O-rutinocide to Total Anthocyanin under UV and Non-UV Conditions in Tartary Buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum Garten)

Abstract

Anthocyanins play beneficial roles in plant growth and development such as the reduction of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells. Tartary buckwheat contains two anthocyanins, namely, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, which are accumulated in the stems and leaves. In order to clarify which type of anthocyanin is accumulated at different nodal positions, we investigated the type of anthocyanin and their contents in buckwheat stems using HPLC. The anthocyanins detected were identified as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside by comparison with the retention times and co-chromatography with the standard solutions. The contents of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside at the proximal stem position were higher than those at the distal stem position. The ratio of each anthocyanin to total anthocyanin varied with the nodal positions. An outdoor study suggested that UV stress might influence the ratio of each anthocyanin to total anthocyanin. Consequently, we investigated these ratios in a growth chamber. The growth chamber study suggested that the ratio of cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside to total anthocyanin was higher under UV conditions than under non-UV conditions. These results indicate that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside accumulates in a small amount and that cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside accumulates in a large amount in young organs that suffer from strong UV stress. Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside may have a UV-protective effect and tartary buckwheat may accumulate cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside systematically to afford effective protection against UV stress.     

夜间复合光质LED不同光照时间对水培切割再生生菜生长和品质的影响

以耐切割叶用莴苣品种‘奶油生菜’为试材,用LED光源对越夏水培切割再生生菜进行不同光照时长的夜间补光处理,研究暗期不同的补光时间(0、4、8、12 h)对水培生菜再生植株生长生理及营养品质的影响。结果表明:光照时间的延长,有利于加快生菜再生苗的地上部和地下部的生长速度,使再生生菜的可溶性糖含量显著增加,硝酸盐含量显著降低,有效地缓解高温季节再生苗受到的高温和切割伤害,显著提高了生菜再生苗的产量和品质,并且以延长光照时间为8~12 h效果更佳;其次,随着光照时间延长,再生生菜叶片光合色素的增加,叶绿素荧光主要指标有所提高,提高了叶片光合的同化能力,光抑制现象减弱,其中延长光照时间12h处理叶绿素含量显著或极显著高于其他处理,此外,适当延长光照时间,可增加生菜再生苗对矿质元素N、K、Ca的吸收。在本研究中,补光12 h处理整体最好,但是其产量品质与8 h处理差异不显著,结合生产实际和节能的角度综合考虑,对海南高温季节的水培切割再生生菜进行暗期LED补光,推荐适宜的补光时间为8 h。     

水稻转录因子基因OsSHR2的表达特征及其在营养生长中的调控作用

【目的】水稻OsSHR2(LOC_Os03g31880)基因为拟南芥AtSHR的同源基因,与OsSHR1、OsSCR1和OsSCR2 同属于水稻GRAS转录因子家族。已有研究报道,转录因子基因SHR和SCR共同调控植物根系、叶片的发育,并参与各项生命活动。本研究旨在阐明OsSHR2在水稻中的时空表达特征及其在营养生长中的调控作用。【方法】通过生物信息学分析、表达模式分析、萌发动力学分析和水培实验验证该基因的功能。【结果】生物信息学分析发现OsSHR2、OsSHR1、OsSCR1和OsSCR2与拟南芥和其他物种的SHR亚家族和SCR亚家族成员具有很高的序列一致性;表达模式和pOsSHR2::GUS材料染色分析发现,OsSHR2在整个生长发育过程中的根系、叶片、维管组织和生殖器官中表达强烈,并集中在根尖的中柱、侧根原基和叶片及茎维管组织的中心表达,在野生型的地上部和根系中,OsSHR2受缺磷影响下调表达;对获得的OsSHR2的CRISPR-Cas9突变体osshr2进行种子萌发实验和水培实验,发现与野生型相比,osshr2的萌发时间延后,萌发率降低,在正常供磷和缺磷处理下,osshr2的地上部和根系长度显著小于野生型。【结论】OsSHR2在地上部和根系的发育、维管组织形成以及营养与生殖生长中具有重要作用,这为今后OsSHR2在分子育种等领域的应用奠定理论基础。     

Assessing Drought Tolerance of Snap Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) From Genotypic Differences In Leaf Water Relations,Shoot Growth and Photosynthetic Parameters

Abstract

The Leaf Water Relations, Photosynthetic Parameters and Shoot Growth of Five Snap Bean Cultivars Were Assessed During The Drought Period To Determine Their Role In Alleviating Plant Water Deficit Imposed By Withholding Irrigation At Flowering. Soil Water Content of Irrigated Plants Was 18-20% While That of Unirrigated Plants Was 6-10% At 60 Days After Seeding (Das). Leaf Water Potential Was Approximately 0.15Mpa Lower and Relative Water Content Was Approximately 5% Lower In Unirrigated Plants Than In Irrigated Plants At 57 Das. Unirrigated Plants Had A Lower Stomatal Conductance (G_s) and Intercellular Co₂ Concentration (C_i). Reduced Leaf Water Potential and Relative Water Content Were Associated With A Decreased Stem Elongation Rate. Plants With A Lower Stem Elongation Rate Had A Higher Specific Leaf Weight and Succulence Index (Suci). Significant Differences Among Five Cultivars of Snap Bean Were Found For All Parameters Measured. Decreased Leaf Water Potential and Stem Elongation Rate Resulting From Drought Participated In Preserving Relative Water Content and Improving Specific Leaf Weight and Suci. Maintenance of Higher Relative Water Content Increased G_s and C_i. Cultivars That Maintained A High Relative Water Content When Leaf Water Potential and Stem Elongation Rate Were Decreased Markedly, Were More Tolerant To Drought Than Those Which A Reduced Relative Water Content and The Leaf Water Potential and Stem Elongation Rate Were Only Slightly Lowered. Reduced Yield (Pods Per Plant and Seed Biomass) Resulting From Drought Was Associated With Reduced Relative Water Content.     

不同肥料配比对荞麦生长发育及产量影响的对比研究

以晋荞1号为试验材料,研究了不同肥料配比对荞麦生长发育及产量影响。结果表明：专用肥处理的产量最高达2118．5kg／hm^2,与对照比增产率为41％,且形态指标有了明显的改变,株高、主茎节数增加,一级分枝数（主茎）增加,节间长度增加,这些都是前期良好营荞生长的表现。株粒数、株粒重、千粒重的增加,这些都为后期的稳产高产奠定了坚实的基础。     

Genotypic Differences in Dry Matter Accumulation,Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Harvest Index in Recombinant Inbred Lines of Rice under Hydroponic Culture

Abstract

To examine the possibility of breeding high-yielding cultivars with high nitrogen use efficiency for dry matter accumulation (NUEd) and to provide simple criteria for the selecting and breeding high-yielding cultivars with high NUEd as well as useful information for the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling NUEd, we cultured recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of rice hydroponically in 2000 and 2001. RILs with a higher grain yield tended to show greater total dry matter accumulation (TDMA) and higher harvest index (HI), while increasing TDMA resulted in a decrease in HI. The contribution ratio of the TDMA to grain yield (2000 : 67.3%, 2001 : 68.2%) was higher than that of HI in both 2000 and 2001. Even at the same high-yielding level, there was a significant difference in the TDMA and HI values. In both years, the contribution ratios of NUEd and total nitrogen absorption (NTA) to TDMA were about 62.0 and 38.0%, respectively. The contribution ratio of the NUEd to grain yield was higher than those of the NTA and HI in both 2000 (41.6%) and 2001 (42.9%). These results suggested that the high-yielding rice plants generally displayed high TDMA and HI values. Further increase in rice grain yield should be based on the further increase in TDMA than in HI, and to increase TDMA leading to a high grain yield, the emphasis also should be put on improving NUEd in RILs.     

Discovery of and Preliminary studies on a Rapid-Leafing Rice Genotype at the Vegetative Growth Stage

The leafing rates of fourteen rice varieties were measured in a sowing-time experiment, and a rapid leafing genotype at the vegetative growth stage was discovered in an indica variety Yanhui 559. The leaf number on the main culm of Yanhui 559 was always 4-5 leaves more than that of Lemont, and the leafing rate of Yanhui 559 was significantly higher than that of Lemont based on similar growth durations from sowing to heading. Furthermore, the difference of the leafing rate was significant at the vegetative growth stage, but not distinctive at the panicle initiation stage. Genetic analysis of the leafing rates in the two backcross populations of Yanhui 559 and Lemont showed that major and quantitative genes controlled the expression of rapid leafing character. Based on results of investigation for some plants with similar growth durations in the backcrossing populations, the rapid leafing genotypes exhibited earlier tillering and more tiller numbers per plant, and its yield components including the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle were superior to those of the slow leafing genotypes. Further research and application feasibility of the rapid leafing genotype in breeding were discussed.     

Genotypic Differences in Growth and Physiological Responses to Transplanting and Direct Seeding Cultivation in Rice

The field experiments were conducted to investigate the growth and physiological responses of six super hybrid rice combinations to two planting methods,transplanting(TP) and direct seeding(DS) during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. The 1000-grain weight and number of tillers per plant at the early growth stage,the maximum quantum yield of PSII(Fv/Fm) and transpiration rate(Tr) were higher in DS plants than in TP ones,whereas the grain yield,number of panicles per square meter,seed setting rate,net photosynthetic ...