Impact of exclosures on wood biomass production and fuelwood supply in northern Ethiopia

In the Ethiopian highlands, communal grazing lands are one of the major land uses, and are source of livelihood for the rural people. Free and uncontrolled grazing in the communal grazing lands is the dominant grazing system. The traditional uncontrolled and free grazing system has caused severe degradation of the grazing lands. As a result, communities have started to establish exclosures and support the restoration of degraded communal grazing lands. Studies have shown that exclosures are effective to restoring degraded communal grazing lands and improving ecosystem services. However, studies that investigate the changes in aboveground biomass following the establishment of exclosures and compare it with fuelwood demand of the beneficiaries in our study area is lacking. Therefore, our study aimed at:(1) quantifying yearly biomass accumulation in exclosures and compare it to fuelwood demand of households that manage the exclosures;(2) assessing household energy sources and their consumption levels. To monitor changes in biomass production with over time, replicated(n = 3) 5 and10 year-old exclosures were sampled. To investigate fuelwood sources and consumption patterns, household surveys, key informant interviews and focus group discussion were conducted. Our results demonstrated that total biomass production increased with exclosure age. In both exclosure, biomass production from Vachellia etbaica was significantly(p \ 0.05) greater than that from Euclea.racemosa. Average daily fuelwood consumption per person was(0.63 ± 0.2) kg day^-1. This means that the total biomass(27.5 Mg year^-1) obtained from 114.6 ha of exclosures covers only 9.4% of yearly fuelwood demand of the residents who manage the sampled exclosures. Nearly all respondents(95%) confirmed that they travel more than10 km day^-1 to gather fuelwood from surrounding degraded forest patches. We recommend plantings of fast growing native tree species within exclosures and around homesteads to provide a sustainable fuelwood supply and using improved stoves to address the problem of fuelwood shortage. District agricultural offices could provide seedlings of native plant species, while communities provide unpaid labour for planting and managing plantations.     

Micropropagation of Pinus densiflora and the evaluation of nematode resistance of regenerated microshoots in vitro

To accelerate the breeding and selection of Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. resistance to pine wilt disease, a micropropagation system was established and nematode resistance evaluated in vitro. Cotyledon-hypocotyl explants from 28-day-old seedlings were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium supplemented with 4.0 mg L^-1 6-benzyladenine and 0.2 mg L^-1 a-naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA) to stimulate the formation of buds. Induced buds were subsequently subcultured on Gupta and Durzan medium supplemented with 0.1%(w/v)activated charcoal for elongation. Stem sections derived from shoots were used as explants for the further multiplication. Roots were formed from shoots transferred to woody plant medium containing 0.2 mg L^-1 NAA for4 weeks. The nematode resistance test showed that symptoms in micropropagated shoots after infection with pine wood nematode(PWN) were similar to those in plants infected in the field. The wilting rate varied from 20 to100% among different clones 18 days after inoculation.The most susceptible clone was Clone 6-4 with a 100%wilting rate, while Clone 8-4 showed a relatively high resistance with a 20% wilting rate. The number of nematodes recovered from Clone 8-4 shoots was significantly lower(P = 0.05) than from Clones 5-10 and 16-4. This work contributes to the breeding of PWN resistance in P.densiflora.     

裁板锯偏转机构运动关系的反求设计与仿真

针对裁板锯锯片偏转系统运动关系复杂不易于单片机编程的问题,提出了应用反求设计开发模式求出连杆与丝杠系统的伸长量X和与之对应锯片偏转角度θ之间的函数关系。从采用Lagrange插值仿真得到的系统仿真曲线可知,四次多项式传递函数可以满足运动关系的精度要求,采用Matlab仿真最终确定二者之间的关系为一次函数。通过实验得出当偏转角为10°和35°时计算得到的直线误差最小,据此设计的裁板锯MJ6130Z已经批量生产。

Abstract：

In view of the problem that complicated motion relationship of the blade deflection system of board cutting saws makes MPU programming difficult,the function relation between the extension volume of the connecting rod and screw rod system and the correspo     

Developing phase of China＇s system of nature reserves in perspectiveDeveloping phase of China＇s system of nature reserves in perspectiveDeveloping phase of China＇s system of nature reserves in perspective

Up until 2009, 2541 nature reserves had been established in China. However, the process of developing this system of nature reserves was not quite smooth. Various kinds of information related to nature reserves, such as annual growth, the type of nature reserves established, motives behind building a nature reserve, legal instructions and the constitution of government sectors, were collected and analyzed in order to highlight the characteristics of the devel- apment of our nature reserve system. As a result, we identify three phases and their characteristics, i.e., the initial phase from 1956 to 1978, the establishment phase from 1979 to 1996 and the management standardization phase from 1997 to 2009, could be clearly identified. It is suggested that since the establishment of this comprehensive structural frame- work in China, the system should be entering a new developing phase. We recommend that more attentions should be paid on how to guarantee effective management and how nature reserves are able to maintain their value and fulfill their abjectives in the future.     

Effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu on Eucalyptus urograndis initial development in silvopastoral system

In silvopasture system, the coexistence of eucalyptus seedlings with other species may result in growth reduction, especially during eucalyptus early development.Therefore, studies elucidating how forage species affect the eucalyptus growth can provide important information for their rational management aiming to obtain the maximum gain of the system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing densities of Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu in the early development of Eucalyptus urograndis. An experiment was conducted in 20 L pots, in an open and semi-controlled area, during 90 days after planting of eucalyptus. A completely randomized design with four replications was used, in a 6 9 7 factorial system, meaning six evaluation periods and seven densities of U. brizantha: 0(control), 22, 33, 44, 67, 89 and111 plants m^-2. Fortnightly, eucalyptus height, stem diameter and chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm) were evaluated. At the end of experimental period, the net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of eucalyptus plants were determined, in addition to the dry matter of eucalyptus(leaves and stem) and U. brizantha (leaves). In coexistence with 111 plants m^-2, eucalyptus had reduction of 63.9% on total dry matter and 72.7% on leaf area, compared to the control. From the density of22 plants m^-2, U. brizantha negatively interfere significantly the growth of E. urograndis. Up to 8 plants m^-2 there are no reductions greater than 5% in eucalyptus height and stem diameter.     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Sources on Transformation and Availability of Inorganic Phosphorus in Root-Soil Interface of Pinus thunbergii Seedlings

The calcareous fluvo-aquic soil was collected and a microcosm study was carried out with root-mat and frozenslicing method in laboratory. The pH in the root-soil interface with the control treatment was just slightly lower than in the bulk soil.However,the addition of NH₄^- -N significantly decreased the pH value in the root-soil interface and the addition of No₃ -N slightly increased the pH value in the root-soil interface.The magnitude of pH changes in the root-soil interface depended upon the concentrations of the nitrogen sources added.The contents of Ca₂-P,Fe-P and Al-P in the root-soil interface were much lower after treated with NH₄ -N and slightly higher after treated with No₃ -N compared with control treatment.After treated with 100,200 and 400 mg·kg^-1NH₄⁺ -N,the deficiency rates of Ca₂-P in the area 0-1 mm from the root plane were 37.1%,45.9%and 57.7%,respectively,the deficiency rates of Fe-P were 23.4%,29.1%and 38.2%,respectively,and the deficiency rates of Al-P were 25.1%,28.0%and 33.2%,respectively. Compared with the control the deficiency rates of Ca₈-P in NH₄⁺ -N and No₃-N treatments decreased and increased,respectively,but the differences were not obvious.The contents of Ca₁₀ -P and O-P in the root-soil interface did not significantly change after treated with NH₄⁺ -N or No₃ -N,suggesting that Ca₁₀- P and O-P were remarkably difficult to be mobilized even at the presence of high concentration of NH₄⁺ -N.The lowered pH in the root-soil interface induced by the addition of the NH₄ -N promoted the transformation of phosphates in the root-soil interface,enhanced the mobilization and bioavailability of phosphates,and thereby remarkably increased the absorption of phosphorus by roots.     

Phytoremediation Characteristics of Pb and Cd Contaminated Soils by Ginkgo Seedling

In this article,we investigated effects of lead and cadmium on the biomass of ginkgo seedlings, and roles of the seedlings in accumulation characteristics of the heavy metals and remediation of the soil contaminated by Cd²⁺ or Pb²⁺ as well as their combination.The results showed that both Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ significantly or very significantly reduced biomass increment of ginkgo seedlings,with Pb²⁺ more adverse than Cd²⁺.The Cd²⁺-Pb²⁺ compound pollution further reduced biomass increment of ginkgo seedlings.The mass fractions and enrichment coefficient of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in ginkgo seedlings were in an order of root>stem>leaf,which was in favor of transportation Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from root to stem and leave.The Cd²⁺-Pb²⁺ compound pollution promoted ginkgo seedling absorption to Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺.The capacity of the upward transport of Pb²⁺ was greater than that of Cd²⁺,which suggested an obvious dose-effect and synergistic effect.Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ accumulations in ginkgo seedlings were relatively large.The accumulation in roots was higher than that in stems and leaves.The ability of the absorption,transportation and accumulation of ginkgo seedlings to Pb²⁺ was relatively greater under Cd²⁺-Pb²⁺ compound pollution.The phytoremediation efficiency of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ was relatively high.     

Analysis of Basal Area for Chinese Fir Plantation Using Two Kinds of Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model(Two Levels)

Nonlinear mixed effects model（NLMEM） is based on the relationship between the fixed and random effects in the regression function.The NLMEM has a competitive advantage in analyzing repeated measures data,the longitudinal data and multilevel data.This paper chose two kinds of two-level nonlinear mixed model to analyze basal area growth for Chinese Fir（Cunninghamia lanceolata）. Model 1 is a general two-level NLMEM and Model 2 is based on Model 1 to further consider the fixed effects parameters changes with a specific factor. Firstly,through the analysis of these two models, this paper defined the basic model to build the two-level NLMEM.Secondly,665 kinds of models derived from Model 1 and 2 703 kinds of models derived from Model 2 were calculated and compared. The results showed that:for Model 1,there were 57 kinds of models converging,and when the formal parameter b₀ considered the block effects and plot effects,b₁ and b₄ only considered the block effects, the model fitted the best;and for Model 2,there were 24 kinds of model converging,and when the formal parameter bs considered the block effects and plot effects,b₁ only considered block effects and the fixed effects b₀ changed with any level of block level, Model 2 fitted the best.Finally,by comparing the traditional nonlinear regression model,Model 1 and Model 2,the results showed that Model 1 and Model 2 fitted better than the traditional nonlinear regression, and Model 2 was best fitting model.     

Impacts of Coriaria nepalensis colonization on vegetation structure and regeneration dynamics in a mixed conifer forest of Indian Central Himalaya

This study evaluated impacts of Coriaria nepalensis Wall.colonization on soil characteristics,vegetation structure and composition,regeneration status and expected future compositional changes,biomass and carbon stock in tree species of a mixed conifer forest of Central Himalaya.Three sites(1 ha each in an old landslide area)differing in Coriaria density(low:20 individuals ha^-1;medium:120 indiv.ha^-1;high:190 indiv.ha^-1)were used to enumerate the tree species.A total of 9 tree species and 2830 individuals were recorded from the three study sites that represented a gradient of Coriaria density.Number of species varied from 3 to 7 and the individuals from 690 to 1270 per site with lowest numbers at low Coriaria density and highest at medium Coriaria density.The number of seedlings increased with increasing Coriaria density,and the sites were unique in their seedling composition,indicating marked temporal dynamics.Site wise regeneration analysis showed that regeneration was poor at the site with low Coriaria density and good at the high-density site where many species emerged as seedlings.These results indicate that the ameliorative effects of Coriaria in terms of soil buildup,and accumulation of nutrients and organic matter helped more species to colonize the area.This facilitative ability of Coriaria can be used to restore degraded forest ecosystems of Indian Central Himalaya.     

Establishment of Efficient Regeneration System of Populus×euramericana cl.‘Bofeng’

Compared with the species of Leuce section,the difficulty in plant regeneration during tissue culture for the species of Aigeiros section is a key limiting factor for their application in genetic engineering of forest trees.In this study,the plant growth regulators combination,copper concentration,light intensity,and the selection pressures of kanamycin were investigated using leaves of Populus×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ as explants,and a stable and high efficient regeneration system was established.Using this system,both the shoot regeneration rate and rooting rate were up to 100%,and the average number of differentiated shoots in each leaf explant was up to 20,and the survival rate of seedlings reached 98%.The optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in shoot inducement for leaf-explant was 40 mg·L^-1,and the optimal selection pressure of kanamycin in root inducement of adventitious bud was 20 mg·L^-1.The authors also found that differentiation rate of adventitious buds of P.×euramericana cl.’Bofeng’ could be significantly promoted by increased copper concentration,and this is the first report about the key role of copper（Cu） in explant regeneration of Poplars.This regeneration system with high frequency which was established by the authors was as good as that of species of Leuce section,and it provides a good technological platform for genetic engineering of forest tree which uses the species of Aigeiros section as model materials.     

越南甜竹纤维形态特征的研究

对甜竹原料、甜竹浆的纤维形态进行了研究。结果表明:甜竹原料纤维平均长度为2.37 mm、平均宽度17.91μm、长宽比值132.40;纤维平均壁厚为8.13μm、平均腔径为2.57μm、壁腔比值6.33。研究了在蒸煮过程中纤维形态的变化。结果表明,在蒸煮过程中甜竹纤维长度不断变小,从2.37 mm(原料)到1.79 mm(全浆),减少24%;蒸煮过程中纤维长宽比值也不断缩小,从132.40(原料)到98.89(全浆)。与青皮竹浆、桉木浆(阔叶木)、马尾松浆(针叶木)和麦草浆(草类)的纤维形态相比,甜竹浆纤维长度大于麦草浆纤维,小于马尾松浆纤维,与青皮竹浆和桉木浆纤维长度基本相近,因此甜竹浆纤维属于长纤维范围,是一种优良的造纸原料。     

中国纸浆进口风险评价及结构多元化分析

中国造纸产业原料基础薄弱因而高度依赖纸浆进口, 降低进口风险、实现进口的多元化是保障产业稳定发展的重要议题。文中借鉴能源供给安全指数建立了纸浆进口风险指数和结构优化模型, 用以评价中国纸浆进口风险状况以促进进口更加多元化。对进口风险评价结果表明, 木浆的进口风险整体变化平稳、波动幅度较小, 废纸的进口风险呈下降趋势。对纸浆进口结构优化分析结果说明, 通过调整进口各国纸浆的数量可以有效降低进口风险。造纸产业应分散进口来源、降低进口集中度、减少从高风险国家的进口量以降低木浆和废纸的进口风险, 实现纸浆的稳定供给。     

草木半纤维素的研究进展

结合前人的研究成果综述了各种草木原料中半纤维素的类型、结构形式及制备方法,特别指出在造纸原料和纸浆中存在部分半纤维素与木质素发生化学键连接形成了木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC),还对纸浆中的半纤维素对浆性能所产生的影响加以阐述,针对半纤维素在造纸工业中所引起的"假木质素"问题总结出相应的应对策略.此外,还概述了从草木原料中制备粗半纤维素的分离方法以及对其进一步纯化的技术,对半纤维素的检测手段也做了介绍.     

中国竹材制浆造纸及高值化加工利用现状及展望

竹材是一种优良的纤维原料,可用于制浆造纸和提取竹原纤维。竹材的纤维形态、化学成分基本介于针叶木和阔叶木之间,漂白竹浆的品质与木浆相当。虽然竹子存在半纤维素和灰分含量较高等不足,但其α-纤维素含量较高,可制取高得率级溶解浆。竹浆是中国造纸工业鼓励发展的浆种,目前产能在200万t/a以上,且今后几年将出现快速增长势头。竹浆厂每年产生大量的纤维类废弃物。以竹浆生产为主线,提供多种高附加值产品,将是未来竹浆企业获得可持续健康发展的盈利模式。生产溶解浆、生活用纸等新型差异化终端产品,并对制浆过程产生的纤维类废弃物进行高附加值综合利用,制备阻燃型保温材料、乙醇和丁醇等生物质燃料,以及纳米纤维素微晶产品,是现在竹浆企业可供选择的发展路径。竹原纤维具有天然抗菌抑菌性、吸湿除臭、抗紫外光、隔音隔热性等功能特性,是生产高档服装、吸附材料和隔热隔音材料的良好纤维原料。竹原纤维的生产目前已实现工业化,但产业规模有待提高,产品标准亟待制定和完善。     

PFI磨浆对干湿竹浆制备阳离子纳纤化纤维素物化特性的影响

研究了PFI磨浆预处理对干、湿竹浆所制备的阳离子纳纤化纤维素(Q-NFC)物化特性和微观结构的影响规律。选用PFI磨浆处理前后的干、湿竹浆为纤维素原料,依次经过2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵化学预处理和高压均质机械拆解分离,制备了一系列Q-NFC水分散液;采用电导滴定、紫外-可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)、旋转流变仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对系列Q-NFC水分散液进行分析表征。试验结果表明,由湿竹浆所制备的Q-NFC较干竹浆所制备的Q-NFC具有更高的固体收率、表面电荷量、Zeta电位、纳纤化程度及更细的平均微纤直径;经PFI磨浆预处理后,干、湿竹浆纤维表面均发生大量分丝帚化现象,导致纤维在季铵盐化预处理过程中的反应可及性和反应活性增加,从而进一步提高了干、湿竹浆所制得Q-NFC固体收率、表面电荷量、纳纤化程度及透光度等物化特性,但减少了它们的微纤尺寸和聚合度。由此可以说明,PFI磨浆预处理能消除角质化给干竹浆在季铵盐化预处理中带来的不利影响,但是对Q-NFC的结晶指数无明显影响。     

全自动纸浆模塑餐具生产线气动系统设计

介绍了全自动纸浆模塑生产线的生产工艺过程，采用信号一动作状态线图法对气动系统进行设计，并描述了纸浆模塑生产线气动系统的工作过程及系统组成。     

Evaluation of pulp and paper making characteristics of certain fast growing plants

Summary Four species of fast growing annual plant viz.Hibiscus sabdariffa, Crotalaria juncea, Tephrosia candida andHibiscus cannabinus and a variety of reed, Neyraudia reynaudiana were evaluated in the laboratory for their pulp and paper making properties. Data on proximate chemical analysis of raw materials, unbleached and bleached pulp properties, morphological properties of fibres and physical strength properties of paper sheets were evaluated. The unbleached pulp yields were 44.90–53.20% with all the five plant materials, while bleached pulp yields varied from 39.80–50.60%. The average fibre lengths and diameters of the unbleached pulp obtained from the five plant species were within the range of 0.75 mm–2.15 mm and 20–22 pun respectively. Paper hand sheets, made with bleached pulps (45° SR) obtained from the five plant species, gave burst indices 2.75–3.92 kPa m²/g, tear indices 3.73–9.61 m N m²/g and tensile indices 37.27–47.81 N mg^–1, indicating adequate strength properties for writing and printing type of paper.The authors thank Director, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jorhat, India, for his kind permission to publish this paper. The authors also wish to thank B. N. Tosh, JPF for his assistance.     

Studies on the effect of prehydrolysis and amine in cooking liquor on producing dissolving pulp from jute (Corchorus capsularis)

Dissolving pulps are the raw materials for the production of many different end-products. Jute is a very good source of cellulose. In this investigation, jute fiber was subjected to pulping in soda process in order to produce dissolving pulp under different prehydrolysis conditions and compared with prehydrolysed kraft pulp from jute. An increase of the prehydrolysis temperature or H₂SO₄ in prehydrolysis liquor increased the α-cellulose content and decreased the viscosity of pulp. The effect of ethylenediamine in soda liquor was also investigated when producing dissolving pulp. Jute fiber produced pulp having 90–97% α-cellulose. Ethylenediamine in soda liquor produced pulp of higher yield, viscosity and higher α-cellulose content than that of prehydrolysis soda or kraft pulp. The α-cellulose content and viscosity were increased with the increase of amine in soda liquor. The kappa number of dissolving pulp from jute was very low (9–5), which indicated that less bleaching chemicals are required for bleaching. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was lower than prehydrolysed soda and kraft pulp in ECF bleaching sequences. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was improved at the sacrifice of pulp yield when prehydrolysis was done prior to pulping. The alkali solubility S ₁₀ and S ₁₈ were 4–9 and 2–4%, respectively.     

野生蓝莓果浆型饮料加工工艺研究

以黑龙江大兴安岭野生蓝莓为试材,经蒸果、研磨、过滤、调配、灭菌、喷淋等过程制作野生蓝莓果浆型饮料。对饮料的原汁含量,白砂糖含量,纯净水含量的配比进行研究,确定最佳配方。结果表明：以30%的原汁含量,8%的白砂糖含量,62%的纯净水为最佳配比。加工出的野生蓝莓果浆型饮料色泽深蓝,具有良好的野生蓝莓香气,果香浓郁,口感醇厚,品质上乘。     

高速洗浆机的结构和工作原理

基于当前国内制浆造纸行业废纸处理中对浆料的洗涤和浓缩现状，在现今洗涤和浓缩设备的基础上，自行开发和研制了具有国际先进水平的高速洗浆机。整机采用全封闭式结构，不锈钢外形壳体，防腐防锈，外形美观，可以代替盘式浓缩机和斜螺旋式浓缩机，简化了工艺路线，降低了投资成本。该设备采用了先进的制造技术，自动化程度高，单机可实现对浆料从低浓到高浓的转变，浓度提高快，灰分去除率高，洗浆效率高；能够高效地去除油墨粒子、填料及其它细小杂质，大大提高了浆料的白度。该机在脱墨浆处理系统中得到了广泛应用。