光叶子花不同叶位叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用研究

本文以光叶子花炼苗60 d组培苗为材料,对光叶子花不同叶位叶绿素含量、呼吸作用(Re)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、净光合速(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)等进行了测定。试验结果表明,光叶子花叶片单位重量和单位面积叶绿素含量、净光合速度和水分利用效率(WUE)均随叶位上升呈先增大后减小趋势变化,其最大值都出现在第6叶位叶片;叶片呼吸速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均随叶位上升而减小;叶片胞间CO2浓度随叶位上升呈先减小后增大变化;叶面饱和水汽压亏缺随叶位上升而增大。由于光叶子花中部叶片叶绿素含量、Pn和WUE相对较高,因此在今后的栽培管理中应对中部叶片加强保护。     

3种珍贵用材树种1年生苗木光合特性研究

以桢楠、香樟、红椿3个珍贵树种的1年生苗木为研究对象,测定并分析了其光合生理特性。结果表明,（1）净光合速率（Pn）、水分利用率（WUE）均表现为桢楠＞香樟＞红椿,而气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（ Ci）、蒸腾速率（ Tr）则表现为桢楠＜香樟＜红椿,在影响光合作用的各因素中, Tr在树种间的差异相对显著,表明影响3个树种有效光合物质积累的主要因素为蒸腾作用;（2）3个树种叶片的Pn值表现出了相似的对光照强度（ PAR）与CO2浓度的响应趋势,即在低光照强度或CO2浓度下, Pn值随着PAR或CO2浓度的增加而迅速增加,而在高光照强度或CO2浓度下, Pn值增加的趋势变缓,其中香樟叶片光补偿点（ Lcp ）及光饱和点（Lsp）分别为67.50μmol/（m^2· s）与473.10μmol/（m^2· s）,其 CO2补偿点（Ccp）和饱和点（Csp）为111.30μmol/（ m^2· s）与1681.00μmol/（ m^2· s）,均较红椿和桢楠高,其最大净光合速率（ Pmax ）也高于红椿和桢楠;（3）3个树种的Pn、 Tr、 Ci、 Gs和WUE参数日变化趋势基本一致,而且均表现出明显的“午休”现象,其中, Pn参数日变化呈双峰型曲线,峰值出现在10：00和16：00,且午前明显高于午后。     

山茱萸幼树光合及水分生理生态特性

采用Li 6400光合分析仪,研究了太行山退耕还林地山茱萸幼林在20℃温度条件下,不同光合有效辐射(PAR)强度及不同CO2浓度内的叶片光合作用及水分生理生态参数的变化特征,结果表明:(1)400μmol·mol-1CO2浓度条件下,山茱萸幼树叶片净光合速率(Pn)与PAR之间的回归方程:Pn=-8×10-6PAR2 0 0222PAR 1 9509,相关系数可达0 9524(n=33);光饱和点、补偿点及表观量子效率分别为1387 50μmol·m-2·s-1、17 4μmol·m-2·s-1、0 0663mol·mol-1;叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)与PAR间回归方程:Tr=0 0013PAR 5 637,线性相关系数达0 9830;叶片水分利用率(WUE)随PAR增强呈明显的抛物线状变化趋势,二者相关系数可达0 9222(n=33);(2)1200μmol·m-2·s-1PAR条件下,Pn与[CO2]之间回归方程Pn=-2×10-5[CO2]2 0 0502[CO2]-2 9656,相关系数接近于1 0(n=30),CO2饱和点、补偿点及羧化效率分别为1255μmol·mol-1、60 5μmol·mol-1、0 0406;Tr随[CO2]的增加呈直线下降趋势,但二者关系并不明显,WUE与[CO2]之间回归方程为:WUE=-4×10-6[CO2]2 0 0084[CO2]-5 5052。相关系数接近于1 0(n=30)。     

Na2SO4胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

采用盆栽控制试验,研究了不同浓度(0、60、120和180 mmol·L-1)Na2SO4胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长具有显著的抑制效应。不同浓度Na2SO4胁迫沙枣的株高、侧枝数、总叶面积、单株叶片数、比叶面积以及各组织(除根)生物量均显著低于对照,且均随盐胁迫浓度的升高呈下降趋势,而根冠比值则由对照的0.153 1显著增加到180 mmol·L-1Na2SO4胁迫幼苗的0.348 7。(2)盐胁迫显著降低了沙枣幼苗的光合能力。随着Na2SO4胁迫的加剧,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降的趋势,而气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)则依次增加,且Pn下降主要受气孔限制;180 mmol·L-1Na2SO4胁迫沙枣幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr分别为对照的71.57%、30.85%、67.15%和51.65%,而Ls和WUE则分别为对照的1.91、1.38倍。(3)盐胁迫强度与幼苗株高、总叶面积、单株叶片数、比叶面积、茎生物量、叶生物量、总生物量等生长指标以及Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr等光合参数呈极显著负相关,叶片的光合参数与总叶面积、单株叶片数呈显著或极显著正相关,而叶片的生长指标、光合参数与幼苗的株高生长和生物量累积也呈显著或极显著正相关。     

干旱对南五味子和海南红豆幼苗气体交换参数的影响

对海南红豆和南五味子的1年生实生苗在不同强度干旱胁迫下的叶片气体交换参数进行研究。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加强,南五味子和海南红豆的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶片水分利用率(WUE)不断下降,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)为先下降后上升,气孔限制值(Ls)呈现先上升后下降;重度胁迫时海南红豆的Pn、Gs、Tr和WUE均比南五味子大,说明前者对干旱有更强的适应性。     

5个苦楝无性系光合特性的初步研究

为深入了解苦楝无性系光合生理特性,比较不同无性系叶片光合参数的差异。本文以5个苦楝优良无性系为参试对象,用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci),并进行分析比较。结果表明:参试苦楝无性系胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和生理水分利用率(WUE)存在极显著差异;叶片净光合速率(Pn)和叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)存在显著差异;气孔导度(Gs)差异不显著。苏楝J104、苏楝J7和苏楝J61净光合速率(Pn)较大,其中苏楝J61生理水分利用率(WUE)较高。     

沙柳和黄柳光合特征及干旱胁迫下的光响应研究

研究沙柳、黄柳光合特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应,为我国北方沙区植被恢复提供理论支持。生长季,以人工栽植的沙柳、黄柳为研究对象,利用LI-6400XT光合仪测定沙柳、黄柳叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)等指标的日进程,并设置4个控水梯度,分析干旱胁迫对沙柳、黄柳光合参数的影响,以及光合速率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示,沙柳的Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr值均大于黄柳,而WUE则为沙柳小于黄柳。干旱胁迫对沙柳、黄柳光合速率的影响基本一致,随干旱胁迫程度增加,沙柳、黄柳的最大光合速率(Pm)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光饱和点(Lm)反而下降,而光补偿点(Lc)变化趋势相反。在干旱胁迫下,土壤水分作为限制沙柳和黄柳光合作用的主导因子,导致叶片光合、蒸腾等生理活动降低。     

不同灌溉条件对刺槐生长量及各项生理指标的影响

在小管出流与大水漫灌等不同灌溉方式下,研究刺槐的相对含水量(RWC),水分饱和亏缺(RWD)、光响应曲线、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、单叶水分利用效率(WUE)等指标的变化。结果表明,小管出流灌溉条件下,刺槐叶片净光合速率Pn值、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、生长量均大于漫灌下刺槐;但是,单叶水分利用率与叶片胞间CO2浓度在这2两种灌溉条件下差异较小。     

3种紫金牛属植物光合光响应特性的研究

利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对人工遮阳栽培的东南紫金牛、朱砂根、红凉伞3种紫金牛属植物叶片进行光模拟试验,结果表明在低光照下,随着光合有效辐射强度(PARi)的增强,3种植物的净光合速率(Pn)增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)加大,叶温(Tf)均升高,气孔导度(GS)迅速增大,胞间CO2浓度(Cj)值下降,水分利用效率(WUE)增加.当PARi达到400lanol·m-2·s-1时,出现了明显的光抑制现象;当PARi达到800μmol·m-2·s-1时,Gs下降,气孔运动受到影响.3种植物的光合饱和点(LSP)在199.251 8～281.5106μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点(LCP)在11.934 0～51.678 9μmol·m-2·s-1,最大WUE为2.27～7.56μmolCO2·mmol-1H2O,说明3种植物耐阴喜湿的特性,可以适应室内的生态环境.对3种植物进行对比分析表明,东南紫金牛的LSP及LCP相对较高,Tr比较大,Tf变幅小,Gs大,说明东南紫金牛与朱砂根及其变种红凉伞相比.有较好的适应强光的能力,生长势强.     

不同栽培基质荔波唇柱苣苔光合日变化及其影响因子分析

为了解不同栽培基质条件下荔波唇柱苣苔的光合生理特性,分别在田园土(CK)、泥炭土︰珍珠岩︰黄心土(2︰1︰1,A1)、腐殖土︰珍珠岩︰黄心土(2︰1︰1,A2)和腐殖土︰黄心土(2︰1,A3)4种不同栽培基质下,采用LI-6400XT测定荔波唇柱苣苔的光合参数及其影响因子的日变化。结果表明,4种栽培基质荔波唇柱苣苔的净光合速率[Pn,μmol/(m~2·s)]日均值为A2(1.00)A3(0.82)A1(0.76)CK(0.46)。不同栽培基质荔波唇柱苣苔(Pn)日变化均呈单峰曲线,无光合"午休现象";水分利用效率(WUE)日变化呈单峰曲线,气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)日变化与蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化趋势相似,呈双峰曲线。相关性分析表明,CK中Pn与Gs呈显著正相关;A1中Pn与相对湿度(RH)呈显著正相关;A2中Pn与Ci、空气温度(Ta)呈显著正相关;A3中Pn与Tr呈显著正相关;A1、CK中Tr与Gs呈显著正相关,A2、A3中Tr与Gs呈极显著正相关。不同栽培基质荔波唇柱苣苔的光合日进程有所不同,说明荔波唇柱苣苔的栽培中要考虑相应的栽培基质。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.