Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Foliar Application of Plant Growth Retardants and Zinc on Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields and Oil Properties of Cotton

Field experiments were conducted in two successive seasons at the Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt (on a clay loam soil), to determine the effects of N fertilization (added at rates of 107 and 161 kg N ha^–1) and foliar application of plant growth retardants (Pix, Cycocel and Alar; each applied once at 300 p.p.m., 75 days after planting) and zinc (applied at 0.0 and 50 p.p.m., two times, 80 and 95 days after planting) on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of the Egyptian cotton cultivar Giza 75. The higher N rate, as well as the application of all growth retardants and zinc, resulted in an increase in cottonseed yield ha^–1, seed index, seed protein content, oil and protein yields ha^–1, seed oil refractive index, unsaponifiable matter and total unsaturated fatty acid content (oleic and linoleic). However, those treatments decreased the oil acid value, saponification value, and total saturated fatty acid content. The seed oil content tended to decrease when the high N rate was applied, but tended to increase with the application of all growth retardants and zinc. There were some differences between Pix, Cycocel and Alar regarding their effects on the studied characters. The highest increase in seed yield ha^–1, seed index, and oil and protein yields ha^–1 was found with Pix, followed by Cycocel. The Cycocel treatment gave the lowest total saturated fatty acid oil content, followed by Alar.     

栝楼籽油容易凝固的原因分析

为了分析栝楼籽油凝固的原因,找出栝楼籽油黏性变化的分子结构基础,以紫苏籽油为参照,采用紫外分光光度法进行了紫苏籽油和栝楼籽油紫外光谱扫描和分析,并与用马来酸和共轭亚油酸作为孤立双键和二共轭双键为标准品绘制标准曲线进行比对,分析了栝楼籽油和紫苏籽油不饱和脂肪酸所含的共轭双键类型和含量的差异。结果表明,紫苏籽油不饱和脂肪酸中仅含孤立双键,含量达365.8 mg/mL,而瓜蒌籽油的不饱和脂肪酸中除含孤立双键外,均含有三共轭双键。此外,黄色栝楼籽油还含有二共轭双键（含量为197.01 mg/mL）。栝楼籽油不饱和脂肪酸含有一定量的二、三共轭双键,易发生加成、聚合,致使其饱和脂肪酸含量增加、凝固点降低、黏性增大,此为栝楼籽油储藏过程中容易发生凝固的主要原因。     

Pure line selection for improved yield, oil content and different fatty acid composition of sesame, Sesamum indicum

The aims of this study were estimation of the variability of seed yield, oil content, oleic acid and linoleic acid content in single plant progenies and lines derived from Turkish sesame populations, and the improvement of different type lines with regard to high seed yield, high oil content and specific fatty acid composition. Different types of lines were developed—i.e. lines which yielded over 1000 kg seeds/ha from the yield type progenies and lines which yielded over 63% of oil content from oil type progenies—but it was not possible to improve lines where fatty acid composition differed dramatically from that of oleic and linoleic type progenies.     

南瓜子油的气相色谱分析及理化特性研究

采用超临界CO2流体萃取南瓜子油,气相色谱等方法测定了南瓜子油的理化成分、脂肪酸组成、品质特性。结果表明,南瓜子含粗蛋白质为33.28%,粗脂肪为42.77%;超临界CO2流体萃取南瓜子油的提取率为90%,明显优于其他提取方法;南瓜子油含丰富不饱和脂肪酸,其中亚油酸占52.29%,所得南瓜子油品质良好酸价为1.46 mg/g,过氧化值为1.62 mmol/kg。     

Cottonseed, Protein and Oil Yields, and Oil Properties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization and Growth Regulators

Two experiments were carried out at Giza Agric. Res. St., Agric. Res. Centre, Ministry of Agric, Egypt, during 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 ( Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg N/ha), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P₂O₅/ha) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA), each was applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing), on cotton seed, protein and oil yields and oil properties. A randomized complete block design, with four replications treatment combinations was used.
The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that, cottonseed, oil and protein yields/ha increased by raising N- and P-levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added-N and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of P-levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, while the protein percentage increased by raising N-rate. Application of growth regulators and high P-level increased the seed oil percentage, while the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e. acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing N-rate and the application of growth substances, while a reverse trend was noticed by raising P-level. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite response.     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。     

Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Erucic Acid-Free Summer Rape Seed (Brassica napus L.) in Relation to Nitrogen Nutrition and Raceme Position

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) and raceme position on the fatty acid composition of oil extracted from erucic acid-free summer rape seed ( Brassica napus cv. Callypso ). The seven fatty acids analyzed for include palmitic, palmitolcic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolemc, and eicosenoic acids; of which oleic (59.54–64.84 %) and palmitoleic (0.36–0.4 %) acids were the highest and lowest levels respectively. Generally, N nutrition influenced fatty acid pattern only to a little extent. Palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic acid levels were increased by 170 ppm N, depending on raceme position, but oleic and linolenic acids were unaffected. Similarly, 170 ppm N produced the highest fatty acid levels in seeds on the lower portions of racemes, with the exception of oleic acid. This was also true in the case of the upper portions of racemes, except that 30 ppm N produced the highest levels of oleic and linoleic acids in rape seeds. Under the optimum N supply level (i.e. 100 ppm N), position of raceme on the rape plant did not greatly influence the levels of different fatty acids in lipids.     

棉仁高油分材料筛选及其脂肪酸发育分析

对2个主要栽培棉种共61个棉花材料的棉仁油分含量测定表明,棉花种间的棉仁油分含量差异较大。陆地棉和海岛棉材料的平均棉仁油分含量分别为30.42%和37.25%。陆地棉材料中棉仁油分含量变幅较大,从25.27%到35.42%;海岛棉材料的棉仁油分含量相对一致。分别以海岛棉‘Pima90-53’和陆地棉‘徐州142’、‘T586’为材料,考察了棉子发育过程中,油分含量及成分的发育变化进程。研究发现,棉仁油分含量在开花后20d时已达到棉仁干重的25%左右,棉子完全成熟时油分相对含量达到最高。气相色谱分析表明,棉仁脂肪酸主要包括棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸等,其中亚油酸的含量可达50%以上。随着棉子的发育,棉仁亚油酸含量逐渐减少,而棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量逐渐增加。棉花种间和种内材料的棉仁油分含量差异较大,说明对棉花材料的棉仁油分含量进行遗传改良具有较大的潜力。     

微波对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响及其脂肪酸分析

以毛酸浆种子为原料,研究索氏微波提取法对毛酸浆籽油提取效率的影响,并以甲酯化脂肪酸为标准品,采用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油脂肪酸成分进行分析,通过与标准品比对出峰时间确定试样脂肪酸成分,使用面积归一法确定试样中各脂肪酸含量。结果表明,与普通热风干燥相比,微波干燥法能够提高毛酸浆籽油的提取效率;利用气相色谱法对毛酸浆籽油进行脂肪酸分析,共检测出8种脂肪酸,分别为:肉豆蔻酸1.3%,棕榈酸10.3%,硬脂酸5.3%,油酸14.3%,亚油酸62.7%,亚麻酸4.0%,花生酸1.1%,二十二烷酸1.0%。其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量占81.0%,说明毛酸浆籽油具有较高的营养价值,开发前景广阔。     

紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因克隆与功能研究

二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(diacylglycerol acyltransferase, DGAT)是植物合成三酰甘油(TAG)最后一步的关键酶,其中DGAT2在某些植物的种子油中能选择性积累更多不饱和脂肪酸。本文成功克隆了紫苏二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2基因(PfDGAT2),并进行生物信息学分析。PfDGAT2实时荧光定量结果表明,不同器官中PfDGAT2基因均有表达, 10 d种子的表达量最高,在根中的表达量次之,在种子发育中后期,PfDGAT2表达量逐渐降低。与野生型拟南芥相比,过表达PfDGAT2拟南芥种子含油率提高了21.68%～77.89%,其中种子含油率增加最多的4个株系,其亚麻酸(C18:3)增加4.57%,花生一烯酸(C20:1)增加7.44%,花生二烯酸(C20:2)增加5.4%,二十二一烯酸(C22:1)增加10.37%,而棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)和亚油酸(C18:2)含量分别降低了3.47%、6.64%和4.83%,油酸(C18:1)和花生酸(C20:0)分别只降低了0.18%和1.91%。本研究结果表明,紫苏PfDGAT2基因不仅能提高种子含油率,还能促进亚麻酸、花生一烯酸等不饱和脂肪酸的积累,这为研究植物不饱和脂肪酸的合成积累提供了参考及理论依据。     

响应面法优化提取糜子油

为了确定糜子油的最优提取工艺,并对其脂肪酸成分进行分析,在单因素实验基础上,以糜子油得率作为响应目标,通过中心复合设计进行优化,确定索氏提取法提取糜子油的最佳条件。利用气质联用仪对糜子脂肪酸成分检测。结果表明,提取溶剂石油醚,液料比为20:1,提取温度80℃,淋洗时间30 min 时提取条件为最佳,最佳得率为4.51%。对糜子油进行甲酯化后经气相色谱质谱仪分析,得到其主要脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸等,主要以不饱和脂肪酸为主,是优质脂肪酸。     

刺葡萄籽油萃取及成分分析研究

以刺葡萄种籽为原料,采用普通超临界和超声波强化超临界萃取技术,对发酵、未发酵不同处理的刺葡萄种籽进行脂肪酸萃取,并用气相色谱—质谱联用仪对刺葡萄种籽油的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明,刺葡萄种籽油萃取的最佳工艺为萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度35℃,分离温度55℃,分离压力12 MPa,在此条件下,普通超临界装置萃取的刺葡萄籽油萃取率高、油脂清亮且透明度好,优于超声波强化超临界装置。GC-MS分析显示,2种不同处理的刺葡萄籽油的成分都以脂肪酸为主,其中未发酵的刺葡萄籽油不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为87%,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸为主,质量分数为85.67%;发酵后的刺葡萄籽油不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为83%,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸为主,质量分数为82%,其油脂微浊,酸价较高,油质较不发酵的刺葡萄籽油脂低。     

Response of Mustard to Ethrel Spray and Basal and Foliar Application of Nitrogen

In a field trial conducted during 1992–93 and 1993–94, the effect of basal (B) nitrogen (N) (45 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹) and foliar application (F) of water (W) or 10 kg N ha⁻¹ and 400 or 600 ppm ethrel (E) (2-Chloro ethyl phosphonic acid) at 70 days after sowing was studied on leaf area index and dry mass at 90 days and pod number per plant, seeds per pod, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil content and oil vield at harvest of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.) cv. T-59. Recommended basal (B) application of 90 kg N ha (BN₉₀) was used as control. On the basis of 2 year data it was found that basal application of 60 kg N and foliar spray of 10 kg N ha ⁻¹ and 600 ppm ethrel gave higher values for growth and yield characteristics and enhanced seed yield and oil yield by 12.5 and 14.8%, respectively over control BN_90.     

Irrigation has Little Effect on Unsaturated Fatty Acid Content in Soya Bean Seed Oil within Genotypes Differing in Fatty Acid Profile

Soya bean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes with modified unsaturated fatty acid profiles in seed oil have been developed. Higher oleic (18:1) and lower linolenic (18:3) acids are desirable for increased use of soya bean oil in food and industrial applications. The environment affects levels of unsaturated fatty acids in soya bean and it is important that desired components of seed oil are produced across a range of growing conditions. Our objective was to determine whether irrigation affects fatty acid levels in soya bean with altered fatty acid profiles. Seven modified oil genotypes which included elevated oleic acids, and/or reduced linolenic acid, along with two common soya bean varieties were evaluated with and without irrigation (rain fed) in four environments in each of 2 years. Irrigation generally had no significant influence on unsaturated fatty acid accumulation in seed oil in soya bean genotypes with altered fatty acid profiles. However, irrigation tended to show desirable effects on 18:1 and 18:3 contents in the genotypes studied. Oleic acid tended to be higher in eight of the nine genotypes and linolenic acid was lower in six of the nine genotypes under irrigation vs. rain fed treatments.     

Response of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Growth, Yield, Oil Content and Its Fatty Acids to Nitrogen Rates and Application Times

A steady and progressive increase in rapeseed yield was observed with each increment in applied nitrogen rates up to 213 kg/ha in both seasons. As for nitrogen application times, the analyzed data showed that adding a split dose (either 1/2 or 1/3) before the third irrigation was a common part between high yielding treatments in 1985/86 season. Nitrogen rates X application times interaction affected rapeseed yield significantly during the first winter season. The highest seed yield of 2.5 t/ha was obtained by adding 213 kg N/ha in two split doses at sowing and just before the third irrigation. The second yield value of 2.47 t/ha was produced under the same N rate when applied in two split doses before second and third irrigation. However, in the second season (1986/87), rapeseed plants did not exhibit significant responses to nitrogen rates X application times interaction.
Chemical analyses showed that rapeseed oil content and its fatty acids (Palmetic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidic and Erucic) percentages were not significantly affected by either nitrogen rates or application times in both seasons. A very low content of Erucic acid (0.1–0.9 %) in all tested sample was noticed.     

3种不同提取方式对红树莓籽油成分的影响

通过超声辅助乙醇提取法、超声辅助石油醚提取法和索氏石油醚提取法3种方法提取红树莓籽油,比较提取率、鉴定脂肪酸成分、测定抗氧化活性和总皂甙含量。结果表明:UAE-Et红树莓籽油的提取率最高,为18.55%,UAE-PE和SE-PE的提取率分别为10.18%和13.58%。GC-MS结果表明,3种提取方法共在红树莓籽油中鉴定出32种物质,其中不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和亚麻酸等)含量分别为82.71%(UAE-Et)、85.76%(UAE-PE)和88.83%(SE-PE),均超过80%;ω-6/ω-3脂肪酸比例为2.22∶1~2.32∶1。抗氧化活性研究表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油抗氧化活性最强,其IC 50(半抑制浓度)为4.36 mg·mL^-1。总皂甙含量测定结果表明,UAE-Et红树莓籽油中总皂甙含量最高,为351.88 mg·g^-1,这与GC-MS吻合。     

芝麻种质营养品质研究

对410份芝麻种质分析表明,脂肪平均含量为53.13％,变异系数为3.53％,蛋白质平均含量为26.39％,变异系数为7.03％,并建立了二者的回归方程。分析出脂肪中有6种脂肪酸,其中油酸、亚油酸含量总和在80％以上。脂肪酸组分对脂肪含量的通径分析表明,油酸和亚油酸的直接效应分别为0.6907和0.9322。筛选出19个脂肪含量高达56％以上,同时又具有蛋白质、油酸、亚油酸优质性状的品种。探讨了粒色与营养品质的关系,表明脂肪含量随着粒色加深而下降,显示出芝麻品种的粒色演进为黑粒——褐粒——黄粒——白粒。     

不同品种紫苏种子营养成分及脂肪酸组分分析

为了给优化种质资源改良提供理论依据,选用10个不同紫苏品种作为供试材料,研究其种子性状、品质、脂肪酸组成及含量,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,10个不同品种紫苏种子直径、千粒重、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和纤维素含量均存在显著差异,变幅为籽粒直径1.58~2.15 mm,千粒重2.36~5.12 g,粗脂肪34.0%~45.2%,粗蛋白18.5%~21.8%,纤维素19.0%~25.1%。总脂肪酸中含棕榈酸3.16%~4.77%,硬脂酸0.56%~1.86%,油酸11.42%~23.06%,亚油酸8.53%~13.02%,亚麻酸58.48%~70.90%,总不饱和脂肪酸占到总脂肪酸的93.26%~95.00%。ZY-3,ZY-1,ZB-1,BZ-2和BS-1粗脂肪含量高,α-亚麻酸比例大,可作为高油高亚麻酸优质育种材料。试验结果还表明,粗脂肪、亚麻酸含量与籽粒直径和千粒重间均呈显著正相关,油酸含量与籽粒直径和千粒重间呈显著负相关,而油酸与亚麻酸含量间呈极显著负相关。因此,要提高紫苏籽的亚麻酸含量,就要适当控制其油酸含量。     

续随子种子油提取工艺响应面法优化及成分分析

确定续随子种子油的最优提取工艺,并对其脂肪酸成分进行分析。通过比较索氏法、超声法、水酶法对续随子种子油的提取效率,选出最佳提取方法。在单因素试验基础上,采用Plackett-Burman 设计筛选索氏提取法中影响提取率的因素。以种子油提取率作为响应目标,对筛选出的因素通过中心复合设计(Central Composite Design)进行优化,确定索氏提取法的最优提取工艺。三种方法的最高得率分别为41.97%,36.38%,34.33%。提取溶剂、液料比、温度、时间为影响最明显的因素。确定了索氏提取法的最优提取工艺为：提取溶剂石油醚,液料比30:1(v:m),提取温度90℃,提取时间9 h。采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析种子油成分,共鉴定出8 种脂肪酸,占总脂肪酸含量的99%以上。其中,不饱和脂肪酸以油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生酸等为主,其含量达到总脂肪酸90%以上。在此工艺条件下,续随子种子油得率理论值为54.353%,实测值为54.175%,与理论值相比,相对误差为0.120%。研究结果可为续随子种子油的提取工艺提供参考,为续随子的进一步开发利用建立基础。     

杭白芍结实性状及籽油品质分析

分析杭白芍结实性状及其籽油品质,为芍药籽油专用品种培育及籽油开发利用提供理论参考。对杭白芍的结实性状相关性和籽油理化性质进行测试和分析,结果表明：（1）单心皮种子数和心皮长均与单株产量呈极显著正相关,蓇葖果数与单株产量呈显著正相关,分株数与单株产量呈显著负相关;主成分分析表明,前4个主成分累计贡献率达88.8768%。（2）籽油测试结果表明,种子含油率21.31%,油酸40.56%,亚油酸29.16%,亚麻酸22.11%,籽油不饱和脂肪酸91.83%,维生素E含量79.64 mg/100 g。因此,在选育高产品系时要重点关注单心皮种子数、心皮长和蓇葖果数等性状指标。杭白芍籽油具有较高的食用价值,可以作为一种新型的油料作物,具备深入研究推广的价值。