北方地区皂荚种子及荚果形态特征的地理变异

对我国皂荚北方自然分布区7个产地采集的皂荚种子及部分荚果进行取样测定,分别测定荚果及种子10项形态指标,结果发现:各指标在同一群体不同家系间差异显著;不同群体间,除荚果宽、种子长、荚果长宽比外,其余指标差异均达显著或极显著水平;单荚果质量、荚果长度、荚果宽度及荚果长宽比表现为同地理经度上的南北变异;荚果宽厚比及种子长宽比,表现为同地理纬度的东西变异;荚果厚度、种子长度与种子长宽比表现为西南-东北向变异;种子千粒质量无明显的地理变异规律,主要与分布地点的海拔高度、水分、太阳辐射及炎热状况的综合作用有关.     

四川省桢楠天然群体种子表型多样性的初步研究

在四川桢楠天然林分布区共抽取了7个群体,分别测量了其种子长、宽、长宽比、单粒种子重等4个性状,采用方差分析、聚类分析,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行了系统比较研究。结果表明：四川桢楠种子长、种子宽、种子长宽比和单粒种子重的变异系数分别为12．14％,17．14％,16．29％和25．78％,以种子长的变异系数最小,其性状稳定性较高,单粒种子重量的变异系数最大,该性状变异较大;种子性状表型分化系数均值为31．23％．群体间变异（31．2％）小于群体内变异（68．77％）,该树种种子3个性状总的遗传变异大约30％存在于群体间。大约70％存在于群体内。通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将7个群体分成3类,都江堰、邛崃和峨眉山3个群体聚为1类,成都、洪雅聚为1类,崇州和泸州聚为1类。     

“土贡松”母树林种子品质与遗传多样性初步分析

种子品质及遗传多样性是评价良种生产群体优劣的重要指标。本研究对广西55a生"土贡松"母树林种子表型及生活力、性状间相关性、子代遗传多样性等进行了分析研究,表明:不同采种母树在种子表型性状(种子长、种子宽、种翅长、种翅宽、种子长宽比、种翅长宽比、千粒重)及种子生活力(萌发率、胚根长度)上均存在极显著差异(P0.0001);不同母树种子的萌发率在47%~95%之间;种子表型性状与种子生活力性状无显著相关性;母树林具有较广泛的遗传基础,基因期望杂合度、Nei期望杂合度分别为0.602、0.588;林内个体间存在明显的授粉不随机现象(观察杂合度0.381期望杂合度0.602),可能存在一定程度近交或自交。     

毒豆半同胞家系种子表型特征研究

3个毒豆半同胞家系的种子长、种子宽、种子表面积和种子长宽比4个表型性状在家系间和家系内均有丰富变异,其中家系3变异最大(12.2%),家系1次之(9.69%),家系2最小(8.68%);性状间,以种子表面积变异最大(14.47%),宽度变异次之(10.74%),种子长(6.97%)和种子长宽比(8.57%)变异相对较小。3个半同胞家系的种子长、种子长宽比两指标的差异均达到显著水平,家系2的种子表面积与家系1、家系3种子表面积之间的差异达到显著水平。但是4个种子表型性状之间均存在一定的相关性,除种子表面积与种子长宽比之间的相关性水平未达到显著水平外,其余均达到极显著水平。以组内联接、Euclidean距离对3个毒豆半同胞家系种子表型数据进行系统聚类,在距离2处可将其分为2组。其中第1组为家系3;第2组为包括家系1和家系2,此两个家系的种子表型性状具有较大相似性。     

浙江省柿树种质资源表型多样性研究

对浙江省8个不同产地的柿树(Diospyros kaki)品种/类型表型性状的变异规律进行研究,结果表明,柿树表型多样性极其丰富,叶片长、叶片宽、叶柄长、叶长宽比、果实长、果实宽、果长宽比、果柄长、果体积、果质量、果密度、果固形物、果可溶性总糖、果蛋白质14个表型性状中除叶长宽比和果长宽比外的12个在品种/类型间和品种/类型内都存在极显著差异(a=0.01);品种/类型间和品种/类型内优株间均存在丰富的变异,且品种/类型间的变异远远大于品种/类型内优株间的变异;利用品种间欧氏距离进行UPGMA聚类分析,所有单株基本按品种/类型聚在一起。     

不同种源丝栗栲种子性状变异

为了探讨丝栗栲(Castanopsis fargesii)种子的变异规律,对采自贵州省荔波县、都匀市和三都县3个地理种源13个家系的丝栗栲种子的长、宽、长宽比和百粒重进行对比分析。结果表明:3个不同地理种源的丝栗栲种子的种子长、种子宽、长宽比和种子百粒重的性状差异达到极显著水平;种源间各性状指标的变异幅度较大,分别为种子长0.176%～4.034%、种子宽1.443%～6.389%、长宽比1.392%～4.808%、百粒重2.773%～13.470%。荔波种源的各项指标变异系数均为最大,都匀种源各项指标的变异系数均为最小;各指标间均具有极显著相关性,种子长与种子宽、百粒重呈极显著正相关,与种子长宽比呈极显著负相关;种子宽与种子长宽比呈极显著负相关,与百粒重呈极显著正相关;种子长宽比与百粒重呈极显著负相关。3个种源中,都匀种源的综合指标最优,可作为优良种源进行良种培育。     

厚朴不同种源及家系种子性状的变异

研究厚朴自然分布区内8个省份19个种源的种子长、种子宽、种子厚、种子长宽比及种子百粒重等性状的变异及趋变模式.结果表明:种源间种子长、种子宽、种子厚、种子长宽比等性状的差异均达到极显著水平;种源内不同家系种子长、种子宽、种子厚等性状的差异也均达到极显著水平;种源间种子百粒重变异远远高于种源内家系间变异,前者种子百粒重变异幅度为14.147～24.547 g,后者种子百粒重变异幅度为15.003～17.357 g;种子宽、种子厚和种子百粒重等性状受积温和热量因子控制作用极为明显.     

云南松种内杂交组合的球果和种子表型性状变异分析

以弥渡云南松种子园38个种内杂交组合的球果和种子为研究对象,测定球果和种子的单果重、千粒重和种翅宽等7个表型性状,采用方差分析、变异系数及相关分析等分析方法,探讨云南松种内杂交组合的球果和种子表型性状的变异。结果表明:云南松球果和种子表型性状在杂交组合和杂交组合类别间均存在着较丰富的变异,且前者变异大于后者;在杂交组合变异中,球果表型性状变异大于种子表型性状变异,球果和种子的质量性状变异均大于二者的形态性状变异;在杂交组合类别间,千粒重在个别类别间差异显著,其他性状则在多数类别间差异显著。球果和种子大部分表型性状之间存在显著或极显著相关,其中球果质量越大,球果形态、种子质量和种翅宽就越大;球果形态越大,种子质量就越大;随着种子质量的增大,种翅宽也变大。     

同一区域不同分布高度葛萝槭表型性状变异分析

为了解同一区域不同分布高度葛萝槭种群表型变异程度及变异规律,对来自河北省灵寿县五岳寨地区3个分布高度葛萝槭种群进行单果质量、单果皮质量、果长、果宽、果厚、果实长宽比、单种质量、种长、种宽、种厚、种子长宽比及种子千粒质量等12个表型性状进行观测,采用平均值、变异系数、方差分析及相关性分析等方法进行分析.结果 表明:同一区...     

晚松人工林株间株内球果及种子形态变异研究

通过在晚松分布的江西峡江地区分株采样,对晚松球果及种子形态性状进行统计分析,开展晚松球果及种子性状在株间和株内的差异性研究。表型变异分析结果表明,大部分性状在株间和株内差异明显,晚松球果及种子形态性状在株间、株内存在丰富的变异;球果和种子形态性状间的相关分析显示,晚松球果越大,果质量越重,相应的其种子也越大,种子单粒质量也越重。种子单粒质量的多元回归分析结果表明,果质量、种长、种厚及种长×种宽×种厚4个性状的总贡献率达92.1%;建立这4个性状与种子单粒质量的线性回归模型,发现果质量和种长×种宽×种厚(0.618和0.666)对种子单粒质量的预测效果要优于种长和种厚(0.529和0.428)。     

Genetic variability and divergence studies in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata （L.） Pierre., accessions in Bay Islands

In this study, we assessed the variability in pod, seed traits and oil content of 24 accessions of Pongamia pinnata collected from different parts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The experiment was conducted at the Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair during 2010 to 2011. The variability studies for pod and seed traits revealed that, the accession CPT-6 collected from New Wandoor in South Andaman recorded the maximum values for eight traits viz. pod length （75.51 mm）, pod width （34.62 mm）, pod thickness （17.55 mm）, 100 pod weight （770.33 g）, seed width （21.23 mm）, 100 seed weight （377.00 g）, oil percentage （43.92%） and germination percentage （94.7%）. However, the maximum seed length （26.46 mm） was recorded from CPT 2 and the maximum pod-seed ratio was obtained from CPT 13 and CPT 4 （2.50 and 2.44 respectively）. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were also close to each other for all traits, but the 100 pod and seed weight exhibited higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation than the other traits. Estimates of broad sense heritability ranged from 0.30 （for seed length） to 0.95 （pod length） and genetic ad- vance as percent of the mean ranged between 11.66% and 57.40% with seed length giving the lowest value and 100 pod weight giving the high- est value. Both the phenotypic and genotypic correlation between pod length, pod width, pod thickness, 100 pod weight, seed width and 100 seed weight and between pod thickness, 100 pod weight, seed width, 100 seed weight and germination percentage were found to be strong. On the basis of non hierarchical Euclidian cluster analysis, 24 accessions were grouped into six clusters. The maximum numbers of seven accessions were included in cluster VI. The maximum intra cluster distance （10.238）shown by cluster VI and the maximum inter cluster distance （17.021） between V and HI followed by III and II （15.942）. Among the six clus- ters formed the cluster III recorded maximum oil percentage, 100 pod weight, 100 seed ,weight, pod length, pod thickness, pod width, seed width and. germination percentage, while cluster V recorded maximum pod seed ratio and germination percentage. The present findings suggest that the crossing between accessions of cluster V and cluster III will result in a wide spectrum of variability in subsequent generations.     

怀槐种实性状的观测与初步研究

以不同年份、不同植株(产地)的怀槐果实与种子为材料研究种实性状差异,结果表明:同一年份各样品间果实长度、宽度分别变动于4.9~5.9 cm和0.9~1.1 cm之间;株间(产地、年份)种子长度、宽度分别变动于6.8~8.2 mm和3.4~4.2 mm之间;千粒重平均值为62.92 g,变动于54.12~68.95 g之间,差异极显著(F0.01=454.167**)。发芽率和发芽势分别变动于80.7%~93.1%和41.7%~59.5%之间。怀槐种实性状普遍存在着多样性。     

文冠果人工种群的果实表型多样性及其变异

以文冠果果实为研究对象,调查了研究区内44株文冠果果实的19个表型性状,利用变异系数、方差分析和相关分析研究了调查区内文冠果人工种群的变异情况。方差和变异系数分析结果表明,研究区内文冠果果实表型性状差异都极显著,并在不同个体之间存在很大的变异幅度。其中,单株结果量和种子产量变异最大(变异系数大于76%),其次是单果质量、单果种质量和单果仁质量(变异系数约30%),再次是单果出种数和果柄长度(变异系数大于20%),而种子长、种子宽、种形比和心室数变异较小(变异系数低于10%),种仁出油率变异最小(变异系数6.13%);单株间丰产性差异明显,并具有一定的遗传稳定性。相关性分析结果表明,文冠果人工种群果实不同性状的相关性不一样并差异显著,其中果长、果宽、果质量、种质量、仁质量、种子长、出种数、出种率、千粒质量和果柄粗的相关性强,与多个性状呈显著相关,而果形比、出仁率、结果量和种子产量与个别性状呈显著相关,果实心室数和果柄长相关性最弱,与所有性状相关性不显著。     

濒危植物格木天然种群的表型多样性及变异

【目的】通过对濒危植物格木在我国中心分布区种群的果荚和种子表型性状测量分析,研究其表型多样性及变异规律,结合地理气候信息探讨影响表型变异的关键因子,为格木天然种群的遗传多样性保护恢复和引种栽培提供科学依据。【方法】对8个格木天然种群114个单株的13个果荚及种子表型性状进行测量,利用巢式方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等分析方法,探讨格木天然种群的表型多样性水平、进化和适应性潜力、表型变异规律、表型分化水平、种群聚类特征及其与地理气候因子的相关性。【结果】格木表型多样性水平中等,13个性状的Shannon-Wiener指数在1. 911 1(种形指数)～2. 103 9(果荚周长)之间,平均2. 027 8;8个种群的Shannon-Wiener指数在0. 920 9(P6)～1. 885 6(P8)之间,均值为1. 474 7。格木表型性状离散程度较轻,13个性状的变异系数在7. 544 6%(种子长)～18. 868 5%(果荚面积)之间,均值为12. 410 9%; 8个种群的变异系数在8. 852 9%(P1)～13. 984 8%(P5)之间,均值为12. 410 9%。13个表型性状的极大值为极小值的1. 395 2(种形指数)～2. 805 6(每荚种子数)倍,均值为1. 791 7。巢式方差分析表明,格木13个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0. 01),说明这些性状在种群间和种群内均存在丰富的变异;种群内的变异(40. 387 1%)远大于种群间(11. 948 9%)。种群平均表型分化系数为21. 857 9%,各性状的分化系数变化幅度在7. 476 5%(种形指数)～38. 674 0%(果荚宽)之间。相关性分析表明,13个表型性状之间大多存在显著或极显著相关,果荚宽度、种子周长等性状和温度指标呈负相关,与纬度呈正相关,格木在气温高、降雨量大的地区往往具有小果荚、小种子的特征,随着温度指标降低和纬度增加,格木果荚及种子有变大的趋势。格木13个表型性状可提炼为4个主成分,累积贡献率为87. 382%。8个天然群体基于欧氏距离可分为3类:第1类2个种群呈现果荚小、种子小的特征,该类表型主要出现在格木分布区的南端;第2类5个种群呈现果荚大、种子大的特征,该类表型主要出现在格木分布区的北部,仅1个种群位于分布区的南部;第3类1个种群呈现果荚小、种子少、种子大而薄的特征,该类表型出现在格木南北分布区的中间衔接部。【结论】格木的表型多样性处于中等水平,在个体上存在较为丰富的变异。在群体及物种水平上,格木表型性状离散程度较轻,各个性状分布相对集中,较为稳定,不易发生群体分化,拥有特殊表型的格木单株具有较高的保存价值。果荚及种子大小进化及适应性潜力相对较大,种形指数最不易产生变异。种群内的变异是格木表型变异的主要来源,格木的种质资源收集保存可减少种群数量,增加种群内个体数量,并优先收集有特殊表型的单株。广西省容县和龙圩区的格木种群是格木遗传多样性保护及种质资源收集保存的重点区域。年均温等温度因子是影响格木表型及分布的最主要因子。果荚及其中种子的大小是格木种群间聚类的主要依据。     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体表型性状遗传多样性分析

调查祁连山青海云杉天然分布区的10个群体,每群体10个个体 ,以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子的17个表型性状进行系统的比较分析.采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行讨论.方差分析结果表明:各性状在群体间都存在极显著差异;除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异.表型分化系数即群体间变异为31.20%,小于群体内的变异(68.80%).17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关.表型性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性.通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4个类群.     

山西翅果油天然群体果实多样性研究

翅果油(Elaeagnus mollis Diels.)为胡颓子科胡颓子属,又名柴禾、毛折子、贼绿柴、仄棱蛋,是我国特有的木本油料树种.翅果油种子出油率为32.5％,其中,油酸40.36％,亚油酸50.38％[1-4];经初步测量,成年单株每年可产果40 kg;目前,测定的Ve含量高达15.581 mg·g-1,并且还富含其它活性物质,如Vc、甾醇等,具有较高的经济价值[5-6].翅果油根系发达,具固氮能力,在生长条件恶劣的黄土高原地区能够正常生长结实,耐旱、耐瘠薄能力较强,具有重要的生态价值[7-8].     

Biogeographic Differences in Cone, Needle and Seed Morphology among Natural Picea asperata Populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce （Picea asperata Mast.） populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude： the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

Biogeographic differences in cone, needle and seed morphology among natural Picea asperata populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude: the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

Variability in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka,India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees(CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics,oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight(410.4 gm)and 100-seed weight(195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight(4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight(813.8 and768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight(98.28 %), and canopy growth(96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %,followed by pod width(53.43 %) and canopy growth(49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits,except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes(GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18,28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate,plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.