强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的作用

针对我国日趋严峻的粮油安全形势,近年来《中央一号文件》对农业种植结构进行了全面的、科学的调整：“生产上重点是保口粮,油料重点发展油菜和花生;东北地区扩种大豆杂粮薯类和饲草作物,构建合理轮作制度;黄淮海地区重点是扩种花生、大豆和饲草作物”。以豆科作物为主体的北方现代农业种植制度对保障粮油安全生产、饲草的供应以及农民增收具有重大意义。首先,从生产布局看,北方区域（东北、西北及黄淮海）是油料作物大豆、花生、杂豆以及饲草作物苜蓿主要产区。其中,大豆种植面积和产量分别约占全国68%和66%、花生分别占全国的63%和70%。其次,从豆科作物的生态效益来看,可实现用地与养地相结合、充分利用生态位优势、提高资源利用率。目前,北方豆科作物种植模式主要有：单作、间套作（玉米‖大豆、花生,玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖豌豆等）、 轮作（大豆-冬小麦,夏花生-冬小麦,绿豆-冬小麦等）等生态友好型耕作制度。其中,玉米‖大豆、花生宽幅间作是农业部在黄淮海区域主要推广模式,具有经济、社会、生态效益,能有效缓解“粮油争地、人畜争粮”矛盾,大幅提高 粮油综合生产能力。通过加大国家农业政策调控,培育和推广大豆和花生耐阴、抗旱、高产及玉米矮秆、抗旱、高产 新品种,提高农业全程机械化水平和科技服务效率等措施,进一步提高农民生产积极性,强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的比重和作用。     

适宜机械化玉米-大豆间作生产模式研究

研究机械化条件下玉米-大豆间作的生产效益,为优化玉米-大豆间作模式提供理论基础.设置玉米单作(MM)、大豆单作(SM)、玉米大豆行比2:4间作(2/4I)和玉米大豆行比4:4间作(4/4I)种植模式,分析不同种植模式的作物产量、经济效益和土壤温室气体排放特征.结果表明,2/4I和4/4I模式均具有间作优势,土地当量比分...     

鲁西北地区夏玉米/大豆间作适宜模式分析

为探索鲁西北地区最适宜的夏玉米/大豆间作模式,选用豫单9953玉米和齐黄34大豆为材料进行大田试验,以玉米单作和大豆单作模式作为对照,设置夏玉米/大豆6种行比间作模式(2∶4、2∶6、2∶8、3∶4、3∶6、3∶8),分析比较不同间作模式对夏玉米、大豆生物学性状、产量及综合经济效益的影响。结果表明:间作下玉米秃尖长、穗行数、行粒数、单穗粒重均显著优于单作玉米,具有一定正间作效应;大豆株高、底荚高度、分枝数、节数、有效荚数、单株粒数均比单作大豆低,具有一定负间作效应。2∶4、3∶4、3∶6、2∶6、3∶8和2∶8间作模式下土地当量比分别为1.32、1.28、1.21、1.18、1.14和1.11,增产效益明显,均具有间作优势,尤其2∶4间作模式增产优势最大,相比玉米单作增收值达到4 879.28元·hm~(-2)。综合考虑不同间作模式的经济效益及小型机械操作,2∶4间作模式较适宜在鲁西北地区推广应用。     

小麦-玉米双晚种植对周年产量和资源利用的影响

为了了解黄淮海地区冬小麦晚播、夏玉米晚收"双晚"种植模式的增产效应,选用3个半冬性冬小麦品种和3个中晚熟夏玉米品种为材料,研究了冬小麦播期、夏玉米收获期对周年产量及水温资源分配利用的影响。结果表明,适期晚播冬小麦增产0.98%～8.17%,晚收夏玉米产量提高1 050.2～1 459.4 kg·hm-2,"双晚"种植模式周年最高产量达19 409.6 kg·hm-2,增幅16.64%。冬小麦适期晚播使降水生产效率和积温生产效率分别提高7.06%～14.68%和5.95%～13.49%,夏玉米晚收分别提高1.22%～4.44%和2.48%～5.50%。说明"双晚"种植模式能有效利用水、温资源,起到增产作用。     

海安县恢复和发展大豆生产的途径

我县地处三熟制的北缘,长期以来大豆传统的种植方式主要有两种,一是麦、夏大豆两熟制,一是玉米间作大豆。夏大豆产量低.一般亩产只有250斤左右,麦豆两熟制亩产1000斤上下,比三熟制亩产1600斤左右低。因此麦豆两熟制面积不断缩小,现在种植很少。玉米间作大豆的方式,由于玉米与大豆共生期长(6月初—8月初)荫蔽重,大豆产量也很低,玉米间作大豆年亩产也只有1000斤左右。     

鲁西北地区间作大豆/玉米品种组合综合性状的灰色关联度分析

为明确鲁西北地区适宜间作的大豆/玉米组合品种,以9个不同间作大豆/玉米品种组合为研究对象,采用灰色关联度分析法对不同间作组合中的大豆和玉米农艺性状、产量及效益进行综合分析与评价。研究结果表明:(大豆)齐黄34×(玉米)登海605、(大豆)冀豆12×(玉米)登海605组合中参试大豆品种与理想参考品种加权关联度分别为0.938 1和0.937 8,大豆产量分别为2 155.17和2 119.54 kg·hm~(-2);参试玉米品种与理想参考品种加权关联度分别为0.987 5和0.939 2,玉米产量分别为5 700.69和5 592.18 kg·hm~(-2),这两个间作组合中大豆、玉米综合性状表现最为优良,且综合产量较高,综合经济效益较好,适宜在鲁西北间作大豆/玉米种植模式中大面积推广种植。     

旱地马铃薯间作玉米、玉米间作大豆效益分析

通过对马铃薯间作玉米、玉米间作大豆、净作玉米、净作马铃薯、净作大豆5种种植模式的比较分析认为：虽然间作时单一作物的产量、产值比净作时降低,但综合产量提高。通过调整搭配作物的种植密度可以达到作物间的相对平衡,从而获得各种作物的丰收。在作物搭配时应以其中一种作物为主,另一种作物为辅,不能同时并重。马铃薯间作玉米以马铃薯为主,玉米间作大豆时以玉米为主,能够获得较高的收益。     

玉米行距对大豆/玉米间作作物生长及种间竞争力的影响

为探明大豆玉米间作系统中玉米种植行距对间作作物生长及种间资源竞争的影响。在固定带宽的大豆/玉米间作系统中,设置10,20,45,60和70 cm 5个间作玉米种植行距,分析间作系统的间作优势、作物生长情况以及大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力变化。结果表明:随间作玉米行距增加,间作优势增加,70 cm行距间作优势最大,达4 271.4 kg·hm^-2。Logistic生长拟合曲线表明:随玉米行距增加,大豆生物累积量减小,达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数缩短,玉米生物累积量最大值出现在D45处理下,达43 471.1 kg·hm^-2,D45处理达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数最长,达130 d,且生长后期日生长速率持续高于其它处理;共生期内,伴随作物生长,大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力A_sm逐渐降低,共生后期,表现为随间作玉米种植行距增加,大豆相对于玉米的竞争力A_sm逐渐减小。综合分析表明:河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中,玉米是强竞争力作物,玉米种植行距为45 cm,有利于大豆和玉米的生长及产量形成,大豆和玉米种间竞争力较弱,可作为河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中间作玉米的最佳行距配置。     

根域限制栽培葡萄树与冬小麦间作对树麦的冠层温湿度、光合和产量的影响

为探讨根域限制栽培葡萄树与冬小麦的间作效应,在5年生根域限制栽培葡萄树（品种醉金香,南北行向定植）的4 m宽行间间作冬小麦（品种烟农19号）,调查了该间作模式下冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期及成熟期的小气候、生长发育和产量,以及葡萄树萌芽、开花、软化和成熟期的温湿度、净光合速率及产量,并分析了间作模式的经济效益。结果表明,间作模式有降低冬小麦的冠层温度、提高冠层相对湿度的趋势,但影响不显著;从冬小麦的灌浆期开始,葡萄树在上午和下午分别对冬小麦种植区域的东侧和西侧产生遮荫,间作冬小麦冠层的日平均光照强度约为单作冬小麦的90%;间作冬小麦的各项生长发育指标均优于单作冬小麦,且在孕穗期表现出明显的边行优势;间作冬小麦的各产量构成因素均优于单作冬小麦,单位面积产量显著高于单作冬小麦且边行优势显著,增产幅度达35%;间作模式对根域限制栽培葡萄树的温湿度、净光合速率及产量无影响;间作模式的经济效益是单作冬小麦的16.3倍,比根域限制栽培单作葡萄增加5.8%。综合来看,该间作模式不影响葡萄树的温湿度、净光合速率及产量,但促进冬小麦生长发育并增加边际效应,具有较高的经济效益,适宜大力推广。     

适于机械化收获的玉米新品种选育

阐述了适于机械化收获的玉米新品种选育的重要性和迫切性，尤其在黄淮海地区还没有像先玉335那样适于机械化收获的品种，适于机械化收获的玉米新品种选育显得更为重要；同时，提出了适于机械化收获的玉米新品种的选育要求以及配套的栽培技术，将会带来显著的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。本文还结合当前我国农村形势分析了玉米机械化收获的大面积推广有可能存在的限制因子。     

Effect of narrow-row planting patterns on crop competitive and economic advantage in maize–soybean relay strip intercropping system

Narrow-row planting patterns directly affect crop yield and competition in intercropping systems. A two-year (2012 and 2013) field experiment was conducted to determine the interactive behavior between intercrops in a maize–soybean relay strip intercropping system. Maize plants were planted in different narrow-wide row planting patterns, whereas soybean was planted in wide rows. The total biomass and grain yield of maize increased with increasing maize narrow-row spacing, but the opposite trend was observed for soybean. The aggressivity, competitive ratio, and partial relative crowding advantage values for maize were greater than those for soybean. Moreover, the competitive interaction of the intercrops was affected by the distance between maize and soybean rows. The highest intercrop land equivalent ratio (LER) 1.61 and 1.59 was found in the 40:160 planting pattern (i.e. 40 cm narrow-row spacing and 160 cm wide-row spacing of maize) during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Combined with actual yield loss and LER, the intense intra-specific competition of maize plants reduced the depression for the associated soybeans when the maize narrow-row spacing was less than 30 cm. When the narrow-row spacing was wider than 50 cm, soybean growth was seriously depressed by maize because of the stronger inter-specific competition between maize and soybean. The maximum yield and economic advantage appeared in the 40:160 narrow-wide row planting pattern. Therefore, intercropping advantage may be achieved by changing the row spacing and distance between intercrop rows to coordinate the inter-specific competition between maize and soybean.     

北京地区玉米子粒脱水特性与适宜收获期研究

在北京地区采用9个供试品种设置春播和夏播试验,分析不同品种的子粒脱水动态,构建各品种子粒脱水模型,进而预测各品种适宜收获期。结果发现,北京地区至10月1日小麦正常播种期,郑单958、先玉335等9个春播玉米品种子粒含水率均能下降至25%以下,实现田间机械直收子粒,且春玉米播种具备较宽的窗口期。夏玉米6月15日常规播期种植条件下,至10月1日仅有早熟、脱水快的品种丰垦139和迪卡517子粒含水率可以勉强降至25%,其余7个供试品种子粒含水率下降至25%的时间分布于10月11日至11月1日,夏播玉米实现机械粒收会影响冬小麦的播种。因此,在北京地区,改冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制为春小麦-夏玉米(晚收)或春玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米(晚收)两年三熟制,选择适合玉米粒收的品种,可以实现春玉米和夏玉米的田间机械粒收,提高玉米种植效益。     

Comparative analysis of maize–soybean strip intercropping systems: a review

ABSTRACT

Traditional maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) intercropping practice cannot be adapted to modern agriculture due to low light use efficiency, radiation use efficiency, low comparative profits of soybeans and incompatibility with mechanization. However, a new type of maize and soybean intercropping system (MSIS) with high land equivalent ratio (LER) provides substantial benefits for small-land hold farmers worldwide. Our research team has done a wide range of research to suggest the appropriate planting geometry that ensures high yield and LER as high as 2.36, nutrient acquisition and mechanical operations in MSISs. Increase in the distance between soybean and maize rows and decrease in the spacing of maize narrow rows is useful for the high light interception for the short soybean in MSISs. This review concludes that MSIS has multifold and convincing results of LER and compatible with mechanization, while those practiced other than China still require technological advancements, agronomic measures and compatible mechanization to further explore its adaptability.     

四川大豆主产区产业现状、存在的问题及发展对策

近年来,四川套作大豆比较效益逐渐提高,农民种豆积极性高涨,2008年种植面积27．3万hm^2。但是仍然存在着制约快速发展的诸多因素,主要是缺乏适宜间套作种植的新品种、病虫草害严重、栽培粗放、加工企业规模小、带动生产发展力弱。发展对策：（1）大力开展套作大豆新品种、新模式、节本增效关键技术、病虫草害综合防控技术、避灾减灾综合配套技术研究;（2）建立主导新品种的良种繁殖基地,加大主导新品种和新技术的推广应用力度;（3）建立健全大豆产业化模式等。     

Effect of shading on accumulation of soybean isoflavonoid under maize-soybean strip intercropping systems

Maize-soybean strip intercropping system is an important ecological planting system; the wide development of intercropped soybean has contributed to the soybean industry in China. Soybean growth and seed production were affected by the shading from maize. Previous studies confirmed that relay strip intercropping shading facilitates the accumulation of isoflavone glucosides but does not take advantage of the accumulation of isoflavone aglycone. However, the regulation of isoflavones accumulation under strip intercropping system was unknown; in which soybean and maize were sown at the same time, and soybean was mainly shaded in the reproductive stage. In order to reveal the effects of intercropping shading on the isoflavones accumulation in soybean seed, two independent field experiments were conducted in eastern China. We compared the isoflavones profiles of soybean seeds, which were grown under various maize-soybean intercropping systems with different shade levels. The results showed that the intercropping shading was not benefited to the accumulation of soy-isoflavones, including aglycones and isoflavones glycosides and various forms of isoflavones were decreased with the decline of photosynthetic active radiation. Multivariate statistical analysis and significance analysis showed that acylated isoflavones may be more susceptible to intercropping shading.

Abbreviations: HCA: Hierarchical cluster analysis; PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; PCA: Principal component analysis; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometer.     

Potato intercropping systems with maize and faba bean

Potato is a major cash crop for Bhutanese highland farmers, who widely use intercropping systems combining potato (Solanum tuberosum) with maize (Zea mays). Scarcity of information on existing cropping practices limits the scope of present extension programs. Experiments evaluating potato intercropping systems with maize and faba bean (Vicia faba) were conducted at Yusipang (2700 m) and Kangma (1900 m). Potato yield reductions through intercropping ranged from 0–21 percent depending on year, and location. Variation in planting geometry and maize planting date did not affect potato yield reductions. The land equivalent ratio ranged from 1.03–1.06 for faba bean and from 1.11 to 1.49 for maize intercropping systems. Compared to potato as a sole crop maize intercropping increased gross benefits in Kangma by 12–15 percent with maize plant densities of 2.8 per m². In Yusipang, gross benefits were not increased through intercropping. Reducing risks of environmental and market impacts favor the use of intercropping systems.     

带状复合种植对玉米和大豆光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

为比较带状复合种植和清种种植模式下玉米和大豆光合特性以及产量的差异,2015年和2016年进行大田试验,研究了玉米和大豆2∶4带状复合种植模式及清种种植对玉米和大豆光合特性及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与清种玉米相比,对于高秆品种(垦丰41),带状复合种植提高了玉米净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率;对于矮秆品种(垦丰40),2015年带状复合种植净光合速率等指标略小于清种玉米,但水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度均大于清种玉米,有利于玉米籽粒内含物质的积累,而2016年净光合速率和蒸腾速率等指标均大于清种玉米;(2)对于高秆品种(垦丰41),除叶绿素含量略小外,清种大豆的各光合生理指标均大于带状复合种植;对于矮秆品种(垦丰40),带状复合种植净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素均大于清种大豆,且净光合速率均达到极显著差异水平;(3)带状复合种植增加了玉米穗粒数、穗重、籽粒重,虽产量较清种略有降低,但总经济效益高于清种;(4)带状复合种植大豆较清种大豆单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重均有所降低,且产量明显下降,但总体经济效益高于清种经济效益。综合分析认为:玉米大豆带状复合种植增加了玉米光合生理特性,且对于增加玉米和大豆总产量和总体经济效益具有重要意义。