低山丘陵区不同土地利用方式田内-田埂土壤优先流特征

为探究低山丘陵地区优先流形态特征,该研究以南方典型低山丘陵区—江苏省南京市江宁区三种典型土地利用方式（水田、旱地和林地）为研究对象,采用野外亮蓝染色示踪试验结合室内图像处理的方法,定量分析不同位点（田内、过渡带、田埂）土壤染色面积比、染色路径和优先流类型差异。结果表明：各土地利用方式下土壤染色面积比（stained area ratio,SAR）随着土层深度的增加急剧降低,水田平均SAR高于旱地和林地,SAR差异主要体现在20～40 cm,不同位点平均SAR总体表现为田内高于过渡带和田埂;各样地不同位点染色路径数（staining path number,SPN）随着土层深度的增加先增大后减小,整个剖面平均SPN林地最多,且大部分分布于田内,水田和旱地各位点平均SPN分布则相反。各土地利用方式下田内、过渡带水流类型0～15 cm为均质流/非均质指流,15 cm以下均为高相互作用大孔隙流,田埂水流类型为高相互作用大孔隙流。水田的SPN和SPW<4 mm占比（SPW:stained path width,染色路径宽度）最大;不同位点下田内SAR、SPW较其余两个位点大;除SPW<...     

三峡库区森林土壤优先流染色特征

森林土壤优先流在涵养水源和调节径流过程中起着重要作用,林地优先流特征研究对分析森林土壤水分入渗特征和探讨森林对流域水文过程的调节机制具有重要意义。使用染色示踪法在三峡库区不同垂直带内进行森林土壤优先流染色试验,研究不同山地森林土壤的染色特征。结果表明:不同森林土壤的表层(0-10cm)染色比例和染色剂入渗深度差异较大,土壤染色垂直变化趋势也不相同。中山常绿和落叶阔叶混交林表层土壤染色比例最高,染色剂入渗最浅,土壤染色比例随深度变化呈连续下降趋势。中山常绿针叶林表层土壤染色比例和染色剂入渗深度在不同样地间存在着变异,土壤染色垂直分异特征存在一定的差异。低山常绿针叶林表层土壤染色比例最低,染色剂入渗最深,土壤染色比例随深度变化呈波动下降趋势。不同森林土壤中优先流路径数量和分布不同是导致染色特征存在差异的主要原因,而森林土壤中的根系、裂隙以及土壤物理性质等都会影响到优先流的形成。     

山地土壤优先流路径的染色示踪研究

在山地林区开展土壤大孔隙及优先流的实验研究,可深化对森林土壤涵养水源机理的认识,为山区的水土流失防治和植被恢复提供依据。利用剖面染色与图像分析相结合的方法,沿长江三峡大老岭-邓村一线,对山地不同垂直带内土壤优先流特征进行了调查,分析了优先流路径对剖面水分入渗过程的影响。结果显示,中山常绿落叶针阔混交林-山地黄棕壤、低山暖性针叶林-山地黄壤中大孔隙孔径大、分布广,有利于优先流的形成和入渗。受耕作扰动的弃耕土壤中大孔隙结构遭到破坏,优先流路径与森林土壤不同,且渗流强度较弱,染色区域较浅。森林土壤各发生层内优先流特征差异显著,腐殖质层内以洞穴流为主,水分与土壤基质域交换较少,多通过大孔隙快速下渗。淋溶淀积层内洞穴流消失或减弱,侧向渗透增强。低山暖性针叶林-山地黄壤质地较粗,出现以裂隙为主的大孔隙,优先流表现为裂隙流。弃耕土壤各发生层都表现为指流,染色面积随深度减小,侧向渗透基本稳定。植被-土壤垂直地带性分布是山地土壤优先流存在差异的主要原因,山区生态环境建设中应促进土壤优先流路径的发育。     

土壤裂隙及其优先流研究进展

土壤在干燥脱水的过程中易收缩产生裂隙。裂隙的产生是土壤性质与外界条件等多种因素综合作用的结果,其形态结构也非常复杂,难以准确描述。裂隙能够作为优先流的路径,增加农田水分和养分的流失以及地下水污染的风险。本文总结和归纳了裂隙产生的影响因素、裂隙的表征指标与测定方法、裂隙导致的优先流的研究方法、裂隙对优先流的影响和模拟等方面的研究进展。今后应进一步加强裂隙产生机理的全面深入的研究;构建和完善裂隙三维指标体系及其测定方法;推进裂隙导致的优先流的定量化和数学模拟研究;加大田间原位裂隙及其优先流的研究。     

基于染色示踪的农膜残留农田土壤优先流特征

随着覆膜农作的发展,农膜残留日益严峻,严重影响土壤水流运动。为了探索农膜残留对水流运动的影响机制,在河套灌区九庄节水综合试验站,设计3种残膜量,分别为0,300,600 kg/hm^2,于成熟期在各试验小区选择典型区域进行20,80 mm水量的染色示踪试验,共6个处理,研究不同残膜量对土壤物理特性的影响,基于染色示踪技术分析不同入渗量和不同残膜量对土壤水流运动的影响,并评价各处理土壤剖面的优先流特征。结果表明:随着残膜量增加,土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤初始含水率呈下降趋势,而土壤孔隙度呈增大趋势,土壤中随机分布的残膜导致残膜处理(300,600 kg/hm^2)的各物理参数有较高的变异系数。基于土壤染色剖面二值化图像分析,土壤优先流发育程度随残膜量和入渗量增加而提高,300,600 kg/hm^2残膜量处理的最大染色深度(MDSD)和土壤染色剖面的变异系数(Cv)随残膜量增加而增大,与20 mm入渗量相比,80 mm入渗量下残膜处理的MDSD和Cv分别平均增加47.23%和27.34%。不同处理的优先流特征指标差异显著,5个优先流特征指标(染色面积比、基质流深度、优先流比、长度指数和变异系数)均显示残膜处理(300,600 kg/hm^2)的优先流程度高于无残膜处理(0 kg/hm^2),可见残膜量及入渗量的增加均会增大土壤优先流的发生几率和强度。     

土壤优先流研究现状与发展趋势

优先流是近年来针对土壤水运动所提出的术语,是土壤中水运动机制研究由均匀走向非均匀领域的标志,是指在土壤各向异性的情况下,水分和溶质在多重因素的共同作用下,沿着特定的路径向下发生非稳定渗流的现象.优先流是造成降雨型滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害以及地下水质污染、农业土壤中养分流失等现象的主要诱因之一,所以深入开展优先流的研究显得尤为重要.本文从优先流的界定出发,主要介绍回顾了优先流数学模型的发展和研究优先流所采用的技术手段和方法,最后总结并探讨了优先流研究中存在的问题和发展趋势.     

喀斯特洼地退耕和耕作土壤优先流特征

应用亮蓝染色示踪技术,研究了喀斯特洼地退耕封育区土壤和耕作土壤的优先流类型及其特征,分析2种土地利用方式下的土壤优先流路径分布特征以及影响因素,并结合去除耕作层的对比试验,阐述了耕作层对优先流发生及其优先流路径发育的重要影响。结果表明,喀斯特洼地优先流类型为大孔隙流、裂隙流;耕地与自然封育区的优先流程度差异显著(P0.01),虽然其剖面染色总面积并无明显差异,但耕地染色区域主要集中在表层土壤,0—20cm范围内染色面积占染色总面积的91%,而自然封育区染色面积比仅为60%;耕地的水分入渗深度小于自然封育区,耕作层阻碍了水分入渗及优先流的产生并加强了孔隙中水分与基质的交换;耕作层以下土壤优先流程度与自然封育区差异不明显,但其优先流路径分布特征具有明显差异,自然封育区的孔隙、裂隙发育程度高于耕地,但是最大入渗深度大于退耕封育区,表明封育区更能有效的蓄持水分;植被覆盖及其根系生长通过影响土壤理化性质及其优先流路径分布导致优先流特征差异,而同时耕作层的存在对于耕作层以下部分优先流路径的发育起到关键作用。     

鲁中南花岗岩丘陵区坡耕地不同厚度土壤中优先流的发育特征

[目的]研究不同土壤厚度条件下坡耕地优先流发育特征,为土层浅薄条件下坡耕地灌溉效率提高及面源污染防治提供依据.[方法]以地处北方土石山区的山东省蒙阴县花岗岩丘陵区坡耕地为例,选取土层深度为30 cm和50 cm的样地,运用野外染色示踪试验法和室内图像处理技术,分析土层厚度对优先流发育特征的影响.[结果]土壤厚度为30 ...     

北京地区2种类型土壤优先流染色形态特征及其影响因素

通过野外染色示踪试验结合室内图像解析技术,对北京地区2种类型土壤(淋溶褐土和潮土)进行了优先流染色形态特征及其影响因素研究。结果表明:(1)样地土壤用浓度为4g/L的亮蓝溶液27.3L染色后,淋溶褐土基质流深度均值为7.72cm,潮土为8.56cm,潮土优先流发生相对滞后;(2)淋溶褐土的优先流比、染色面积比、最大染色深度和长度指数均大于潮土,优先流现象更明显;(3)淋溶褐土优先路径集中区较多,侧向流较发达,且染色面积比和土壤深度相关性大于潮土,两者关系更密切;(4)2种类型土壤的土壤质地和土壤有机质与染色面积比显著相关(P0.01),直径为1~3mm的根长密度也和染色面积比呈显著相关(P0.05)。淋溶褐土优先流现象比潮土更明显,2种类型土壤对优先流染色特征影响较大的为土壤质地、土壤有机质和直径为1~3mm的根长密度。     

三峡库区不同植被覆盖坡地的土壤优先流运动特征研究

研究土壤优先流运动特征与植被覆盖、坡位及土壤结构的关系,既能丰富山坡水文学的研究内容,还能进一步揭示森林涵养水源、保持水土的机制。以三峡库首大老岭林区常绿林、林灌混合落叶林和弃耕草地覆盖的坡地为研究对象,运用染色示踪和图像处理的方法,定量分析了3种植被覆盖的坡面上、下坡位的优先流染色特征,阐明了植被覆盖和坡位对土壤优先流运动和坡面水分入渗特征的影响。结果表明：（1）各样地染色面积比（SAR）和染色路径数（SPN）均呈现浅层高、深层低的特征。不同植被覆盖下,0~60 cm土层的SAR表现为落叶林坡地（44.2%）>弃耕坡地（36.1%）>常绿林坡地（35.3%）,SPN表现为落叶林坡地（43条）>常绿林坡地（19条）>弃耕坡地（15条）。不同坡位下,0~60 cm土层的SAR表现为上坡（41.5%）>下坡（35.6%）,SPN表现为上坡（23条）<下坡（28条）。落叶林坡地土壤染色深度最大,60~110 cm深度土层仍有很多狭长的水流路径延伸,而其他样地较少出现;（2）各样地的染色路径宽度（SPW）以1~10 cm和>10 cm为主,二者之和占剖面总染色面积的84.2%。除弃耕地坡上位点缺少均质流与非均质指流外,其他样点0~30 cm土层以均质流和非均质指流为主,30 cm以下为不同类型大孔隙流的混合分布;（3）弃耕坡地的侧向流最为明显,染色剂延伸到染液喷洒区外50 cm处,常绿林地和落叶林地仅延伸至10~20 cm。植被覆盖类型与坡位的耦合作用影响了土壤理化性质,从而影响优先流路径的形成与水分的入渗过程。常绿林与落叶林的水源涵养能力强于弃耕坡地,耕作形成的犁底层限制了弃耕坡地的水分垂直入渗,增加了侧向入渗与地表径流的风险,需要通过破除犁底层或种植根系发达的乔灌木以增加降雨蓄存能力。     

Quantification of the effects of soil compaction on water flow using dye tracers and image analysis

Abstract. Soil compaction has long been considered to be a problem in arable land, primarily because it causes damage to soil structure, which can lead to serious reduction in crop yields. However, few studies have sought to investigate the effects of soil compaction on the water transport regime of modified soil pore systems. We attempted to quantify the effects of soil compaction on the initiation of preferential flow by using dye tracers and image analysis. A laboratory methodology involving rainfall simulation enabled us to quantitatively evaluate differences in the mechanisms of water flow between two soil types at several degrees of compaction. The results suggested significant differences in the types of water flow pathways between clay loams and sandy loams at different extents of compaction. In the sandy loam, it was concluded that a high degree of compaction led to an increased likelihood of preferential flow, whereas a more uniform movement of soil water occurred at less compaction. By contrast, preferential routing of soil water was recorded in the clay loam, except at the highest measured compaction. The results indicate that the visual techniques of dye tracing and image analysis could enable improved understanding of flow pathways of soil water associated with soil compaction.     

引入分维理论评价土壤对优势流的敏感性

Food dye Brilliant Blue was introduced as the tracer in a dye-tracing experiment to obtain dye profile patterns of sandy loam soil,aeolian sandy soil,percolating paddy soil and permeable paddy soil.The dyed soil profiles were then photographed and the photos were scanned into a computer.Edited with certain software,only the dyed areas were left on the profile photos,which indicted the preferential flow paths for water and solute transport.Fractal dimensions of the dye patterns were calculated according to Arnold‘s function.Soil particle size distribution was analyzed by pipette method.The regression analysis showed that there was significant relationship between soil clay content and fractal dimension D of the dye pattern of soil profile.Based on the experiment results,the possibility of introducing fractal dimension to estimation of soil sensitivity to preferential flow is discussed.     

土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型模拟和敏感性分析

在壤土和砂土条件下分别采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法和亮蓝染色示踪方法各开展了2个染色示踪试验,分别采用活动流场模型和二域模型模拟计算了各试验入渗后染色区内的土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布,通过相对均方根误差分析评价了两个模型模拟预测优先流发展的有效性;此外,通过敏感性分析研究了不同入渗条件（土壤质地、入渗水量和土壤初始含水率）下活动流场模型模拟预测结果（入渗深度）对活动流场模型分形特征参数变化的敏感度。模型检验分析结果显示活动流场模型对土壤水入渗深度、入渗后染色区内土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布的预测精度要明显高于二域模型的模拟预测精度;活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了优先流运动整体的非均匀特征。敏感性分析结果显示,当降雨入渗水量和土壤初始含水率相同时,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着γ的增大而增大;相同活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）值条件下（即流动非均匀程度相同）,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着入渗水量的增大和土壤初始含水率的升高而减小。     

土壤水流模式染色剂示踪及优先流程度评估

优先流是结构性土壤水分入渗的主要方式。为了直接利用土壤水流模式分析其优先流程度,该文采用亮蓝染色剂示踪原状与扰动土柱的土壤水运移,定量评估优先流的相对发育程度。研究结果表明原状土柱优先流发育,空间变异性强,受优先流通道的特征控制,其优先流水流模式以蚯蚓大孔隙流和土块裂隙优先流为主。扰动土柱的水流模式为活塞流,无优先流发育。该文提出了随深度变化的染色面积比的变异系数指示原状土柱优先流相对程度的评价准则:变异系数越低,优先流程度越高。变异系数≥0.5%为优先流程度一般发育,0.25%~0.5%之间为发育,≤0.25%为非常发育。并通过原状和扰动土柱灌溉模拟试验验证了评价准则的可靠性。     

土壤污染物优势流的数学模拟

A simple modeling approach was suggested to simulate preferential transport of water and contaminants in soil.After saturated hydraulic conductivity was interpolated by means of Krige interpolation method or scaling method,and then zoned,the locations where saturated hydraulic conductivity was larger represented regions where preferential flow occurred ,because heterogeneity of soil,one of the mechanisms resulting in prefeential flow,could be reflected through the difference in saturated hydraulic conductivity,The modeling approach was validatd through numerical simulation of contaminant tansport in a two-dimensional hypothetical soil profle.The results of the numerical simulation showed that the approach suggested in this study was feasible.     

A morphological approach to understanding preferential flow using image analysis with dye tracers and X-ray Computed Tomography

A key problem facing soil physics and hydropedology at present is some of the standard theories of water flow in soils do not fully reflect the processes at the pore scale, and thus, cannot be adequately used for prediction. As such, examination of soil structure is vital for hydropedologists. Realisation that solutes move preferentially through soil into groundwaters has meant research in this area has increased in importance. This paper describes a multi-scale approach to analyse transport mechanisms using visualisation techniques. Chloride and Brilliant Blue tracers were applied to undisturbed soil cores to examine the physical and morphological properties associated with preferential flow in a range of soil types. Following collection of serial digital images, it was possible to examine and quantify the nature of active water flow mechanisms in terms of both dye-stained pathways and spatial distribution of dye concentration, using image analysis. Preferential flow linked to water potential and soil structural discontinuity was observed in all but the coarsest textured soil which conformed to uniform flow theory. A high level of variability in flow patterns was noted between the soil types. Such information as to how a soil dynamically re-wets is key for hydropedologists involved in applications such as pollution modelling. This is especially significant when considering a wetting mechanism, such as preferential flow, that cannot be adequately described by conventional soil physics.     

土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响简

土壤中优先流的存在会造成肥料利用率降低以及土壤深层甚至地下水污染.为确定土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响,通过室内含大孔隙土柱定水头入渗实验,以长武黑垆土及渭河砂土为研究对象,分析不同土壤初始含水率对优先流的影响.结果表明：1）相同质地,当土壤初始含水率大于其斥水性的峰值含水率时,湿润锋运移深度随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大,反之湿润锋运移深度随着初始含水率的增加而减少,不同质地土壤湿润锋运移速度随土壤粉粒质量分数升高而减慢;2）累积入渗量受到土壤储水性及斥水性的双重影响,导致与湿润锋的运移趋势并不一致,黑垆土对照CK组及优先流O-C-30组（除7.04％含水率外）累积入渗量随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,渭河砂土CK组及O-C-30组均呈现2阶段特征,累积入渗量先随着土壤初始含水率的增加而减少,之后随土壤初始含水率的增加而增加;3）Kostiakov入渗模型能很好地拟合累积入渗量随时间的变化过程,适用于存在优先流的土壤入渗模拟.该研究结果对土壤优先流水分模拟具有一定的指导意义.     

Three-dimensional visualization and quantification of soil macroporosity and water flow patterns using computed tomography

Abstract. Efforts to assess the role of soil structure in soil and water processes have been limited by data based on two dimensional geometry or disturbed samples. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive technique that allows for the three dimensional, non-destructive examination of heterogeneous materials. X-ray CT scanning was used to acquire serial images of contrasting soil types that could be used to render, and hence, quantify important soil constituents in three dimensions. By repeating the scanning techniques after an infiltration period, it was also possible to examine the nature of water movement in real time. Macropore architecture between different soil types was highly variable and generally appeared as unconnected pore segments at the resolution examined. As expected, water flow characteristics were similar to macropore structure, with wetting patterns resembling both Darcian and preferential flow identified in different soils. From this, it was found that in the sandy clay soil c . 90% of macropore space was active following infiltration, compared with c . 50% for the sandy loam soil. In addition, it was possible to visualize the three dimensional distribution of stones and other mineral material. The results illustrated the benefits of computed tomography over more conventional analyses of soil structure, and its potential as a tool for examining dynamic soil processes. However, problems associated with accessibility, resolution and artefacts still provide limitations of the technique.