绿肥和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤酶活性的影响

基于田间定位试验研究了种植绿肥和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤酶活性的影响。试验采用绿肥和氮肥双因素完全设计方案,其中绿肥作物在夏季休闲期种植,包括长武怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆+苏丹草混播和裸地休闲（对照）4种处理;氮肥于冬小麦播前施入,包括0、60、120 kg·hm^-2共3个水平;观测指标包括土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。结果表明,与对照相比,休闲期种植怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆+苏丹草混播均显著提高了以上4种土壤总体酶活性,0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层增幅分别达12.9%～59.3%和6.19%～48.8%。土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶活性在不同绿肥处理间无显著差异,而种植怀豆较种植苏丹草和混播显著提高了乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。施氮肥对土壤酶活性具有显著促进作用,且4种土壤酶活性均随着施氮水平提高而增加。氮肥与绿肥对纤维素二糖水解酶活性具有交互影响。黄土高原旱作种植系统休闲期间可以考虑通过种植绿肥作物尤其是豆科绿肥来提高肥力。     

耕作协同物料添加对苏打盐碱化耕地土壤理化性质的影响

为探究耕作协同物料添加对苏打盐碱化耕地土壤障碍消减及作物产量的影响,采用大田试验,设置9个处理：对照(CK),深松+脱硫石膏(SG),深松+腐植酸(SF),深松+复合调理剂(ST),深松+复合调理剂+腐植酸(STF),粉垄+脱硫石膏(FG),粉垄+腐植酸(FF),粉垄+复合调理剂(FT),粉垄+复合调理剂+腐植酸(FTF),脱硫石膏、复合调理剂和腐植酸施用量分别为15 000、22 500 kg·hm^-2和6 000 kg·hm^-2。试验结果表明：与CK相比,在0～40 cm土层,耕作协同物料添加处理的土壤容重降低2.7%～18.4%,土壤总孔隙度增加3.8%～25.3%,土壤三相比得到改善。与CK相比,耕作协同物料添加降低了0～40 cm土层土壤pH、钠吸附比(SAR)和总碱度,降低幅度分别为6.8%～21.3%、20.7%～78.3%和17.1%～47.7%;在0～40 cm土层,耕作协同物料添加处理增加了土壤有机质含量,增加幅度为2.5%～63.9%。玉米穗行数、行粒数和理论产量较CK分别提高4.8%～10.1%、8.9%～22.0%和...     

绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田土壤团聚体有机碳含量的影响

依托黄土塬区4 a绿肥填闲种植田间定位试验,开展不同填闲作物对土壤团聚体组成及各组分有机碳在团聚体中分布影响的研究,为阐明填闲种植措施下土壤有机碳库的物理保护机制提供依据。试验设置4个处理,即冬小麦夏闲期种植长武怀豆(SB)、苏丹草(SG)、怀豆/苏丹草混播(Mix)和裸地休闲(CK)。利用干筛法将全土筛分为>5 mm、2～5 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm等4个粒级,分别测定土壤和各粒级团聚体中有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,进而计算团聚体平均重量直径及有机碳贡献率。结果表明：绿肥种植对土壤团聚体分布有显著影响,各绿肥处理均有利于0～10 cm土层土壤团聚体的形成,但对亚表层土壤团聚结构影响较小。与CK相比,在0～40 cm各土层,SB、SG和Mix处理均显著提高土壤有机碳含量、颗粒有机碳含量及团聚体平均重量直径,提高幅度分别为7.9%、8.0%和7.9%,其中SB更有利于表层土壤有机碳的固存,且土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系,这两者与团聚体平均重量直径之间均呈显著负相关关系。不同处理下土壤团聚体各有机碳组分含量存在差异,与CK相比,SB和Mix均显著...     

旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响

在大田条件下,以不同沟垄覆盖种植方式为处理,通过测定土壤含水量、耕层土壤温度和产量等,计算马铃薯耗水量和水分利用效率,研究旱作条件下马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,马铃薯采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播能有效增加马铃薯生育前期地温,苗期日均地温较传统平播(CK)增加了0.5℃～2.23℃,0～ 100 cm土壤贮水量提高52.8 mm.6月底至7月中旬的伏旱期间,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理0～25 cm土层日均地温较全地膜覆盖处理降低3.6℃～6.9℃,较CK仅增加0.6℃～0.8℃;0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量较全膜覆盖处理增加6.2～ 8.3 mm,较CK增加27.3 mm.表明采用高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播种植,可改善伏旱期间的土壤水热状况,有利于马铃薯的生长发育,产量和水分利用效率较其它覆盖种植方式分别提高8.39％～58.38％和8.46％ ～67.97％.因此,高垄膜覆盖沟覆草垄播处理实现了水温对马铃薯生长的协同作用,能显著提高马铃薯对自然降水的利用效率和产量.     

塔里木河中下游地区苏丹草生态适应性研究

针对干旱荒漠地区生态环境的特点 ,本文系统论述了苏丹草在塔里木河中下游干旱地区引种的生物学特性 ,并对其栽培与管理方法、各物候期的积温、日照、旬平均气温等环境因子进行了研究 ,分析了一年中的累积植株生长量和植株生长量与主导作用的气象因子的关系 ,突出苏丹草的物候期、生长规律、生物量和营养成份的变化 ,评价此物种在塔河中下游地区种植的适宜性和优质高产生产性能 ,试验结果表明苏丹草年产鲜草 91 369.85～ 1 47646.2kg/hm2 ,苏丹草的种子的耐盐性 ( >2 .0 % )明显高于苜蓿 ,具有很强的适宜性 ,具有相当高的生态、经济、社会效益。     

长期施用秸秆生物炭对土壤养分及作物生长的影响

于2011—2020年在山西榆次区开展田间定位试验,设不施肥(CK)、不施肥施生物炭(CK+B)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾肥配施生物炭(NPK+B)共4个处理,种植模式为玉米-高粱轮作,研究有机碳施用5 a和10 a对0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响,及各处理累积秸秆干物质量、养分积累量和籽粒产量的变化。结果表明：(1)生物炭施用5 a和10 a后,与CK比较,CK+B处理土壤有机质含量分别提高了46.3%和61.2%;与NPK比较,NPK+B处理土壤有机质含量分别提高了67.8%和77.7%。施用10 a后CK+B处理全氮含量显著高于CK处理,但NPK+B和NPK处理土壤全氮含量间没有显著差异。生物炭对土壤速效钾含量提升效果显著,施用10 a后CK+B和NPK+B处理土壤速效钾含量较CK和NPK处理提升86.4%～46.6%。(2)生物炭施用10 a显著提升了土壤蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,增幅分别为11.4%～11.9%和7.9%～16.2%,但对脲酶、过氧化氢酶和有效磷没有影响。(3)生物炭施用10 a明...     

不同覆草量苹果园土壤水温效应及对树体生长的影响

将麦草覆盖应用于果园,研究不同覆盖用量22 000 kg·hm-2(T1)、33 000 kg·hm-2(T2)、44 000 kg·hm-2(T3)和清耕(CK)在整个生长期对19年生长富2号苹果园0~100 cm土壤水分、5~25 cm土壤温度、树体生长量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:在旱情较重的4—7月,3种覆草处理的平均含水量随覆草量的增加而增大,其中T2和T3处理极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出8.98%~27.09%;且3种覆草处理0~20、20~40 cm土层的含水量极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出9.36%~73.77%;4—8月3种覆草处理的各深度地温低于CK,4—6月份极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出2.11℃~8.02℃;相反,9—11月份高于CK。覆草处理5~20 cm深度土温日变幅极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出0.39℃~3.63℃。果实单果重和产量以T2处理最高,3种覆草处理每公顷产量较CK极显著(P0.01)提高,高出10.70%~20.83%;产量水分利用效率覆草处理较CK极显著(P0.01)增高,高出9.87%~20.87%。覆草对树体生长量、枝类比例影响不大。综合各种效应及投入产出比,陇东黄土高原苹果园覆草量以22 000~33 000 kg·hm-2较经济适宜。     

毛乌素沙漠地膜\|地布覆盖下土壤温度变化特征

为了研究地膜+地布相结合的覆盖方式对毛乌素沙漠地区土壤温度的影响,在毛乌素沙漠东缘风沙滩区选取试验点,设置地膜+防草地布覆盖(MB)、防草地布覆盖(DB)以及裸地(CK)3个处理方式,开展为期1 a的浅层土壤温度原位监测试验,对比不同覆盖对温度变化规律的影响。结果表明:MB覆盖区地表下5、15、30 cm土层土壤的年均温度比DB覆盖区分别高出0.5℃、0.6℃和0.4℃,比CK分别高出1.0℃、0.8℃和1.0℃;冻融期在同一土层深度处均表现为CK最长、DB次之、MB最短;同一土层深度处3个处理的土壤温度之间存在显著性差异(P0.05),以MB覆盖条件下土壤保温效果最好,CK最差;MB覆盖区在5、15、30 cm土层土壤深度处≥5℃地积温比DB覆盖区分别高4.0%、4.0%和3.0%,比CK分别高8.0%、7.0%和9.0%;降雨前、中、后,同一土层深度处土壤温度日较差以MB覆盖区最大,DB覆盖区次之,CK最小;近地表大气温度与土壤温度呈正相关,同一土层深度处,覆盖条件下其相关性较大,裸地较小。试验表明地膜+地布覆盖处理保温效果明显,适合植物生长。     

行间覆盖方式对板栗园土壤及板栗产量品质的影响

试验于2019年在河北迁西地区展开,以8 a生板栗品种'燕山早丰'(Castanea mollissima'Yanshanza-ofeng')为研究对象,采用随机区组设计,在种植行间利用杂草、黑膜进行覆盖,共设置(Ⅰ)清耕(CK);(Ⅱ)覆膜;(Ⅲ)覆草;(Ⅳ)覆草+覆膜4个处理,研究行间覆盖对板栗园土壤理化性质、光合...     

人工种植红豆草对灰棕荒漠土改土效应的研究

在甘肃河西走廊的灰棕荒漠土上,进行了人工种植红豆草对灰棕荒漠土改土效应的研究,结果表明:3年生红豆草鲜草产量64.50 t/hm2,折干草22.57 t/hm2,产值为1.47万元/hm2;与CK比较,0～20 cm耕层田间持水量、团聚体、总孔隙度分别增加12.05%、18.33%和15.47%,容重、pH分别降低0....     

Ecological data on predators ofParlatoria pergandii on sour orange trees in southern Greece

The present study was carried out in southern Greece during 1993-1995 on sour orange trees infested with the diaspididParlatoria pergandii Comstock. The activity of the natural enemies of the scale, the composition of their population during the year as well as their relation with hymenopterous parasitoids of coccinellids, were studied.P. pergandii was parasitized by a hymenopterous endoparasite of the genusEncarsia and the extent of parasitization ranged between 5.2% and 14.1%. The observed predators were the coccinelidsChilocoms bipustulatus Linnaeus andRhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell and the nitidulidCybocephalus fodori Endrödy-Younga. The predominant predator wasR. lophanthae (84.3% of the larvae and 73.3% of the adults), which was active throughout the whole year in all of its developmental stages. Second most abundant was the predatorC. bipustulatus (15.7% of the larvae and 20% of the adults) and third the predator C.fodori (6.7% of the adults). Larvae ofC. bipustulatus were observed to be parasitized by the hymenopterous parasitoidsHomalotylus flaminius Dalman (Encyrtidae) andTetrastichus coccinellae Kurdjumov (Eulophidae). The parasitization percentage increased gradually from 4% in mid June to 94% around the end of September. Laboratory tests confirmed that the above mentioned parasitoids cannot infest larvae or nymphs ofR. lophanthae.     

Investigations on the effect of haulm destruction and additional root cutting on black scurf on potato tubers

In greenhouse experiments factors which are involved in the stimulation of sclerotia formation byRhizoctonia solani Kühn on potato tubers after haulm destruction were investigated. Cutting off the shoot stimulated the production of sclerotia as much as chemical haulm destruction. This was also observed when potato tubers were grown away from the roots in a separate compartment filled with steamed perlite. Fewer sclerotia were produced when roots were cut in addition to haulm destruction compared to haulm destruction alone. Cutting off the roots alone often stimulated sclerotia production. The data indicate that sclerotia production was directly affected by the tuber and probably due to physiological changes in the tuber caused by elimination of the shoot.Samenvatting In kasproeven werd onderzocht welke factoren betrokken zijn bij de stimulering van de produktie van sclerotiën op aardappel doorRhizoctonia solani Kühn als gevolg van loofvernietiging. Afknippen van het loof stimuleerde de vorming van sclerotiën evenzeer als chemische vernietiging. Na afknippen van het loof trad de stimulering ook op bij knollen, die zich ruimtelijk gescheiden van de wortels in gestoomd vochtig perliet konden ontwikkelen. Doodspuiten plus doorsnijden van de wortels resulteerde in minder lakschurft dan doodspuiten alleen. Wanneer alleen de wortels werden doorgesneden resulteerde dat vaak in meer lakschurft. De vorming van sclerotiën wordt dus direct door de knol beïnvloed. Dit effect lijkt voort te komen uit fysiologische veranderingen in de knol.     

Influence of humidity on incidence of Didymella bryoniae on cucumber leaves and growing tips under controlled environmental conditions

The influence of relative humidity, leaf wetting, mechanical injury and inoculum concentration on the incidence ofDidymella bryoniae on growing tips and young and older leaves of cucumber was studied in growth chambers.Infection was rare at 60% r.h. It increased at 95% r.h. and was most serious if the leaves were kept wet. A period of 1 hour of free water was sufficient for the initial stage of infection. For further expansion of the disease, leaf wetness was required.A high relative humidity did not predispose leaves to infection byD. bryoniae. Wounding was essential for infection of older leaves, but not for infection of young plant tissue.A higher conidial concentration increased infection. Without keeping, the leaves wet at 95% r.h. a tenfold conidial concentration was needed to get equal infection as with leaf wetting.To control the disease by means of the climate, it is of major importance to prevent the presence of free water on plant parts.Samenvatting De invloed van de relatieve luchtvochtigheid, het bevochtigen van het blad, mechanische beschadiging en inoculumconcentratie op het optreden vanDidymella bryoniae op groeipunten en jonge en oudere bladeren van komkommer is in klimaatkasten onderzocht.Aantasting kwam zelden voor bij 60% R.V., nam toe bij 95% R.V. en was het ernstigst als de bladeren nat werden gehouden. Voor de eerste fase van infective was de aanwezigheid van vrij water gedurende 1 à 2 uur voldoende. Voor een verdere uitbreiding van de aantasting moest het blad nat zijn.Een hoge relatieve luchtvochtigheid had geen predispositie-effect of de infectie van bladeren doorD. bryoniae.Voor de infectie van oudere bladeren was verwonding nodig, voor die van jong planteweefsel niet.Een hogere concentratie van conidiën verhoogde de aantasting. Zonder het blad nat te houden, was een tienvoudige concentratie van conidiën nodig om een gelijke infectie te verkrijgen als met bladbevochtiging.Voor de bestrijding van de ziekte via het klimaat is het tegengaan van de aanwezigheid van vrij water op plantedelen van het grootste belang.Seconded to the Glasshouse Crops Research and Experiment Station, Zuidweg 38, 2671 MN Naaldwijk, the Netherlands.     

Use of carbendazim and carbendazim-resistant yeasts to create different yeast densities on wheat leaves for field studies on biological control

Phyllosphere yeasts may play an important role in suppressing necrotrophic pathogens. In a randomized block design, yeast densities on flag leaves and second leaves of field-grown wheat were left unchanged (D), or were lowered by sprayings with carbendazim (A), or were raised by sprayings with a mixture ofSporobolomyces roseus, Cryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens and nutrients (B), or with carbendazim, carbendazim-resistantS. roseus andC. laurentii var.flavescens and nutrients (C). The application of carbendazim to plots A and C would avoid a biased interference of carbendazim due to other effects than reducing the natural yeast population. Prolonged differences in yeast density would be reflected in differences in severity of diseases caused by carbendazim-insensitive necrotrophic pathogens.Both treatments B and C enhanced the yeast density about 10-fold at the beginning of leaf colonization, 2 to 3 weeks after leaf emergence. Untreated leaves (D), however, were rapidly leaves. Initially, the yeasts were suppressed by carbendazim (A). However, progressively the yeast population consisted of carbendazim-resistant strains which made the carbendazim sprayings ineffective. Therefore, the substantial differences in yeast density were of limited duration. The effect of the treatments on naturally occurringMycosphaerella graminicola (anam.Septoria tritici), Puccinia recondita f. sp.tritici and the total necrotic leaf area (D-value) is discussed.Samenvatting Fyllosfeergisten kunnen misschien een belangrijke rol spelen in de onderdrukking van necrotrofe pathogenen. In een blokkenproef werd de dichtheid van gisten op vlagbladeren en tweede bladeren niet beïvvloed (D) of verlaagd door bespuitingen met carbendazim (A), of verhoogd door bespuitingen met een mengsel van gisten (Sporobolomyces roseus enCryptococcus laurentii var.flavescens en voedingsstoffen (B), of met een mengsel van carbendazim, carbendazim-resistenteS. roseus enC. laurentii var.flavescens en voedingsstoffen (C). De grootste verschillen in dichtheden van de gistpopulaties werden verwacht tussen de behandelingen A en B of C. Door alle veldjes A en C met carbendazim te behandelen wordt een eenzijdig effect van carbendazim, berustend op andere eigenschappen dan de onderdrukking van de natuurlijke gistpopulatie, voorkomen. Langdurige verschillen in de populatiedichtheden van de gisten zouden weerspiegeld kunnen worden in verschillen in aantasting door carbendazimongevoelige necrotrofe pathogenen.Aan het begin van de bladkolonisatie door gisten, 2 tot 3 weken na het verschijnen van het blad, leidde zowel behandeling B als C tot, een 10-voudige verhoging van de gistdichtheid. De onbehandelde bladeren (D) werden echter spoedig door de van nature voorkomende gisten gekoloniseerd en het verschil tussen de onbehandelde en met gist bespoten bladeren werd snel kleiner. Aanvankelijk werden de gisten door carbendazim (A) onderdrukt. Geleidelijk bestond de gistpopulatie echter uit carbendazim-resistente stammen, zodat de carbendazim bespuitingen nauwelijks meer effect hadden. Hierdoor werden grote verschillen in gistdichtheden niet langdurig gerealiseerd. Het effect van de behandelingen op de natuurlijke infectie doorMycosphaerella graminicola (anam.Septoria tritici), Puccina recondita f. sp.tritici en op het totale dode bladoppervlak (D-waarde) wordt besproken.     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Effects of neemgard on phytophagous and predacious mites and on Spiders

The effects of Neemgard, an acaricidal and fungicidal formulation obtained from neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernels, on the phytophagous miteTetranychus cinnabarinus, the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis, and the predatory spiderChiracanthium mildei, were investigated in laboratory experiments. Neemgard was highly toxic toT. cinnabarinus but had no toxic effect onC. mildei orP. persimilis. Another neem formulation—the insecticidal Neemix 45—caused conspicuous repellency, but no mortality, inT. cinnabarinus.     

基于Suomi NPP/VIIRS数据的青海省东部农业区夏季土壤水分监测模型的应用研究

土壤水分是量度干旱程度最重要的指标，如何对其有效监测与预警一直是各界致力解决的重大科学问题。基于Suomi NPP/VIIRS数据的温度植被干旱指数TVDI、归一化植被水分指数NDWI、植被状况指数VCI,分别构建了青海省东部农业区3种土壤水分监测模型，利用连续的野外定点观测数据及生态站点观测数据进行模型检验，并在2017年夏旱过程进行了应用检验。结果表明：2012—2016年模型回代检验中，TVDI指数模型表现最优(RMSE为4.4%),其次为VCI指数模型(RMSE为4.7%),NDWI指数模型表现最差(RMSE为5.2%);2018—2020年夏季互助遥感检验场定点观测检验中，TVDI指数模型表现最好(RMSE为3.8%),VCI指数模型次之(RMSE为5.0%),NDWI指数模型表现最差(RMSE为8.8%);2017年夏季干旱过程中，TVDI指数模型反演的旱情发展过程及分布范围与实际旱情情况相符，而NDWI指数模型反演的旱情分布范围明显偏小，VCI指数模型甚至不能反映旱情缓解、解除期的变化。     

Multiple Selection of Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida Virulence on a Range of Potato Species. I. Serial Selection on Solanum-hybrids

A series of selection experiments on potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida, pathotype Pa1, tested the virulence response of the nematode to a range of resistant potato Solanum genotypes. Alleles conferring virulence against all four Solanum sources used in the study (i.e. Solanum vernei, S. multidissectum, S. sanctae-rosae and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena) were detected. Selection for multiple virulence against a combination of resistant sources resulted in the originally-selected virulence genes being retained or lost. The mechanism, or basis, of potato cyst nematode resistance differs between the Solanum species. The appropriate use of resistance cultivars produced from a range of Solanum-resistant species offers a management tool for controlling potato cyst nematode levels in infested land.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.