考虑断面形变的贴片式滴灌带局部水头损失研究

为研究断面形变对内镶贴片式滴灌带局部水头损失的影响,选取6种不同壁厚滴灌带,通过试验查明滴灌带断面形状与壁厚及压力的关系,据此采用数值模拟和量纲分析构建滴灌带局部水头损失计算数学模型.结果表明:滴灌带断面形状随压力变化差异明显,低压条件下滴灌带扁平断面可用椭圆近似计算;提出了变断面内镶贴片式滴灌带局部水头损失计算数学模...     

低压滴灌小孔出流孔前压力变化研究

为了研究低压滴灌毛管压力变化规律,本试验对Φ16孔口式滴灌管在不同的入口水头（0.5-2.0 m）和不同管道铺设长度（20、406、0 m）状态下沿程压力进行了测定。结果表明,运用规范中给定的计算结果与试验测试结果进行比较,相差较大,规范中的沿程水头损失计算公式不能满足孔口式滴灌管在低压条件下的损失。在管道长度为20 m和40 m,工作水头为0.5 m时,试验测试水头损失约为规范公式计算结果的30倍多,但随着入口工作水头的增加,两者之间的比值有趋于减少的趋势。同时,Excel软件的拟合表明,低压滴灌孔口式出流沿程压力分布符合以入口水头为基本参数的指数函数关系,并给定了相关参数的经验取值范围,其中水头损失修正系数k=1.004-1.0183;指数修正系数θ的取值为0.004到0.021。     

低压滴灌小孔出流也前压力变化研究

为了研究低压滴灌毛管压力变化规律,本试验对Φ16孔口式滴灌管在不同的入口水头(0.5～2.0 m)和不同管道铺设长度(20、40、60 m)状态下沿程压力进行了测定.结果表明,运用规范中给定的计算结果与试验测试结果进行比较,相差较大,规范中的沿程水头损失计算公式不能满足孔口式滴灌管在低压条件下的损失.在管道长度为20 m和40 m,工作水头为0.5 m时,试验测试水头损失约为规范公式计算结果的30倍多,但随着入口工作水头的增加,两者之间的比值有趋于减少的趋势.同时,Excel软件的拟合表明,低压滴灌孔口式出流沿程压力分布符合以入口水头为基本参数的指数函数关系,并给定了相关参数的经验取值范围,其中水头损失修正系数k=1.004～1.0183;指数修正系数θ的取值为0.004到0.021.     

低压PE滴灌毛管水头损失试验

对内径为20 mm,壁厚1.36mm,承压能力为0.2 MPa,60 cm孔距,出水孔径0.6 mm的PE滴灌管进行了低压条件下的水力性能试验和分析,结果表明:在试验的工作水头下,不考虑滴灌管出水孔水流扰动影响条件,测试滴灌管内的水流有层流和紊流两种流态,但主要以层流为主.用传统的水力学经验公式计算水头损失存在较大的误差,与实际情况差0～14.29%.     

文丘里施肥器喉部负压的影响因素分析

为了了解文丘里施肥器的工况特性,通过理论分析与试验测定,研究了进、出口压力,喉部水流流速和局部水头损失系数对喉部负压的影响及变化规律。喉部负压的变化随进口压力的增大呈负相关线性函数递减,当喉部负压降到最低值-0.09 MPa后,进口压力的增大将不再影响喉部负压变化;出口压力对水流通过喉部有阻滞作用,从而影响喉部负压的产生。出口压力越大,喉部负压的产生以及达到最小负压所需的进口压力越大;喉部水流流速对喉部负压的产生及变化与进口压力对其影响相似;对于不同的局部水头损失系数ξ₁和ξ₂,ξ值越大,喉部负压随进口压力的增大而降低的速度越缓慢,达到最小值-0.09 MPa时所需的进口压力越高。     

单翼迷宫贴壁式滴灌带水力性能初步试验研究

针对滴灌中贴壁式滴灌带的堵塞问题,通过室内试验在理论上研究不同水源泥沙浓度和进口压力下滴灌带细小流道抗堵塞水力学性能和消能情况。结果显示：迷宫式流道处于半紊流状态,具有较强的挟沙能力,消能充分。水源泥沙浓度小于100mg／L时,滴灌带几乎无堵塞,大于该值时,滴灌带开始堵塞。进水压力大,流量随之增大,滴头堵塞程度减小。     

分叉角与回转半径对双向流道灌水器水力性能影响模拟研究

为研究双向流道灌水器水力性能，将其结构单元作为研究对象，以分叉角和回转半径两个结构参数为影响因素，采用正交试验设计16种结构参数组合方案，利用计算流体动力学软件Ansysfluent对流道内部流体的流动状态进行数值模拟，通过量纲分析建立流道结构参数与流道单元局部水头损失的回归模型。结果表明：双向流道单元局部水头损失与分叉角、回转半径和流道流速有关，分叉角与局部水头损失呈负相关关系，回转半径和速度与局部水头损失呈正相关关系；当入口流速为固定值时，分叉角为32.4°、回转半径为1.72 mm，流道单元局部水头损失最大；当设置10个流道单元时，交叉排列方式组合的灌水器流态指数较优。     

灌水沟微地形及断面形状变异性对灌水质量影响及敏感性分析

为研究沟灌受水界面的时空变异性对灌水质量的影响,本文通过田间试验测试了灌水前后沟底微地形及断面形状的变化情况,并对实测数据进行了计算分析。结果表明:随时间推移,在灌水等多因素的影响下,表征沟底微地形起伏状况的S_d值呈现减小趋势,平均由3.45降至1.17,变异性逐渐减小,变异系数平均由0.17降至0.09,沟底微地形逐渐趋于平整;表征沟断面形状变异情况的P_1值标准差及变异性呈现增加趋势,标准差平均由1.68增至1.95,变异系数平均由0.47增至0.53,但总体来说属弱变异性;随沟底相对高程及断面形状参数标准差的增加,灌水质量指标均呈现降低趋势;通过敏感性分析,两影响因素对灌水均匀度的影响大于灌水效率,平均敏感系数大9.46%和11.84%,且沟底微地形变异的影响大于沟断面形状变异。     

滴头堵塞率及堵塞位置对灌水均匀度的影响

采用控制堵塞试验的方法,在压力恒定的条件下,分析了堵塞率、堵塞位置对灌水均匀度的影响规律。试验结果表明：当压力在4～10 m变化时,压力对于灌水均匀度的影响不显著,其变化范围在1%以内,生产实际中可以适当降低滴灌带的工作压力达到降低造价的目的;堵塞率是影响灌水均匀度的主要原因,堵塞率越高灌水均匀度越差,当堵塞率超过10%时,灌水均匀度CU已经远低于规范的最低值;只有当堵塞率不大于10%时,堵塞位置才对灌水均匀度有一定的影响,当堵塞位置分布在滴灌带前三分之一段和全段时,对灌水均匀度的影响较明显,此时灌水均匀度最小。     

水分胁迫条件下膜下滴灌作物蒸发蒸腾量计算模式的研究

研究了充分供水和水分胁迫条件下膜下滴灌棉花的需水规律,确定了膜下滴灌棉花作物系数Kc的分布规律,根据作物水分胁迫指标CWSI的物理意义,建立了水分胁迫条件下CWSI和作物实际蒸发蒸腾量ETa的函数关系。依据实测的ET0、Kc以及不同水分处理各生育阶段的CWSI值,计算出干旱缺水条件下膜下滴灌棉花的ETa,同实测值相比单生育阶段的计算值相对误差在16%以下,全生育期相对误差不到4%。     

地埋滴灌对紫花苜蓿耗水、产量及水分生产率的影响

为了探索地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿的最佳灌水量和滴灌带埋设深度,采用田间试验设置15.0、22.5 mm和30.0 mm三种灌水水平与10、20 cm和30 cm三种滴灌带埋设深度处理,研究灌水量、滴灌带埋深对紫花苜蓿耗水量、产量及水分生产率的影响。结果表明:地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿耗水量、产量和水分生产率均随灌水量的增加而显著增加(P0.01),均随滴灌带埋深的增加先增大(P0.01)后减小(P0.05);总生长季紫花苜蓿总耗水量为400~500 mm,总产量为7 500~12 000 kg·hm~(-2),水分生产率为1.80~2.50 kg·m~(-3)。建议地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿采用滴灌带埋深为20 cm,灌水定额为22.5~30 mm,灌水周期5~7 d的灌溉制度。     

土壤物理特性对地下滴灌灌水器流量影响分析

地下滴灌灌水器流量由于受到土壤因素的制约而比地表滴灌流量有所减小,研究土壤物理特性对地下滴灌灌水器流量的影响程度对地下滴灌水力计算与工程设计具有重要的理论和实用价值。文中分别选取灌水器工作压力、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率为因素,采取混合水平均匀设计安排试验方案,将归一化处理后的各因素实测数据进行回归分析,估算各试验因素对地下滴灌灌水器流量的影响程度。结果表明:地下滴灌中工作压力是决定灌水器流量的主要因素,土壤容重和土壤初始含水率对地下滴灌灌水器流量的影响较弱,但在地下滴灌水力计算与工程设计中也不可忽略。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究

通过在新疆巴州灌溉试验站进行的膜下滴灌棉花灌溉制度试验,得出了适合当地的常规滴灌制度。为进一步研究浅层地下水对灌溉的补偿效应,利用Hydrus软件对不同地下水埋深下膜下滴灌棉花生育期耗水量进行了模拟。通过引入关键点土壤含水率的概念,提出了膜下滴灌棉花受水分胁迫的标准。结果表明：地下水对棉花的耗水具有一定的补偿作用,地下水埋深越浅,则所需的灌溉定额越小。当地下水埋深小于1.5 m时,滴灌定额为3 300 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深为2.0 m时,滴灌定额为4 500 m³·hm^-2;当地下水埋深很大而对作物根区没有补给时,棉花完全依赖于灌溉所需的滴灌定额则为5 550 m³·hm^-2。考虑到干旱区内具有较高的潜在蒸发势,会导致土壤的次生盐渍化,从而危及作物的生长,1.5～3.0 m的地下水埋深是灌区内较理想的水位区间。     

大棚内膜下根系分区交替滴灌不同灌溉下限对甜瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

以厚皮甜瓜为试验材料,研究大棚内膜下根系分区交替滴灌的不同灌溉下限对甜瓜生长过程中的一些生理指标、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,对照为常规滴灌(灌水上下限分别为最大田间持水量的95%和75%).研究表明,交替滴灌各处理叶片自由水与束缚水的比值都小于常规滴灌,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量均高于常规滴灌;交替滴灌灌水下限为最大田间持水量的85%和75%的处理分别比常规滴灌节约用水30.33%和34.98%,水分利用效率则比常规滴灌增加40.32%和47.11%,而产量仅下降2.71%和4.34%.     

禹城沙地节水试验滴灌设计

本文结合禹城沙地的具体特征进行以水为目的的滴灌设计。本设计参数经水力计算确定：给水强度不小于３ｍｍ／ｄ，滴头流量不少于３１／ｈ，轮灌周期不少于１天，滴水均匀度不少于８０％。实验区按照实验日的的需要分成滴灌区和漫灌区。管道系统布置成于管、支管、毛管、微管四个等级。并计算于管使用φ４０ｍｍ胶管，支管使用φ３２ｍｍ．φ２５ｍｍ，φ２０ｍｍ三种管径组合，毛管全部采用φ１０ｍｍ的胶管。根据使用年限设计全部管道均埋地下。最后提出暗管除污的几种措施：水源采用水井的净水，首部枢纽使用过滤器，整个管道系统形成０．０５ｍ的地势差，便于微管除沙尘，配有吸气球。以上设计结果使整个滴灌地达到湿润度３０％的效果。     

极端干旱区滴灌条件下葡萄茎流变化规律研究

为探究极端干旱区滴灌葡萄植株茎流变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Flow4-DL包裹式茎流计监测滴灌和沟灌条件下葡萄植株的茎流变化规律,研究了茎流速率的变化规律与气象因子的相互关系,以及日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量之间的关系.研究结果表明:在晴天,葡萄植株茎流速率的日变化呈现双峰曲线;在阴天,葡萄植株茎流变化曲线呈现多峰型;通过对各环境因子与葡萄植株茎流进行偏相关分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速极显著相关,与饱和水汽压显著相关,与温度、湿度不显著相关,相关程度依次为:光合有效辐射＞风速＞饱和水汽压＞空气湿度＞空气温度;采用逐步删除法进行多元回归分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速、饱和水汽压具有较强的线性相关关系,回归方程达到极显著水平;滴灌和沟灌情况下日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量呈显著线性相关关系,且沟灌的相关性高于滴灌.     

Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions

Efficient water delivery systems such as drip irrigation can contribute towards increasing crop yield potential, improving crop water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, critical management considerations such as subsurface drip irrigation are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits particularly under arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two irrigation methods, surface and subsurface drip irrigation combined with four irrigation levels, 100, 80, 60 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration on yield and yield components of potato grown on sandy soil. The field experiments were conducted in the years 2008 and 2009. In terms of soil water availability to plants, subsurface drip provided more favorable growth conditions for plant growth and maintained higher soil water content at the root zone, which resulted in a significant higher potato yield compared to surface drip irrigation. The difference between the two irrigation methods on yield components was concentrated on the mean tuber weight per plant, while no significant difference was found on the tuber number per plant. Reducing the amounts of applied water significantly decreased total potato yield and its components. Under subsurface drip irrigation, reducing amounts of applied water to 80% ETc gave comparable yield and yield components to surface drip at full irrigation supply, indicating that 20% irrigation water can be saved without affecting the potato yield. At all irrigation levels, subsurface drip recorded higher water use efficiency (WUE) over surface drip. Maximum value was observed at 40% ETc. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was also higher under subsurface drip and reduced significantly under both irrigation methods with increasing water deficit. These results suggested that subsurface drip offers the potential of better water management with respect to saving and distribution of water in the root zone and to obtain maximum yield accompanied by highest water and FUE.     

膜下滴灌棉花根系吸水模型研究

通过室内三组桶栽水平试验,在不同生育期对棉花根系进行取样,得到棉花根长密度分布函数,并在每次灌水前后对试验桶进行取土样及称重,进而得到土壤剖面的含水量和棉花的蒸腾量;由根长密度分布函数、土壤含水量及棉花蒸腾量,选定根系吸水模型为Feddes模型,经模型计算:土壤水分的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,该模型能够准确地描述膜下滴灌棉花根系吸水,表明建立的棉花根系吸水模型是可行的。     

Management of strawberry anthracnose by choice of irrigation system,mulching material and host resistance

We studied, by means of field experiments, the combined effects of irrigation system, mulching material and genetic resistance on the incidence of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. All trials involved artificial inoculation with fruits colonized by the pathogen. One experiment examined the effects of drip irrigation, overhead sprinkler irrigation, and localized low-pressure tape irrigation, and the effects of grass (Brachiaria sp.) and plastic (polyethylene) mulches, in a split plot, randomized complete block design with four replicates. Lower disease incidence, indicating lower pathogen dispersal, was verified with low-pressure tape and drip irrigation. Flower blight and fruit rot incidence in drip-irrigated plots was minimal (ca. 2% of the disease levels in the plots otherwise irrigated). Grass mulch reduced flower blight in the sprinkler system (up to 80%), but had no significant effect when disease levels were already low due to use of other irrigation systems. A second experiment compared the effects of grass mulch, pine (Pinus elliotti) mulch, and plastic mulch with overhead sprinkler irrigation on strawberry cultivars partially resistant (‘Dover’) and susceptible (‘Campinas’) to the disease in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Both organic mulches reduced flower blight and diseased fruit incidence by up to 76% compared to the plastic mulch treatment, especially in the early stages of the epidemics. ‘Dover’ had 70% lower incidence of flower blight than ‘Campinas’, and the effects of organic mulches were more pronounced in ‘Campinas’. A third experiment, with all three irrigation systems combined with inoculated and non-inoculated plots, estimated yield effects due to disease and irrigation system. All plots were covered with plastic mulch in a CRD with six treatments. This experiment clearly confirmed the higher flower blight and fruit rot incidences when sprinkler irrigation was used. In inoculated treatments, fruit yield was significantly reduced in tape-irrigated plots, and more so in sprinkler-irrigated plots. In drip-irrigated plots yield was reduced by only 1%. Overall, our results confirm the importance of cultural and genetic factors as valuable means of strawberry anthracnose management. Adoption of localized irrigation systems, the use of organic mulches and choice of a partially resistant cultivar significantly reduced disease levels in field plots. The importance of water splash for C. acutatum dispersal and its dependency on the soil mulch characteristics are the likely causes for the results observed.