双条杉天牛在陕西省的风险分析和管理对策

双条杉天牛(Semanotus bifasciatus Motschulsky)属鞘翅目(Coleoptera)天牛科(Cerambycidae),是柏科树木上毁灭性蛀干害虫之一。该天牛主要以幼虫危害侧柏、杜松、圆柏等常绿树种,已经给我国很多地区造成了严重的经济和生态损失。目前双条杉天牛已在陕西部分地区危害,为了明确双条杉天牛在陕西省的风险等级,以制定相应管理对策。本研究依据原国家林业局林业有害生物风险分析指标体系及赋分标准,对双条杉天牛在陕西省的风险性进行了综合评估分析。结果表明:双条杉天牛在陕西的风险综合评价值R=2.28,该天牛在陕西省属于高度危险性有害生物。针对双条杉天牛在陕西省的高度危险性,提出了加强检疫、全面普查监测、实施分区防治和加强疫区治理的管理措施。本研究为陕西控制和管理该有害生物提供了基础资料和理论依据。     

菜豆象在中国的风险性分析

运用有害生物危险性分析(PestRiskAnalysis,PRA)的方法,从国内分布状况、潜在为害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及危险性的管理难度等方面,综合评价了菜豆象的危险性。结果表明,菜豆象的综合风险性值为2.09,对我国是具有高度危险性的有害生物,并提出了相关风险性管理对策。     

苹果小吉丁虫综合防控研究进展

苹果小吉丁虫是果树蛀干害虫,属于国内检疫对象和高度危险性林业有害生物。近20年来,在被誉为野生经济林种质资源基因库的新疆天山野果林发生特别严重,特别是对建群树种—新疆野苹果造成毁灭性的破坏。苹果小吉丁虫在新疆野果林扩散速度快,主要以幼虫钻蛀树干为害,幼虫期时间长。防治手段以幼虫期虫疤涂抹药剂、打孔注药和成虫期喷雾防治为主,防治效果并不理想。研究证明乌黑刻柄茧蜂、白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂、球腹蒲螨对苹果小吉丁虫有一定的控制作用。建立以寄生性天敌繁育和释放、寄主植物次生代谢物利用、害虫信息素干扰和害虫诱捕的综合防控体系是今后的研究重点。     

缅甸烟草霜霉病菌入侵中国云南的风险分析及管理对策

本文分析了缅甸烟草霜霉病菌入侵中国的风险。根据ISPM规定的有害生物风险性分析程序,从烟草霜霉病菌国内外分布、潜在危险性、受害作物的经济重要性、传播扩散可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对其在中国云南的风险进行了综合分析。结果表明烟草霜霉病在中国云南的综合风险值R为2.56。该病菌在云南是高度危险的检疫性有害生物,本文针对烟草霜霉病提出相应的管理对策。     

斑马片病入侵中国的风险分析及管理对策

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)第2号有害生物风险分析框架和第11号检疫性有害生物风险分析程序,从斑马片病的国内外分布状况、潜在危害性、受害栽培作物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对其在中国的风险性进行了多指标方法分析。结果表明,斑马片病在中国的综合风险值R为2.48,其病原Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum为高度危险的有害生物。针对该病提出了相应的风险管理对策。     

红棕象甲在江西省的风险性分析及防控管理对策

红棕象甲是我国检疫性害虫之一。该虫于2007年在江西省南昌、宜春、新余三地发现之后,近些年少有报道。为了评估红棕象甲在江西的潜在危险性,以制定科学的检疫对策。本文参照国际通用的有害生物风险分析方法,结合江西省气候资源,按照省内适生分布范围、潜在的危害性、传播扩散和定殖可能性、风险性管理难度等5个方面开展了该虫的风险性分析和综合评估。结果表明:红棕象甲在江西省的综合评估风险R值为2.20,属于高度危险性林业有害生物。并由此提出江西省红棕象甲的防控策略。这对于有效防止该有害生物在江西省的进一步扩散蔓延和监测防治具有一定的指导意义。     

稻水象甲入侵四川的风险分析

为了分析稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)在四川的风险性,根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险分析(PRA)程序,从省内外分布状况、潜在经济危害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散可能性和危险性管理难度等5个指标对稻水象甲在四川的风险性进行了分析。研究表明稻水象甲的综合风险值为2.09,为高度危险检疫性有害生物。稻水象甲对四川稻区具有高度危险性,为确保水稻安全生产,应对其加强检疫、加大监测和扩大宣传。     

重大外来入侵害虫三叶斑潜蝇在中国的风险性分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险性分析(PRA)程序,利用相关风险性分析模型,从国内外分布状况、潜在的危害性、受害栽培寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对三叶斑潜蝇在我国的风险性进行定性、定量分析,其综合风险值R为2.15,符合检疫性有害生物的条件,据此提出了2条相关风险管理备选对策,并进行效率和影响分析,以期使风险减少到可接受的水平。     

苹果异胫小卷蛾在中国的适生性分析

苹果异胫小卷蛾是世界范围内重要的检疫性有害生物,目前我国没有发生,但近几年我国口岸已多次截获。本研究利用CLIMEX 1.0适生性分析软件与Arc GIS 10.2地理信息系统软件对苹果异胫小卷蛾在我国目前的潜在地理分布进行预测。研究表明,苹果异胫小卷蛾可能在我国南部地区适生,总的适生面积约为187万km2,占国土面积的19%。高度适生区主要为云南大部分地区、广东、广西、福建、浙江南部等地区,以及这些省份以南的所有地区;中度适生区分布范围较小,低度适生区面积与高度适生区分布范围面积相差不大。鉴于苹果异胫小卷蛾在我国的适生性分析结果,针对其传入和定殖的能力,建议采取相应的有效防控策略,加强苹果异胫小卷蛾检疫力度,严防该有害生物的入侵和传播。     

葡萄根瘤蚜在中国的风险性分析

为提出入侵有害生物——葡萄根瘤蚜的风险管理对策,使其风险减少到可接受的水平,根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)第11号规定的有害生物风险分析程序,从有害生物分布、潜在为害性、受害寄主重要性、移植可能性和管理难易程度等5个方面对葡萄根瘤蚜在中国的风险性进行了定性和定量分析。分析结果表明,葡萄根瘤蚜的综合风险值为2.0,是对中国具有高危险性的有害生物。     

戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌及轮纹病菌的毒力和药效评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了戊唑醇对苹果斑点落叶病菌Alternaria mali和苹果轮纹病菌Physalospora piricola的毒力并进行了田间药效试验。室内测定结果表明:戊唑醇抑制苹果斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.034和0.587 μg/mL,抑制苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的EC50和EC90值分别为0.019 和0.394 μg/mL。43%戊唑醇悬浮剂61 ~86 mg/L(5 000 ~7 000倍液)对苹果斑点落叶病的防效为84.6% ~88.8%,108 ~143 mg/L(3 000 ~4 000倍液)对苹果轮纹病的防效为73.8% ~86.4%,且该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对苹果树安全。     

河北省苹果主要病虫害发生现状调查

在2007-2009年对河北省唐山、保定、邢台、石家庄、沧州、衡水、秦皇岛、张家口、廊坊、承德共10个地市200余个苹果园进行了问卷调查、实地重点考察和现场访谈,调查内容包括品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病虫害发生情况。结果表明:河北省苹果以‘富士’品种为主,占调查果园面积的58%,其次为‘元帅’;从树龄结构上看,树龄超过15年的果园占69%,说明河北省苹果园老化现象比较严重。苹果上常发生的病虫害有枝干轮纹病、腐烂病、斑点落叶病、褐斑病、锈病、苹果黄蚜、山楂叶螨、金纹细蛾、苹果绵蚜、桑天牛、枣尺蠖和黑蚱蝉共12种。其中枝干轮纹病、腐烂病和山楂叶螨是全省苹果产区发生普遍且较严重的病虫害。唐山市枝干轮纹病病株率高达92%,张家口市腐烂病病株率为72.67%,苹果黄蚜、锈病、褐斑病和金纹细蛾在不同地区发生程度不同。苹果绵蚜在河北省已普遍发生。品种以及地形对病虫害发生的影响也存在不同程度差异。本文根据对河北省苹果病虫害发生状况的调查结果,提出了通过加强栽培管理、病虫害预测预报、选用抗性品种与砧木以及化学防治为手段的病虫害防治对策。     

Genetic diversity of Czech ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ strains based on multilocus gene analyses

In several European countries apple trees are affected by apple proliferation disease, which is usually associated with the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. During 2010, samples from several apple trees displaying proliferation symptoms were collected throughout the Czech Republic to verify identity of phytoplasmas detected in association with the disease. The majority of the 74 apple trees examined using molecular tools were positive for ‘Ca. P. mali’ presence. The 16S–23S ribosomal genes, the ribosomal protein genes and the nitroreductase and rhodonase like genes were then studied to verify phytoplasma strain variability on multigenic bases. Two RFLP profiles and correspondingly two genetic lineages were found in the PCR-amplified fragments covering the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region. ‘Ca. P. mali’ strains belonging to rpX-A subgroup were identified in the majority of the apple tree sampled, whereas phytoplasmas belonging to the rpX-B subgroup were distributed sporadically. The apple proliferation subtypes AP-15 and AT-2 exhibited nearly equal occurrence; the AT-1 subtype and a mixture of the two or all three of the AP subtypes were infrequently found. The PCR/RFLP results were confirmed by nucleotide sequence analyses of selected ‘Ca. P. mali’ strains.     

金纹细蛾发生与气象因子的关系初探

通过在苹果园悬挂金纹细蛾性引诱剂,观测其发生量,并同时记录温湿度、风速、降雨量等气候因子,研究得出湿度与发生量呈显著相关。在3月份其越冬代发生比较整齐,数量少,是防治的重点时期。     

陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌基因多态性的ISSR分析

为了从分子水平上揭示苹果树腐烂病菌的群体遗传多样性,采用正交设计对ISSR-PCR体系进行了4因素3水平的筛选,并从47条ISSR引物中筛选出11条多态性较好的引物。对供试的87个分离株进行扩增的结果显示,11条引物在129个位点扩增出稳定的条带,其中多态性位点119个,多态性位点率为92.25%。POPGENE分析显示,病菌种群的遗传多样性和基因多态性丰富,群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.109,群体内为0.891,群体内多样性大于群体间多样性。两个地理种群间的居群每代迁移数(Nm)为2.046,两者之间存在广泛的基因交流。在遗传相似系数为0.88时,可将21个自然种群划分为9个不同的类群,表明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌的各个自然种群之间的遗传亲缘关系与其地理来源之间无明显的相关性。     

Application of weather data in forecasting treatment data for Cydia pomonella in Iran

Mashhad Province is the second largest apple-producing area in north-east Iran. Cydia pomonella is one of the important pests in this province. This pest, which passes through 3–4 generations, may cause serious damage in apple orchards. Forecasting and supervising C. pomonella by a pest control network started in 1984 in this province. Forecasting is based on the accumulated heat-unit requirement for different stages of pest development. Peak flight dates were determined by the use of pheromone traps. The flight date of the first generation was determined on the basis of a 130 degree-day requirement (by 10°C threshold). The probability interval for the arrival of this date was calculated (at 25% risk) using long-period weather data. Recommended data for pest treatment are forecast.     

菊酯农药防治枣尺蠖试验研究及其应用

枣尺蠖(Sucra jujuba Chu)是枣树上的一种主要害虫。近年来,枣尺蠖在苹果树上危害,也日趋严重。生产上普遍采用六六六、滴滴涕、对硫磷进行防治,由于长期使用,产生了明显抗性,防治效果显著降低。1980～1982年我们喷布菊酯农药进行室内外试验及田间示范防治,证明用2.5%溴氰菊酯或20%杀灭菊酯3万倍液防治枣尺蠖,效果高,成本低,省劳力,使用方便安全。防治效果和经济效益明显地优于六六六、滴滴涕、对硫磷。1982年在河南省中牟、新郑、民权县及郑州市郊区枣和苹果上开展大面积生产防治,面积达9万余亩,防治181万株,收效显著,平均防治效果达95%左右。     

The insect vector Cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ to its progeny

The phloem‐sucking psyllid Cacopsylla picta plays an important role in transmitting the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the agent associated with apple proliferation disease. The psyllid can ingest ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ from infected apple trees and spread the bacterium by subsequently feeding on uninfected trees. Until now, this has been the most important method of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate whether infected C. picta are able to transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ directly to their progeny. This method of transmission would allow the bacteria to bypass a time‐consuming reproductive cycle in the host plant. Furthermore, this would cause a high number of infected F₁ individuals in the vector population. To address this question, eggs, nymphs and adults derived from infected overwintering adults of C. picta were reared on non‐infected apple saplings and subsequently tested for the presence of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’. In this study it was shown for the first time that infected C. picta individuals transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ to their eggs, nymphs and F₁ adults, thus providing the basis for a more detailed understanding of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ transmission by C. picta.     

Japanese pear black spot and apple alternaria blotch

The pathogenicity and taxonomy of 15 isolates of Alternaria spp. from pear and apple were compared. Only isolates from Asian pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) from Italy and Korea were virulent on leaves and young fruits of the susceptible Asian pear cv. Nijisseiki. Their conidial morphology was typical of A. gaisen (= A. kikuchiana ). Only isolates of A. mali from USA were virulent on susceptible American apple cvs Indo and Red Gold. No virulence was demonstrated in any isolate/host combination among isolates from stem infections of Asian and European pear ( Pyrus communis ), leaf spots of European apple, and ripe fruit rots of Chinese pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ), European pear and apple. These non-virulent isolates could be readily distinguished from A. gaisen and A. mali by their pattern of branching of conidial chains, the branching associated with A. alternata sensu stricto being most common among non-virulent isolates. This limited survey implies that A. gaisen is only virulent to Asian pear and the toxigenic form of A. mali to certain American apple cultivars; also that A. gaisen is not established outside eastern Asia or the toxigenic form of A. mali outside eastern Asia and parts of USA.