稀酸催化蒸汽爆破预处理提高竹子糖化效果的研究

采用稀酸浸泡结合蒸汽爆破预处理方式,对竹子的糖化效果进行了条件筛选。对浸泡酸浓度、浸泡时间、蒸汽爆破压强及、爆破压力维持时间4个因素进行探索,以酶解得到的还原糖含量高低作为衡量指标。结果表明：在单因素实验中,最优条件与其对应的还原糖浓度分别为：浸泡酸浓度2.5%时,还原糖浓度39.4301 g/L;浸泡时间10 h时,还原糖浓度35.2116 g/L;蒸汽爆破压强2 MPa时,还原糖浓度31.7554 g/L;蒸汽爆破压力维持时间150 s时,还原糖浓度30.3634 g/L。通过正交试验优化并验证后,得到最优的预处理条件：常温条件下,将竹子浸泡在2.5%的硫酸中8 h,于压强2 MPa的蒸汽爆破装置中维持180 s后爆破,可以得到最高的还原糖产量42.3707 g/L,且上述单因素影响主次顺序为：浸泡酸浓度＞浸泡时间＞压力维持时间＞爆破压强。     

Calculation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Mg-Zn Alloy

Getting activity of component is an important aspect of researching the thermodynamic characters of alloy. Under each model of predicting the thermodynamics characters of alloy, Miedema model has been developing as comparatively a good and accurate model in recent years. In this work, the formation enthalpy of Mg - Zn alloy has been calculated, according to the Miedema model. Further, the activity curve of Zn in Mg - Zn alloy at 1 000 K is calculated. The calculating result is that, as the formation enthalpy of Mg - Zn alloy is small, and in the procedure of calculating activity, excess entropy attributes a lot to the result, after considering excess entropy, calculating results and experimental values match each other very well.     

Experimental Research on UF Membrane Flux Model

The hollow fiber UF membrane system is used for removing pollutants from drinking water. The experimental results show the filtration flux steadily increases with the working pressure in the range of the working pressure lower than 0.2MPa; the filtration flux decreases with the concentration of the raw water at the constant working pressure. The lower the organic substance of raw water is the higher the filtration flux is. Linear regression method is applied to the experimental data, and the UF membrane flux model is presented. Meanwhile the model can be used to design UF process for similar liquid mixture system.     

花后不同强度遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦淀粉组分和理化特性的影响

花后弱光影响小麦淀粉分子积累和结构形成,进而使面粉的加工品质和食用品质变劣。本研究以非糯小麦轮选987和糯小麦农大糯50206为材料,设置3个花后遮光处理(不遮光、遮光30%和遮光60%),研究了花后不同强度遮光对小麦籽粒中淀粉组分及其理化特性的影响。结果表明,花后弱光胁迫使小麦籽粒中总淀粉含量减少,A-型淀粉粒比例增加,淀粉相对结晶度增大。花后光照强度降低,轮选987淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、稀澥值和反弹值增大,而农大糯50206淀粉的上述参数则呈减小趋势。轮选987淀粉的起始温度、峰值温度和终止温度随弱光胁迫的增强而降低,而糊化焓呈增加趋势;相反,农大糯50206淀粉的上述热力学特征参数呈降低趋势。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量、直/支比、A-型淀粉粒体积比例与相对结晶度、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、稀澥值、糊化时间和糊化焓呈显著负相关,与最终黏度和反弹值存在极显著正相关。可见,小麦花后光照强度降低影响籽粒淀粉组分和粒度分布,从而改变了淀粉的晶体、糊化和热力学特性。     

Discussion of the Negative Thermal Expansion Coefficient of the Laminar Crystal

The variation of the thermal expansion coefficient of the graphite crystal is derived. According to the theory of temperature with the thermodynamic and statistical physical, the free energy of the graphite crystals is given with the De-Bye Model, and relationship between the thermal expansion coefficient of the graphite crystal and the temperature range is probed. The results are showed: the thermal expansion coefficient is equal to zero if T =0 K or T is on the verge of the 15 K or 42 K; negative if the temperature is in the range of 15 to 42 K; constant if the temperature is higher. The theoretical calculations accord with the experimental results. From this, In the layered crystals the reason that there is the negative expansion is that the statistical weight of the transverse acoustic vibration for the atoms in the plane layer is very large. In some temperature ranges, the variation of distance between atoms in the direction perpendicular to the plane layer with the temperature resulted in by the transverse acoustic vibration reverses with that in the plane layer. Then the film effect is resulted in.     

牛初乳液态奶和牛初乳粉的加工工艺探讨

在查阅大量资料的基础上,结合乳品厂工作的实践经验,探讨牛初乳液态奶和牛初乳粉的加工工艺,结果表明,牛初乳的加工工艺与常乳大体相同,只是由于牛初乳的热稳定性差,其杀菌、干燥、浓缩等工艺条件与常乳不同。通常条件下,牛初乳的杀菌温度为60℃,时间为30min,也可以用辐照等高科技技术手段杀菌,辐照杀菌采用~(60)Co,剂量≤8.4kGy;真空浓缩压力>81kPa,温度≤60℃,浓缩后的奶液干物质含量达到40%～60%;干燥可以采用冷冻真空干燥或低温真空喷雾干燥法,前者用小于规模干燥,真空度为0.3～0.8MPa,料液受热温度<65℃,热蒸汽温度控制在70～75℃。     

超高压协同pH值对哈密瓜汁中脂氧合酶钝化效果的研究

为了研究超高压和pH值单独及协同处理对哈密瓜中脂氧合酶(LOX)的钝化效果,采用柠檬酸和碳酸钠调整哈密瓜汁的pH值为2~11,设定实验压0.1~500MPa,温度20~60℃,保压时间0~40min。结果表明,哈密瓜中LOX的最适pH值为7~8,最适温度为30~35℃;常温下单纯超高压处理鲜榨哈密瓜汁很难钝化LOX,调整酸碱度协同超高压处理,能很好地钝化LOX;在pH值4~5,温度25℃和55℃,压力300~500MPa,保压时间5~30min时,LOX的钝化符合一级反应动力学。     

Adaptive Inverse Control for Feed Water and Superheated Steam Temperature of Supercritical Pressure Boiler

An adaptive inverse control method for feed water and superheated steam temperature of supercritical pressure boiler is investigated. Through the analysis of the boiler system ,s dynamic characteristics, the input vector structure of inverse dynamics model of feed water and superheated steam temperature is constructed. The adaptive inverse control system is realized through on-line identification of inverse dynamic model with recursive least squares support vector machine. In the control process, the demand for feed water and spray water flow to the outlet steam temperature and micro-superheated steam temperature is considered to realize the integrated control of feed water and superheated steam temperature. Simulation results show that this control system has good control performance and adaptability and can void the repeated oscillation phenomena of control variables which appear in present two section control system.     

调质处理工艺对大豆蛋白组织化特性影响的研究

以大豆蛋白为原料,研究调质处理对大豆理化特性的影响,以便生产更加优质的大豆组织蛋白。结果显示,最佳工艺参数为:喂料转速20r/min,蒸汽压力0.3MPa。     

Calculation of Constant Pressure Values for Relief Valves in the Fire Suppression Systems of High-Rise Buildings

The calculation of constant pressure values for relief valves in the fire suppression systems of high-rise buildings usually is based on the working pressure of pipe systems by experience.However,this method only is applied in the condition that the relief valves are installed on the effluent pipes of pumps.In order to confirm the proper constant pressure values of relief valves in fire suppression systems,a formula is deduced using hydraulics theory.The applications of the formula in fire suppression systems are also discussed.The constant pressure values for relief valves are directly related to three factors,namely,the flux and pressure of the fire pump,the located height of the relief valves,and the head loss of flux from the pump exit to the inlets of the relief valves.It is necessary to analyze the working condition of fire suppression systems and to be certain of the permissive pressure range for overpressure.     

红酵母发酵产类胡萝卜素的研究

研究了红酵母菌株AS2.2241液态发酵产类胡萝卜素的最佳培养基配方和工艺条件,分析了碳源、氮源、无机盐的质量浓度,以及反应温度、初始pH值、菌种种龄、发酵时间、转速等因素对类胡萝卜素产量的影响,确定了小规模发酵生产的最适培养基和发酵条件。红酵母AS2.2241菌株在5L发酵罐中产类胡萝卜素的最佳发酵条件为:葡萄糖40g/L,酵母粉10g/L,蛋白胨10g/L,MgSO41g/L,K2HPO40.5g/L,发酵温度28℃,pH值6.0,接种量10%,接种龄48h,培养时间145h,发酵液体积2L,转速280r/min,空气流速量3.00L/min,罐压0.01MPa。在此条件下,获得生物量的质量浓度达35.12g/L,类胡萝卜素的质量浓度达301.78μg/g。     

Physiological Basis of Salinity Tolerance of Sorghum Seeds During Germination

Effects of salinity on the isozyme activities of α -amylase in germinating sorghum seeds were studied under laboratory conditions. Seeds were imbibed in NaCl solutions at concentrations ranging from 0–500 nM (osmotic pressure: 0–2.28 MPa) for 0–24 h and the isozymes activities were estimated after disc-gel electrophoresis.
Seed germination of sorghum was not affected by NaCl concentrations less than 100 nM (0.46 MPa). Germination was reduced by 50% at 300 nM NaCl (1.31 MPa), and completely inhibited at 500 nM (2.28 MPa). The α -amylase activity in the treated seeds followed a similar pattern to that of germination.
At least five isozyme patterns of a-amylase were observed in germinating sorghum seeds. The activities of the respective isozymes were enhanced with increasing duration of imbibition in distilled water. When treated with 100 nM NaCl, the activities of isozymes 2 and 5 decreased, but this was compensated by the increased activity of isozyme 1. The sensitivity of isozymes to the salinity treatments varied where isozyme 1 was the most tolerant. The isozyme activities were completely inhibited by 500 nM NaCl.
The results indicate that sorghum seeds could germinate well in saline environments up to 0.46 MPa. Higher osmotic pressure or saline concentrations could be detrimental to the seed germination of sorghum. The salinity tolerance could be attributable to the compensation of loss of activities of certain isozymes of α -amylase by the other types.     

Twisted Blade Virtual Design for Steam Turbine

Due to lack of estimation during initial stage of traditional physical design process for industry product, the efficiency of conduct development is low with high cost. A basic framework of twisted blade virtual design is set up based on the theory and method of product virtual design, and aiming at the thermodynamic process of middle or lower stage of steam turbine. The molding rule of twisted blade is found by thermodynamic computation program. The study of blade virtual design is carried through from 3-dimensional modeling to simulation test. The combination of thermal power theory, computer simulation technology and CAD system forms a kind of design method with the superiority such as high efficiency, low cost and good decidability is represented in the virtual design of turbine blade.     

基于人工神经网络的植物油料实际压缩比与临界压榨压力预测

基于BP神经网络建立了菜籽、菜籽仁、花生、大豆、芝麻和亚麻籽的实际压缩比预测模型,实际压缩比神经网络预测值与试验实测值吻合。根据预测的实际压缩比曲线,确定出油料工程实际临界压榨压力分别为菜籽、菜籽仁、花生、亚麻籽80MPa,芝麻100MPa,大豆60MPa。     

Heating performance analysis of multi-nozzle water-jet steam ejector

Abstract:This paper developes a heating coefficient model to study the heating performance of multi-nozzle water-jet steam ejector. It analyzes the factors of heating performance, and explores the relationships between the heating performance and different operating parameters theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the heating performance of multi-nozzle water-jet steam ejector is very good. The heating coefficient decreases with the increase of the inlet water temperature, and increases with the increase of the steam pressure and ejecting coefficient. The relationships between heating performance of ejector and different operating parameters by calculation and experiment are in good agreement.     

600 MPa高强钢筋与混凝土的粘结锚固性能试验研究

为研究600 MPa高强钢筋与混凝土粘结锚固性能,设计了72个棱柱体试件进行拉拔试验,对600 MPa高强钢筋粘结锚固的破坏形态及粘结应力分布进行分析,通过建立基本粘结滑移关系及位置函数,确定600 MPa高强钢筋在混凝土结构中的粘结滑移本构关系。采用一次二阶矩法进行可靠度分析,提出锚固长度设计建议。研究表明：600 MPa高强钢筋粘结锚固的破坏形态及粘结应力分布与普通钢筋类似且粘结锚固性能良好,《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB 50010—2010）基本锚固长度计算公式依然适用于600 MPa高强钢筋。     

玉米种子萌发相关性状的全基因组关联分析

种子萌发是出苗的前提, 对玉米产量影响重大。为了解玉米种子萌发相关性状的遗传机制, 本研究对476份玉米自交系种子萌发相关的6个性状进行调查, 结合125万个(1.25M) SNP标记, 利用3种统计模型(Q, K, Q+K)进行全基因关联分析(GWAS)。结果表明K模型能够较好地评价吸胀前重量、吸胀前体积、吸胀后重量、吸胀后体积和吸胀体积5个性状; Q+K模型能更好地评价吸胀重量性状。基于这6个性状的最优模型的GWAS结果, 共检测到15个种子萌发相关性状的显著SNP, 15个SNP对应6个QTL, 集中分布在玉米第3、第6、第7和第10染色体上, QTL内单个SNP能解释的表型变异为5.09%~7.85%。其中5个QTL可在多个生物学重复中被检测到。以最显著SNP所在基因或附近基因作为QTL的候选基因, 共筛选到6个最可能的候选基因。GRMZM2G148411是吸胀后重量、吸胀重量和吸胀体积3个性状共同鉴定到的QTL候选基因, 根据基因的功能注释, 该基因编码一个包含TLD-domain的钙离子结合蛋白, 可能是一种调控种子休眠与萌发的信号分子。本研究鉴定的QTL为解析玉米种子萌发的遗传机制和相应功能标记的开发奠定了基础。     

FEM analysis on the earth pressure behind the panel of post-panel retaining wall

the distribution of earth pressure behind the panel of post-panel retaining wall is analyzed with 3-D FEM. Eight-crunode isoparametric element is adopted, concrete is regarded as linear elastic object, soil is regarded as elastic-plastic object, an interface model is introduced to simulate the interaction between concrete and soil.It is demonstrated that the earth pressure behind the panel of post-panel retaining wall is greatly different from the classical earth pressure theory, its distribution is close to a parabola. Based on FEM analysis, a modified formula is induced to calculate the earth pressure behind the panel of post-panel retaining wall, the engineering design by this modified formula will be more economical and reasonable.     

超高压处理对鲜切山药片质量的影响

为研究适宜的鲜切山药片的保藏方法,采用超高压处理对鲜切山药片进行保鲜。将鲜切山药片分别采用0MPa、200MPa、400MPa和600MPa加压处理10min后,在4℃条件下贮藏9d,分析超高压处理对贮藏期间鲜切山药片中细菌总数、多酚氧化酶活性、褐变指数、可溶性固形物、总酸和维生素C含量的影响。结果表明：600MPa压力处理10min后,可抑制于褐变相关的多酚氧化酶,抑制微生物生长,产品在4℃条件下贮藏9d后,仍然可具有较好的理化指标,表明该法是一种较好的鲜切山药片的保藏方法。     

AN IMPLICIT ENTHALPY SOLUTION OF CONDUCTION-CONTROLLED PHASE CHANGE PROBLEMS

An implicit enthalpy solution is developed for analysis of one-dimensional conduction controlled phase change problems. The solution is based on separating the sensible and latent heat terms in an enthalpy formulation. By making the assumption of equal volume node-jumping,a variable time together with a fixed space grid is used to ensure that the phase boundary is always on a node point,so that the nonlinearity associated with the latent heat can be effectively dealt with via the source term. A freezing problem around a pipe with analytical solution is applied to demonstrate the effect of the present method.