压力对竹材中防腐剂渗透性影响的初步研究

以市售精刨毛竹条为研究对象,通过加压渗透的方式促使甲苯胺蓝染色剂、硫酸铜防腐剂在竹条中快速渗透,分析防腐剂有效成分在竹材中渗透与截留规律。结果显示：随着压力的增大,染料在竹材中的渗透时间急剧减少,渗透速度增大,压力与渗透速度的关系符合Poiseuille公式;当压力为0.2~0.4 MPa时,染料在竹材中明显截留,出液端渗透出的液体接近无色;染料在渗透过程中,竹黄部分的染色效果低于竹青部分,染料在竹青中的渗透距离要大于竹黄;以硫酸铜溶液（CuSO₄）在不同压力和不同浓度下对竹材进行加压浸渍,压力对加压端至0.5 m处的铜含量的降幅影响明显,随竹材长度的增加,竹材中铜含量出现迅速降低—缓慢降低的转变过程。加压浸注防腐剂有利于防腐剂的纵向和横向渗透效率,压力的调控可以促进防腐剂的横向渗透及其在竹材中的截留,渗透效果随渗透距离的增加而降低。     

ACQ防腐剂处理杉木小径材的研究

对利用ACQ木材防腐剂处理杉木小径材的研究结果表明,使用浓度为0.5%的ACQ对杉木小径材进行真空加压浸渍处理,可以达到较好的防腐处理效果。随着ACQ浸渍深度及保持量的增加,对试件的静曲强度和弹性模量没有明显影响,而握钉力则有下降的趋势。     

TWP防腐剂处理橡胶木的防腐效果

TWP防腐剂以满细胞法处理的橡胶木,经露天气干2至9个月,用试剂显色法测定药剂透入深度。对4～6cm厚的板材药剂全部渗透,外层15mm硼酸当量(BAE)占木材绝干重0.20%以上。经耐腐性试验测定,用TWP处理的橡胶木属耐腐级,但野外耐腐性较差。此外,还探讨了板材不同深度的耐腐效力     

无机复配防霉剂对木竹材性能的影响

为获得低成本、低毒环保、工艺简便且高性能的木竹材防霉剂,采用无机试剂硫酸铜、硼酸及双氧水复配防霉剂,对杨木和毛竹材进行浸渍处理,并考察其防霉功效,同时探究试剂对木竹材物理力学性能的影响,结果表明:浓度为1%硫酸铜、1.5%硼酸与6%双氧水复配的无机试剂抑菌效果较好,且对杨木及毛竹17 d的防治效力达到100%;复配防霉剂对试材的物理力学性能影响不大,但会导致试材表面色差增加。研究结论为低毒无机木竹材防霉剂的开发和应用提供基础理论依据。     

橡胶木的防变色试验

通过不同浓度的不同防变色剂分别对未处理和经过硼防腐剂和Parachem防腐剂加压处理的橡胶木锯材进行浸沾处理，对其防变色效果进行了研究。结果表明，无论经过硼防腐剂处理与否，用防变色剂进行短时间（30s)的浸沾处理，均可有效地防止橡胶木的蓝变和发霉，保护期可达4周以上。     

竹集成材增湿处理技术研究

采用加压方式对刨切薄竹用集成材进行了增湿处理,分别以浸渍时间、浸渍方向、胶层层数为因素等进行了试验。结果表明：大竹板材增湿后含水率达28.8%-63%,小竹板材达50%-88%;竹板各面单位面积增重率为：端面〉径面〉弦面,且随长度增加逐渐减小;竹板增重率随胶层层数增加其增湿效果逐渐降低。     

短周期桉树与相思人工林木材处理性及浸注性研究

通过测定４－９年生的桉树和马占相思木材密度，并用５％ＣＣＢ防腐剂以常温常压浸泡法，热冷槽法及劳菜空细胞加压进行防腐处理，再测定处理材的防腐吸收量及渗透深度来评估木材的处理性及浸注性，结果表明，１．速生人工林的赤桉，尾叶桉，马占相思木材属较难处理性木材；２．ＣＣＢ防腐剂对桉树和马占相思木材有浸注性较好，硼渗透较深且均匀，铜较浅．３．可用热冷槽法和加压法对木材进行防腐处理，这有利于药剂的渗透及提高工效     

预防橡胶木蓝变和霉变的研究

橡胶木极易受到蓝变菌和霉菌的侵害，须进行预防性保护处理。目前我国使用五氯酚钠(NaPCP)控制和防止蓝变和霉变的产生，但自从发现氯代酚类化合物中含有致癌的二恶英类化合物后，此类化合物就逐步被世界大多数发达国家和一些发展中国家禁止使用了。自20世纪80年代开始，环保型防变色剂预防木材蓝变和霉变的研究和开发在国际上开展的十分广泛。本文研究了不同浓度的Antiblu防变色剂预防橡胶木和Parachem、硼类防腐剂加压处理的橡胶木锯材的防变色效果。选取了橡胶木新鲜锯材650根，分为13组，每组50根。其中1组(o组)不用硼防腐剂进行防腐加压处理，也不进行防变色处理，作为试验对照组。4组(a、b、c、d组)不用硼防腐剂进行防腐加压处理，只用防变色剂浸沾处理。另4组(e、f、g、h组)先用硼酸，硼砂防腐剂进行防腐加压处理，再用防变色剂浸沾处理。其余4组(i、j、k、l组)先用Paraehem橡胶木防腐剂进行防腐加压处理，再用防变色剂浸沾处理。其中，a、e、i3组用相对体积质量1．0％的Antiblu 20EC浸沾处理；b、f、g3组用相对体积质量1．5％的Antiblu 20EC浸沾处理；c、g、k3组用相对体积质量2．0％Antiblu 20EC浸沾处理；d、h、l3组用相对体积质量1．5％的Antiblu 20EC 0．125％ Antiborer 10EC浸沾处理。结果表明：无论是未经防腐处理的橡胶木，还是硼类防腐剂处理的橡胶木，用防变色剂进行处理，可有效地防止窑干前橡胶木的蓝变和发霉，有效解决橡胶木的蓝变和发霉问题，保护期可达4周以上。     

建筑材防腐处理工艺及其质量的研究

用高浓度防腐剂以浸渍-扩散法、满细胞法和双真空法对木结构房屋用材进行处理研究,确定了经济、实用的处理工艺。此外,按照国家标准《木材物理力学试验方法》(GB1927～1943—80)对鱼鳞云杉防腐处理材和对照材的主要力学性质进行对比测定,分析防腐处理对材质的影响,并用扫描电镜能谱仪分析测定CCA三组分在木材内部的分布,从微观角度评价处理工艺与防腐材的质量关系。     

木材防腐新技术

英国伦敦帝国学院和新西兰的罗托鲁阿森林研究所的两位研究人员,开发一种木材防腐新方法。硼酸一直被认为是对环境无污染的木材防腐剂,但目前使用的“浸渍扩散”法,需时太长,要几个星期才能生效,而且易使干木材变弯。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.