大豆黄酮与染料木黄酮对产蛋鸡生殖内分泌和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加大豆黄酮和染料木黄酮对产蛋鸡蛋品质及下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴内分泌激素的影响.选用50周龄的农大3号矮小型162只蛋鸡,随机分成3组,对照组、大豆黄酮(Da,10 mg/kg)处理组和染料木黄酮(Gen,10 mg/kg)处理组.试验8周后测定蛋品质、卵黄蛋白原和生殖激素水平.结果表明,日粮中添加Da和Gen均显著提高蛋壳和蛋黄色泽.Gen组血清卵黄蛋白原含量显著提高;Da和Gen均显著提高垂体β-内啡肽和血清雌二醇水平.     

沙棘黄酮抗衰老作用及对大鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响研究

目的:研究沙棘黄酮对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠抗氧化及免疫功能的影响。方法:试验选取体质量(180±20)g的Wistar大鼠50只,雌雄各半,随机分为5组,分别为正常对照组、模型对照组、沙棘黄酮低剂量组、沙棘黄酮中剂量组和沙棘黄酮高剂量组。除正常对照组外,其余各组以125 mg/(kg·d)的剂量皮下注射D-半乳糖建立衰老模型,正常对照组注射等剂量的生理盐水。在注射D-半乳糖同时,沙棘黄酮低、中、高各剂量组大鼠分别以50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg的剂量灌服沙棘黄酮溶液,正常对照组及模型对照组灌服等剂量的蒸馏水,1次/d,连续给药42 d。试验结束后,检测各组大鼠组织和血液中的SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、CAT、MAO、NO水平以及免疫器官脏器指数、白细胞数、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能、血清溶血素含量及淋巴细胞阳性率。结果:沙棘黄酮各剂量组大鼠的血清、心脏、肝脏、脑组织中的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力均高于模型组,以中、高剂量组最为显著。沙棘黄酮中剂量组大鼠血清的NO含量极显著低于模型组(P0.01),其余各组大鼠血清和脑的NO含量显著低于模型组(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮各组大鼠的血清、心脏、肝脏、脑的MDA含量显著低于模型组(P0.05),低剂量组大鼠心脏和脑的MDA含量低于模型组,差异不显著(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮中剂量组ANAE阳性淋巴细胞率极显著高于模型组(P0.01),其余各组的白细胞数和ANAE阳性淋巴细胞率显著高于模型组(P0.05),低剂量组与模型组差异不显著(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮低剂量和中剂量组脾脏指数高于模型组,但差异不明显(P0.05),其余各组胸腺指数和脾脏指数显著高于模型组(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮低剂量组血清溶血素高于模型组,但差异不明显(P0.05),高剂量组腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率极显著高于模型组(P0.01),其余各组血清溶血素和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率显著高于模型组(P0.05)。结论:沙棘黄酮具有抗衰老和提高机体非特异型免疫的功能。     

灌喂大豆蛋白胃蛋白酶酶解物对大鼠免疫功能的影响

经碱提酸沉法制备大豆蛋白,胃蛋白酶水解,茚三酮法测定水解液水解度,系统观察了灌喂1mL的5mg/mL的大豆蛋白酶解物对大鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明:大豆蛋白水解液含氮量为(2.15±0104)mg/mL,水解度为14.49%,平均肽链长度为6.9。灌喂21d后,发现胸腺、脾脏指数较对照组分别上升了24%(P<0101)和32%(P<0101);灌喂大豆蛋白酶解物能显著促进大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性;该组比对照组A570上升67%(P<0101);大鼠外周血淋巴细胞转化明显增强,试验组较对照组上升了82.8%。能显著提高大鼠血清抗体的血凝抑制效价(hemagglutination inhibition titer,HI),试验组比对照组HI值上升了33.3%,差异极显著(P<0101);试验组的肠腔sIgA水平较对照组上升了34.3%,差异极显著(P<0101);灌喂大豆蛋白酶解物能极显著提高血液IL22和Leptin水平。试验结果表明灌喂大豆蛋白酶解物能增强大鼠免疫功能,主要是酶解肽的生物活性的作用结果,并非营养调节作用的结果,酶解物对大鼠消化代谢影响不大。     

苜蓿总黄酮对未达性成熟期及成年雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢性腺轴相关基因表达量的影响

为研究苜蓿（Medicago sativa）黄酮对动物未达性成熟期及成年期下丘脑-垂体-卵巢性腺轴相关基因表达量的影响,以雌性大鼠为模式动物,分为5个试验组：3个苜蓿黄酮剂量组（120,400,1200 mg·kg^-1）和2个对照组（己烯雌酚0.5 mg·kg^-1、空白对照组）。结果表明：未达性成熟期雌鼠中、高剂量组和己烯雌酚组促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）表达量显著降低（P<0.05）;低剂量苜蓿黄酮组促黄体生成素（LH）表达量显著高于高剂量组（P<0.05）;其卵巢中苜蓿黄酮高剂量组促卵泡生成素受体（FSHR）表达量极显著升高（P<0.01）;芳香化酶（CYP19A-1）在苜蓿黄酮低剂量组表达量极显著升高11倍（P<0.01）,在己烯雌酚组显著升高8倍（P<0.05）。成年大鼠苜蓿黄酮3个剂量组和己烯雌酚组的GnRH表达量显著降低（P<0.05）;低剂量苜蓿黄酮的促黄体生成素受体（LHR）表达量极显著升高6倍（P<0.01）,CYP19A-1表达量比空白对照提高8倍（P<0.05）。苜蓿黄酮对不同生理阶段雌鼠影响各不相同,但都通过下丘脑-垂体-卵巢性腺轴产生负反馈调节,并通过负反馈调节显著抑制了GnRH的表达,从而影响雌鼠性腺轴上其他相关基因的表达量。     

大豆异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠垂体ER和NGF蛋白表达的影响

探讨植物雌激素大豆异黄酮对大鼠垂体雌激素受体(ER)、神经生长因子(NGF)表达的影响。运用超敏感的免疫组织化学SP法,以青年雌性SD大鼠垂体为研究对象,通过补充不同剂量的大豆异黄酮,观察其对ER、NGF在垂体中的表达和分布变化的影响。结果显示,ER、NGF免疫阳性反应物在垂体中广泛分布。ER主要分布于中间垂体、腺垂体和神经垂体;NGF主要分布于中间垂体和腺垂体。ER免疫阳性反应物主要定位在细胞核和核膜,NGF免疫阳性反应物主要定位在细胞核,但在部分区域可见胞膜和胞浆中有阳性产物表达。去卵巢大鼠垂体中ER、NGF的表达强度及阳性细胞数量的总趋势是显著降低,而补充不同剂量的大豆异黄酮6周后,两种阳性产物的表达强度和阳性细胞数目随着补充剂量的增加而有较显著回升。表明大豆异黄酮可促进ER和NGF的表达,在维持和保护垂体的功能中发挥了一定作用;另外ER、NGF表达变化的相似性提示二者在大豆异黄酮对垂体的作用中是相互调节和影响的。     

日粮中添加大豆黄酮对大鼠抗热应激能力的影响

日粮中添加大豆黄酮,研究其对大鼠抗热应激能力的影响。结果显示,添加大豆黄酮组大鼠平均增重稍有提高,料重比略有下降,表明大豆黄酮在一定程度上促进了大鼠生长。与正常对照组相比,热应激组大鼠血清GSH-Px活性极显著下降(P<0.01),血清葡萄糖含量显著上升(P<0.05);血清丙二醛(MDA)、尿素氮有所升高,IL-2水平有所降低,但差异均不显著。与热应激组相比,大豆黄酮热应激组血清MDA、尿素氮含量极显著下降(P<0.01);GSH-Px活性、IL-2水平有所升高,但差异均不显著。3组间胰岛素水平均无显著差异。结果提示,大豆黄酮一定程度上可增强大鼠抗热应激能力。     

不同剂量双氢埃托啡对大鼠血浆、下丘脑和垂体β—内啡肽的影响

用放免的方法探讨了不同剂量的DHE对大鼠血液、垂体和下丘脑β－EP含量的影响。结果表明：在不同剂量DHE的实验组中，总体上呈剂量依赖性，随着DHE剂量的增加，血浆、下丘脑β－EP含量上升，最高可达到239．0pg/mL和185．4pg/mg；垂体β－EP含量下降，最低可达27．2pg/mg。值得注意的是低剂量时（低于无效剂量）可使痛阈降低，血浆β－EP含量下降；高剂量则表现为镇痛效应。结果提示：DHE为纯阿片受体激动剂，对大鼠内源性镇痛系统中β－EP的含量呈剂量依赖性。     

大豆黄酮用于繁殖大鼠的实验观察

为探讨大豆黄酮对繁殖大鼠生长、产仔、泌乳及相关激素水平的影响,试验将60只幼龄后备种大鼠(♀♂各半)随机均分为实验Ⅰ、实验Ⅱ及对照组,对照组饲喂基础饲料,实验Ⅰ、实验Ⅱ组分别在基础饲料中添加20mg/kg、10mg/kg剂量的大豆黄酮。结果:实验Ⅱ组雄鼠增重、雌鼠产仔率、活仔总数、第6d均泌乳量及产后FSH水平、FSH/LH值均显著高于对照组(P0.05);实验Ⅰ组与对照组相比产仔率、活仔总数反有下降,其它差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:大豆黄酮可通过调节体内相关激素分泌,影响大鼠繁殖生长,与其添加剂量或大鼠性别有关。     

二甲苯胺噻嗪对大鼠血浆、下丘脑和垂体中β-内啡肽含量的影响

应用放射免疫学方法 ,检测腹腔注射二甲苯胺噻嗪后大鼠血浆、下丘脑和垂体中 β-内啡肽 (β- Ep)含量的变化 ,以研究二甲苯胺噻嗪对大鼠体内β- Ep的影响。结果 ,不同时间组与对照组相比 ,血浆在给药后 5 min即有统计学意义(P <0 .0 1) ,大约在 30 m in时达到最高峰 ,然后缓慢下降 ,其中麻醉组持续到给药后 12 0 min(P <0 .0 1) ,而镇痛组只持续到给药后 90 min。不同剂量组与对照组相比 ,下丘脑的 4mg/kg组无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,血浆的 4mg/kg组、垂体的 4mg/kg组差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其他组有极显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。随着给药剂量的增加 ,组织内的β- Ep含量变化呈增加的趋势 ,这种趋势经相关分析表明 ,给药剂量在 4～ 6 0 mg/kg的范围内时 ,组织内的β- Ep含量与给药剂量呈正的直线相关关系 (r血浆 =0 .9748,r下丘脑 =0 .96 7,r垂体 =0 .977,均 P <0 .0 1)     

一氧化氮和繁殖控制

一氧化氮 (NO) ,被认为是动物体内重要的生物信使。NO是由 L -精氨酸在 NO合成酶的作用下合成的。NO合成酶在许多哺乳动物细胞中都有大量的同分异构体。近几年的研究结果表明 ,NO对繁殖功能的许多方面都有很大的影响。NO可控制下丘脑和垂体水平上的促性腺激素的分泌、LH峰的机制、性行为、性激素的合成、卵泡存活和排卵。本文对 NO控制下丘脑 -垂体 -性腺轴的关键分子机理进行综述     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.